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![Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
ù More powerful than water is coal.
ù More powerful than wood is iron.
ù Innovations make steel feasible.
“Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” (ghisa)
“Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer
steel (acciaio).
Bessemer process [1856] – strong,
flexible steel.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/industrializationrevised-121128084058-phpapp01/75/Industrialization-13-2048.jpg)
![Factory Production
) Concentrates production in one
place [materials, labor].
) Located near sources of power
[rather than labor or markets].
) Requires a lot of capital investment
[factory, machines, etc.] more
than skilled labor.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/industrializationrevised-121128084058-phpapp01/75/Industrialization-20-2048.jpg)
![The Luddites: 1811-1816
Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in
Sherwood Forest]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/industrializationrevised-121128084058-phpapp01/75/Industrialization-60-2048.jpg)
![The “Peoples’ Charter”
V Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
V Radical campaign for Parliamentary
reform (These reforms allowed the middle classes to
share power with the upper classes. Some historians argue
that this transfer of power achieved in England what the
French Revolution achieved in France )
Votes for all men.
Equal electoral districts.
Abolition of the requirement that
Members of Parliament [MPs] be
property owners.
Payment for Members of Parliament.
Annual general elections.
The secret ballot.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/industrializationrevised-121128084058-phpapp01/75/Industrialization-66-2048.jpg)
![The Socialists:
Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own the
means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited
everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/industrializationrevised-121128084058-phpapp01/75/Industrialization-74-2048.jpg)
![Government Response
k Abolition of slavery in the colonies
in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
k Sadler Commission to look into
working conditions
Factory Act [1833] – child labor.
k New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief.
Poor houses.
k Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the
vote for the cities.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/industrializationrevised-121128084058-phpapp01/75/Industrialization-76-2048.jpg)
Uploaded bymelanie segal
Industrialization
Here are brief answers to your questions: - The Industrial Revolution started in the late 18th century, around 1760-1840. - It began in England because of England's natural resources like coal and iron, developed trade networks, growing middle class, and innovations in technology. - Key causes included mechanization enabled by steam power, development of factories, growth of commerce and trade, agricultural revolution increasing farm output and freeing up labor. - It transformed economies from agriculture to industry, rural societies to urban ones, and home production to factories. It increased production through machines. - Negative consequences included poor working conditions, pollution, urban overcrowding, public health issues, wealth inequality, social/economic
More Related Content
Industrialization
- 3. COALBROOKDALE BY COALBROOKDALE BY NIGHT (1801) NIGHT (1801) by Philippe de Loutherbourg Coalbrookdale: an important iron-producing centre. It had many im factories, furnaces and foundries. The painter Philippe de Louthenboug was fascinated by the industrial landscape and the ‘terrible’ forces produced by the new forms of energy. Like other painters he was interested in portraying the ‘sublime’ that which inspires both terror and delight. In the late eighteenth century industrial themes were considered a source of this kind of feeling.
- 4. Massive social,economic, and technological change in the 18th century and 19th century Great Britain which changed the country from a rural and agricultural country into an urban and industrial one. In the 19th Century it spread throughout Western Europe and North America, eventually impacting the rest of the world.
- 6. CAUSES OF FIRSTINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION country rich in coal and iron colonial expansion of the 17th century and consequent development of international trade industrial raw materials come from British colonies British colonies provide markets for manufactured products England rich in rivers many canals are built (transport of goods and materials) British merchant fleet most efficient in the world British merchant fleet covers all trading routes important inventions
- 7. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION 16th century to about 1820 • before 18th century system essentially post-feudal • some open fields enclosed into individually owned field • smallest farmers cannot survive as independent farms • villagers lose their land and grazing (pascolo) rights • Enclosure Act -1801 - Act of Parliament which encloses common land in the country • new scientific approaches to farming • increasing mechanization of farming • lots of workers lose their jobs • most workers forced to move to cities and find work in factories
- 8.
- 9.
- 10. 1770 -1830 Britain changes from an agricultural to an industrial country new inventions change the way goods are made. steam engine facilitates the growth of new industries new coal mines are opened (coal is the new power source) roads and canals are built to transport coal and other heavy goods all over the country methods of producing iron improve iron bridges and ships were built steam locomotion is invented
- 11. Metals, Woolens, &Canals
- 12. Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
- 13. Mine & Forge[1840-1880] ù More powerful than water is coal. ù More powerful than wood is iron. ù Innovations make steel feasible. “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” (ghisa) “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel (acciaio). Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.
- 14.
- 15. Coal Mining inBritain: 1800-1914 1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners 1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners 1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners 1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners
- 16.
- 17. Child Labor inthe Mines Child “hurriers”
- 18. British Pig IronProduction
- 19. Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer ofthe Factory System” The “Water Frame”
- 20. Factory Production ) Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor]. ) Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. ) Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.
- 21. Textile Factory Workers in England 1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers 1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers 1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers
- 22. The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day. Dangerous conditions. Mind-numbing monotony.
- 23. Textile Factory Workers inEngland
- 24. British Coin Portrayinga Factory, 1812
- 26. John Kay’s “FlyingShuttle” machine that accelerated the speed of weaving - spoletta volante
- 27. The Power Loom machinefor weaving operated mechanically - telaio meccanico
- 28. James Watt’s SteamEngine
- 29.
- 30.
- 31. An Early SteamLocomotive
- 32.
- 33. The Impact ofthe Railroad
- 34. “The Great LandSerpent”
- 35. Crystal Palace Exhibition:1851 Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
- 36. Crystal Palace: InteriorExhibits
- 37.
- 38. TIMELINE 1733 1765 1770 1785 1800 1825 1879 1894 1733 – John Kay invents the flying shuttle 1765 – Watt invents the steam engine 1770 – Arkwright invents the water frame and the Factory Production starts 1785 – Cartwright patents the first power loom 1880 – Volta invents the voltaic pile 1825 – the first public railroad is opened in England 1879 - Edison invents the incandescent bulb 1894 - Marconi pioneers wireless telegraphy
- 39. SIDE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • social conflicts and problems • many skilled men lose their jobs • demand for traditional craft declines • farms change • fewer jobs for farm workers • wives weaving craft work replaced by machines in mills • people from countryside forced to leave home and move to industrial towns
- 40. SOCIAL CHANGES SOCIAL CHANGES change from domestic to factory system of production before Industrial Revolution : 10% of people live in cities, after 75% live in cities two new social classes: middle class made of powerful and wealthy merchants and manufacturers working class made of factory workers in conditions of poverty (old social classes: aristocracy and farmers) 46% of workers are women, 15% children under the age of 13
- 42. 19c Bourgeoisie: The IndustrialNouveau Riche
- 43. Criticism of theNew Bourgeoisie
- 44. Stereotype of theFactory Owner
- 45.
- 47. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d. 11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d. 17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d. 22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d. 27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d. 32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d. 37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d. 42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d. 47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d. 52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d. 57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.
- 48.
- 49. Problems of Pollution TheSilent Highwayman - 1858
- 50.
- 51. Early-19c London byGustave Dore
- 52. Worker Housing inManchester
- 53.
- 54. Workers Housing inNewcastle Today
- 55. The Life ofthe New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!
- 56. Private Charities: SoupKitchens
- 57. Private Charities: The “LadyBountifuls”
- 58. LIFE IN CITIES terrible working conditions in factories factories dirty and noisy people work up to 16 hours a day low wages many die of disease and starvation factory owners employ women and children and pay them very little young children work for long hours in factories and even in mines during 19th century industrial towns grow and living conditions become worse towns not prepared to receive so many people people forced to live in slums in houses built quickly and cheaply without sanitation people live in unhealthy conditions plagued by disease, poverty and overcrowding in some towns average age at which workers die is twenty
- 60. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms]. Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]
- 61.
- 62.
- 63.
- 64. Peterloo Massacre, 1819 British Soldiers Fire on British Workers: Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves!
- 65. The Chartists Key Chartist settlements Centres of Chartism Area of plug riots, 1842
- 66. The “Peoples’ Charter” VDrafted in 1838 by William Lovett. V Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform (These reforms allowed the middle classes to share power with the upper classes. Some historians argue that this transfer of power achieved in England what the French Revolution achieved in France ) Votes for all men. Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners. Payment for Members of Parliament. Annual general elections. The secret ballot.
- 67. The Chartists A female Chartist A physical force— Chartists arming for the fight.
- 68. Anti-Corn Law League,1845 (The Corn Laws were import tariffs designed to support domestic British corn prices . their abolishment marked the beginnings of free trade.) 4 Expand employment. 4 Lower the price of bread. 4 Make British agriculture more efficient and productive. 4 Expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition. 4 Promote international peace through trade contact.
- 70. Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace (sorpassare) the ( food supply. War, disease, or famine could control population. The poor should have less children. Food supply will then keep up with population.
- 71. David Ricardo “IronLaw of Wages.” When wages are high, workers have more children. More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.
- 72. The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number. There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.
- 73.
- 74. The Socialists: Utopians &Marxists People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals. Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few. Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].
- 76. Government Response k Abolitionof slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain]. k Sadler Commission to look into working conditions Factory Act [1833] – child labor. k New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. Poor houses. k Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.
- 77. British Reform Billof 1832
- 78.
- 80. By 1850: Zones ofIndustrialization on the European Continent ù Northeast France. ù Belgium. ù The Netherlands. ù Western German states. ù Northern Italy ù East Germany Saxony
- 81.
- 82. Railroads on theContinent
- 83. Share in WorldManufacturing Output: 1750-1900
- 84. Bibliographic Sources ) “Images of the Industrial Revolution.” Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart /ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html ) “The Peel Web: A Web of English History.” http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c- eight/primary.htm ) http://www.open2.net/industrialrevolution/
- 85. • http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/Luddi • http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/Indus •http://www.pptpalooza.net/
- 86. • When did the Industrial Revolution start? • Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England? • What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution? • What changed with the Industrial Revolution? • What were the negative consequences of the Industrial Revolution?