infertility.pdf
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This document discusses infertility, including definitions, types, risk factors, and causes in both males and females. For males, common causes discussed include abnormal sperm parameters like low count or motility, genetic factors, infections, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, and medical conditions. For females, common causes discussed include ovulation disorders, uterine or cervical abnormalities, fallopian tube damage, endometriosis, adhesions, and cancer/treatments. Tests for diagnosing infertility include physical exams, ultrasounds, hormone tests, and procedures like hysteroscopy, HSG, and laparoscopy. Treatments mentioned include fertility drugs and in vitro fertilization.
infertility.pdf
- 1. GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING RAIPUR C.G. INFERTILITY INFERTILITY PRESENTED BY OM VERMA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- 3. DEFINITIONS Infertility is defined as the failure to conceive after one year of regular intercourse without contraception. According to Dr. Kamini A Rao According to Dr. Kamini A Rao Infertility is a disease of the male or female reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. According to S.S. Randhawa
- 5. TYPES OF INFERTILITY Primary: A woman who was never pregnant and who can’t conceive after one year of not using birth control. Secondary: Secondary infertility occurs when a woman can’t get pregnant again after having at least one successful pregnancy.
- 6. Risk factors Many of the risk factors for both male and female infertility are the same. They include: Age. Tobacco use. Tobacco use. Alcohol use. Being overweight. Being underweight. Exercise issues.
- 9. 1. SPERM ABNORMALITY sperm abnormality are due to low sperm count ,poor sperm quality its caused is unknown in 30% to 40% of cases. 40% of cases. Low sperm count ( Oligospermia ) A low sperm count is also called oligospermia
- 10. POOR SPERM MOTILITY – Slow and zig-zig movement of sperm may have difficulty invading cervical mucosa or penetration the zona pellucida of the egg Poor sperm motility means that the sperm do not swim properly, which can lead to male infertility. Poor sperm motility is also known as asthenozoospermia .
- 11. ABNORMAL SPERM MORPHOLOGY Abnormal sperm have head or tail defects — such as a large or misshapen head or a crooked or double tail. These defects might affect the ability of the sperm to reach and affect the ability of the sperm to reach and penetrate an egg. Teratospermia means increase in the percentage of sperm with abnormal form in semen.
- 12. LOW SEMEN LEVEL – ( below the normal 2.5 -5 ml in one ejaculation ) may caused infertility
- 13. 2. OTHER STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITY @ Anorchia - Anorchia is the absence of both testes at birth. @. Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome – @. Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome – the genital abnormalities this syndrome Hypospadias - is a birth defect in boys in which the opening of the urethra is not located at the tip of the penis.
- 14. @. sperm transport tube block- Ejaculatory duct obstruction (EDO) refers to a blockage of the ejaculatory duct (sperm duct) @ . Syringomyelia - it is a neurological disorder in which a fluid-filled cyst (syrinx) disorder in which a fluid-filled cyst (syrinx) forms within the spinal cord. to damage the spinal cord and compress and injure the nerve fibers that carry information to and from the brain to the body. Result problem create in ejaculate .
- 15. 3. GENETIC FACTORS- @ Defective genetic material @ Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition affecting males, Klinefelter syndrome may adversely affect testicular growth, resulting in smaller than normal testicles, which can lead to lower production of testosterone. lead to lower production of testosterone. @ kartagener syndrome - The immotility is due to variety of ultrastructural defects in respiratory cilia and sperm tail. @ polycystic kidney disease - hormonal deficits associated with uremia, chronic inflammation, and changes in reproductive hormone levels.
- 16. 4. ENVIRONMENTAL AND LIFE STYLE OF INFERTILITY AND LOW SPERM COUNT @ Free Radicals ( Oxidants ) – Although free radicals are naturally produce in the body as a by product of many metabolic the body as a by product of many metabolic biochemical's reactions but several enviormental factors ,chemicals and infections produce high level of these radicals .high level of radicals effect the genetic material as well as the sperm in males
- 17. @.Exposed to estrogen like chemicals Increased in male infertility and testicular , prostate cancer estrogen like chemical and infections found in pesticides and other industrial chemicals. over exposure to this industrial chemicals. over exposure to this chemical reduce of number of sertoli cells (regulate cholesterol metabolism at the time of spermatogenesis ) in male
- 18. @. Exposure to heavy metals @. Radiation treatments @. Smoking @. Malnutrition and nutritional deficiency – deficiency of vitamin C and E @. Abuse of substance @. Abuse of substance @. Overheating The Testicles - Sperm cells tend to die when exposed to too much heat. Continuous exposure to higher temperatures can cause sperm production to be lower, or cause the production of abnormally shaped sperm cells resulting in infertility.
- 19. @ Emotional stress – Men who feel stressed are more likely to experience decreased testosterone, lower sperm count, abnormal sperm production, and decreased sperm motility, the function that allows sperm to move. And all of this can allows sperm to move. And all of this can negatively affect overall fertility.
- 20. INFECTION AND MEDICAL CONDITION Variocele - varicose vein in scrotum Hypogonadism – Testosterone deficiency Sexually transmitted disease – reputed infection of Chlamydia tracomatis or gonorrhea infection can caused scarring and blockage of sperm passage area human papllomaviruses may also impaired sperm function also impaired sperm function Mumps - is a viral infectious disease caused due to mumps virus that affects the male glands of saliva and testicles, leading to infertility in men. Other medical condition - severe injury ,HIV , Heart disease ,kidney disease Cushing syndrome ( too much of the hormone cortisol over a long period of time.) D.M. anemia .
- 22. LACK OF PROPER GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: Proper growth and development during the period of puberty and adolescence are essential for fertility in women. Nutritional deficiency, especially of the proteins may deficiency, especially of the proteins may cause an underdevelopment of the genital organs and improper functioning of the endocrine system. That is why the women having irregular and scanty periods are often infertility .
- 24. Ovulation disorders which affect the release of eggs from the ovaries. These include hormonal disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome. Hyperprolactinemia, a condition in which have too much prolactin — the hormone that stimulates breast milk production — also may stimulates breast milk production — also may interfere with ovulation. Either too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism) or too little (hypothyroidism) can affect the menstrual cycle or cause infertility. Other underlying causes may include too much exercise, eating disorders or tumors.
- 25. Uterine or cervical abnormalities, Including abnormalities with the cervix, polyps in the uterus or the shape of the uterus. Noncancerous (benign) tumors in the uterine wall (benign) tumors in the uterine wall (uterine fibroids) may cause infertility by blocking the fallopian tubes or stopping a fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus.
- 26. Fallopian tube damage or blockage Often caused by inflammation of the fallopian tube (salpingitis). This the fallopian tube (salpingitis). This can result from pelvic inflammatory disease, which is usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection, endometriosis or adhesions.
- 27. Endometriosis which occurs when endometrial tissue grows outside of the uterus, may affect the function uterus, may affect the function of the ovaries, uterus and fallopian tubes.
- 28. Pelvic adhesions, bands of scar tissue that bind organs that can form after pelvic infection, appendicitis, endometriosis or abdominal or endometriosis or abdominal or pelvic surgery.
- 29. Cancer and its treatment. Certain cancers — particularly reproductive cancers — often impair female fertility. Both radiation and chemotherapy may radiation and chemotherapy may affect fertility.
- 31. History taking Physical examination Pelvic exam: Doctors will perform a pelvic exam, including a Pap smear to check for structural problems or signs of disease. check for structural problems or signs of disease. Blood test: A blood test can check hormone levels, including thyroid hormones. Transvaginal ultrasound: Your doctor inserts an ultrasound wand into the vagina to look for problems with the reproductive system.
- 32. Hysteroscopy: Your provider inserts a thin, lighted tube (hysteroscope) into the vagina to examine the uterus. Saline sonohysterogram (SIS): Your provider fills the uterus with saline (sterilized salt water) and conducts a transvaginal ultrasound. A full uterus conducts a transvaginal ultrasound. A full uterus makes it easier to see inside the uterus. Hysterosalpingogram (HSG): X-rays capture an injectable dye as it travels through the fallopian tubes. This test looks for blockages.
- 33. Laparoscopy: Your provider inserts a laparoscope (thin tube with a camera) into a small abdominal incision. Female pelvic incision. Female pelvic laparoscopy helps identify problems like endometriosis, uterine fibroids and scar tissue.
- 35. MALE INFERTILITY DIAGNOSED These tests can help diagnose or rule out a male fertility problem: Semen analysis: This test checks for problems with sperm, such as low sperm count and poor mobility. Some men need a needle biopsy to remove sperm from the testicles and test it. it. Blood test: A blood test can check testosterone, thyroid and other hormone levels. Genetic blood tests look for chromosomal abnormalities. Scrotal ultrasound: An ultrasound of the scrotum identifies varicoceles or other testicular problems.
- 38. A narrow, tightly-coiled tube that is attached to each of the testicles (the male sex glands that produce sperm) Epididymis A narrow, tightly-coiled tube that is attached to each of the testicles (the male sex glands that produce sperm)
- 39. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition in which the ovaries produce an abnormal amount of androgens,
- 40. Medications: Fertility drugs change hormone levels to stimulate ovulation.
- 42. To provide the correct information about the infertility and their management
- 45. In vitro fertilization (IVF) – During IVF , mature eggs are collected (retrieved) from ovaries and fertilized by sperm in a lab. and fertilized by sperm in a lab. procedures used to help with fertility or prevent genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child.
- 49. Intrauterine insemination (IUI) — a type of artificial insemination — is a procedure for treating infertility. Introduction of sperm in to female procedure for treating infertility. Introduction of sperm in to female uterine cavity for achieving pegnacy