Downloaded 176 times
Uploaded byRey Belen
Indus
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age culture that developed between 3300-1300 BCE in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had populations of up to 40,000 people and sophisticated urban infrastructure. The civilization declined around 1900 BCE due to unknown factors like climate change. Later, Indo-European speaking Aryan peoples migrated into the region, establishing Vedic culture by 1200 BCE and interacting with the remaining Indus Valley populations.
More Related Content
Indus
- 1. Indus Valley Civilizationa Primary Phase Culture little or no continuity with the following cultures forgotten until the 19th Century rediscovered by the British, while building railroads
- 2. Harappan society andits neighbors, ca. 2000 B.C.E.
- 3. Harappan Culture Indusvalley not desert well-watered and heavily forested 500 miles along the river valley 10-20 times larger than Mesopotamia or Egypt
- 4. Foundations of HarappanSociety The Indus River Silt-enriched water from mountain ranges Major society built by Dravidian peoples, 3000-2500 BCE Cultivation of cotton before 5000 BCE, early cultivation of poultry Decline after 1900 BCE Major cities: Harrapa (Punjab region and Mohenjo-Daro (mouth of Indus River) 70 smaller sites excavated (total 1,500)
- 5.
- 6.
- 7. Hydraulic Culture likeEgypt and Mesopotamia agriculture and flood-control significant industry and trade cities very common
- 8. Lack of Sources literate culture we cannot read the writing writing on bricks and seals did not use paper or clay tablets
- 9. “ Unicorn” seal+ writing
- 10.
- 11. … and moreseals...
- 12. Seated “yogi” :early Shiva?
- 13.
- 14. Reasonable generalizations rapiddevelopment: early 2,000s B.C. roughly contemporary with Egypt and Mesopotamia early village culture changing rapidly to urban civilization
- 15.
- 16. Generalizations, con’t cities dominated both economic and political activity origins of the people are unclear similar to the Mediterranean type
- 17. Major Cities Harappaand Mohenjo-daro surrounded by smaller cities, towns, and villages one situated in the north one situated in the south
- 18. Mohenjo-Daro Ruins Populationc. 40,000 Regional center Layout, architecture suggests public purpose Broad streets, citadel, pool, sewage Standardized weights evident throughout region Specialized labor Trade
- 19. Cities, con’t uniformculture over a wide area cities built on a common plan a grid: always NS and EW axes with twelve smaller grids kiln-dried brick
- 20. Grid map of Mohenjo-daro
- 21.
- 22. Mohenjo-daro viewof the “Citadel”
- 23.
- 24. another view ofthe “Great Bath”
- 25. view of asmall, side street
- 26. looks like asmall tower, but actually it is a neighborhood well
- 27. A bathroom ona private residence
- 28. A public wellin Harappa, or perhaps an ancient laundromat...
- 29. A large drainor sewer
- 30. Monumental architecture very-largescale building walled cites, with fortified citadels always on the same scale palaces, temples
- 31. Architecture, con’t large grain storage facilities near temples a theocracy ?? planned economy
- 32.
- 33. Cities very denselypopulated houses: two to three stories every house is laid out the same
- 34. Culture and Societyadvanced agriculture surplus production textiles: wool and cotton domesticated animals and fish
- 35. Bronze Age technologyno swords spears and bows stone arrow heads
- 36. Society dominated bypriests ? from the fortified palaces and temples ? power base: fertility ? deities: male and female, both nude bull worship and phallic symbols
- 37. A priest? Abull
- 38. Trade with lowerMesopotamia but gradually declined
- 39. Decline domination ofan indigenous people ? who rebelled ? foreign invasion? gradual decline ?
- 40. Combination of Changesclimate shift: the monsoon patterns flooding destruction of the forests migrations of new peoples: the Aryans
- 41. The Aryan “Invasion”Aryans, lighter-skinned invaders from the north Dravidians, darker-skinned sedentary inhabitants of Harappa Color Bias Socio-Economic Implications Difficulty of theory: no evidence of large-scale military conquest
- 42. Possible route ofthe Aryan invasions
- 43. The Aryans notto be confused with Hitler’s “Aryans” these Aryans speak an Indo-European dialect related to other languages like Greek and Latin
- 44. The Aryans, con’t they called themselves “Aryans” their land: “Aryavarta” land of the Aryans
- 45. The Early AryansPastoral economy: sheep, goats, horses, cattle Vegetarianism not widespread until many centuries later Religious and Literary works: The Vedas Sanskrit: sacred tongue Prakrit: everyday language, evolved into Hindi, Urdu, Bengali Four Vedas, most important Rig Veda 1,028 hymms to gods
- 46. Gradual settlement overa long period of time gradual infiltration more primitive than the earlier culture
- 47. Settlement, con’t new society by 1,200 B.C. or so little evidence not literate no record system
- 48. Oral Tradition passeddown from priests and singers written down in the 500’s The Vedas “Veda” means “knowledge”
- 49. The Vedasour primary source early Aryan tradition later Hindu religion four “vedas” the Rig Veda is the oldest
- 50. Krishna with Arjunaon the battlefield of Kuruksketra 2 points to the first person who can tell whether this is a modern or ancient painting and why?
- 51. Krishna reveals himselfto Arjuna in his manifold aspects
- 52. The Vedasoral poetry come to have a sacred character provide some historical information
- 53. The Aryans restless,warlike people tall, blue-eyed, fair-skinned describe the indigenous population as short, “black”, noseless, and slaves
- 54. The Aryans, con’t villages and kingdoms constantly fighting warchiefs and kings aristocrats and freemen
- 55. The Aryans, con’tfond of fighting, drinking, chariot racing, gambling chasing women and bragging about their spears any modern comparisons ??? fond of taking soma a psychedelic drug probably psychotropic mushrooms
- 56. Aryans and HindusAryans give rise to Hindu society but different characteristics cows: they ate them classes, but no castes priests subordinate to the nobility the Mahabharata
- 57. The Iron Age:new sources the Vedas : passed on orally the Brahamanas: interpretations on the Vedas the Upanishads: interpretations and symbolic studies forerunners of later dissenting literature
- 58. Strain of changeIron Age change causes strain on the class system blurring of lines between Aryans and Daas answered with the caste system
- 59. Caste System, 1000BC skin color ritual purity “Us--Them” feelings divine order of four castes
- 60. Caste System (“Varnas”)Brahmins : the priests Kshatriyas : the warriors Vaisyas : merchants and peasants Sudras : non-Aryans
- 61. Caste system, con’tproduced by Brahmins literature emphasized the divine order hierarchical relationship inheritance and marriage
- 62. Caste system inpractice warrior class did not always accept it nor the other classes the process of evolution is still going on the most powerful organizer of Indian society thousand of castes today
- 63. Castes define aperson’s social universe define a person’s standard of conduct define a person’s expectations define a person’s future define how a person deals with others
- 64. Books you canread, if you read Bridget and Raymond Allchin. The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan. A.L. Basham. The Wonder That Was India. Walter A. Fairservis. The Roots of Indian Tradition Jonathana Mark Kenoyer. Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization Juan Mascaro, trans. The Upanishads Stuart Piggott. Prehistoric India Romila Thapar. A History of India Romila Thapar. Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History