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Information what is it
1. Data are raw facts that have not been organized, while information is data that has been organized and processed to be useful for humans. 2. An information system collects data from internal and external sources, processes it, and provides useful information to people in an organization. 3. Information systems have evolved from transaction processing systems in the 1950s to knowledge-based systems today. Managing data and information as strategic resources and developing an information architecture are key ongoing issues.
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Information what is it
- 1.
- 2. Information??? Data thathave been shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to human beings.
- 3. What comes first--theChicken or the Egg? Information vs. data Data are streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organizations or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand or use.
- 4. Data Data are:(Ex: names and vital info of CSULA students) Stored Facts Inactive (they exist) Technology-based Gathered from various sources
- 5. Information Information is:(Students with 4.0 GPA) Presented facts Active (it enables doing) Business-based Transformed from data
- 6. The War isOver! During the next three to five years, data traffic on telecommunications networks is going to easily outstrip voice traffic. Michael Vizard, Info World, June 8, 1998
- 7. What is anInformation System? Any system that provides people with either data or information relating to an organization’s operations. An information system contains information about an organization (internal) and its surrounding environment (external). The internal environment is the organization. The external environment are the customers, suppliers, regulatory agencies, stockholders, competitors .
- 8. Three Basic Activitiesof an Information System Input--Raw data collected/captured from internal or external environments. (raw materials, energy, people, money) Processing--Conversion of raw input into a meaningful form. Output--Transfers the processed information to the people or activities where it will be used. (products and services) And then there’s the feedback process--this is a necessary output activity which is used to evaluate/refine the input .
- 9. MIS FIELD ISEVOLVING RAPIDLY DUE TO: Changing Technologies Changing Management Priorities
- 10. Class Activity Input--Teacher-provideddescription Processing--Student arranging/classifying/calculating information Output--Student hands output to student seated on their right Feedback--Student evaluates the information based on teacher input, owner of the information refines their information
- 11. DATA Types ofTransformations: Retrieval Analysis Capture Presentations Types of Information: Reports New Files Graphical displays
- 12. The Powerful Changesin Managing Information Emergence/Strength of Global Economy Global Corporations Worldwide Marketplace--Internet--I-Commerce, E-commerce, E-Business Is your chair comfortable? Old saying: “Don’t leave home without it.” New saying: “No need to leave home.” Transformation of Economies from industrial to knowledge/information based Instant service--credit card usage, smart card usage, quick delivery, immediate on-line reservations, instant access/retrieval of information. Transformation of Business Enterprise Project Workgroups, Temp workforce
- 13. WHAT CAN BEDONE TO PREPARE FOR THESE CHANGES? Basic skill core preparation Communication skills Computational skills Critical-thinking/Problem-solving skills People skills Lifelong learning approach Adaptability & Flexibility-- Attitude
- 14. MIS IS COMPRISEDOF DISSIMILAR SKILL BASES: Technical skills vs. Business Skills “ Hard Science” skills vs. “Soft Science” skills Practical, contingency-based perspective skills vs. theoretical perspective skills
- 15. Technical Approach Emphasizesmathematically-based model Contributing disciplines: Computer science-- Established Computability theories Computational methods Efficient data storage and access methods Management science Development of models for decision-making and management practices Operations research Mathematical techniques for organizational optimal effectiveness and efficiency: inventory control, transportation, transaction costs
- 16. Behavioral Approach Concernedwith behavioral problems Creative design, system utilization, implementation (What can I do/cannot do? I have a “tude”! This policy stinks! I am not going to do it that way!”) Contributing disciplines : Sociology--focus on impact of information systems on people Political science--investigates the political impacts/uses of information systems (legal issues) Psychology--concerned individual responses to info systems and cognitive models of human reasoning. (Techno-stress, adapto-stress, work-related stress issues)
- 17. SocioTechnical Systems Changeis necessary in today’s environment. Change is inevitable in today’s environment. Change is an ongoing process. Change impacts both the internal and external environments. Imagine the changes that will occur in the environment with ethical issues, security issues, robotic body parts, machine cloning?
- 18. Organizational Design Options-Aflexible Workplace/Marketplace Virtual Organizations free workers to live and work anywhere Custom Manufacturing, preferred customer plans, one-to-one marketing, individualized products & services Electronic markets which operate as electronic middle men between buyer and seller Restructure of workflow Empowerment of employees Information Architecture challenge Hierarchical Organizational Levels
- 19. SIX TYPES OFINFORMATION SYSTEMS: TPS- Transaction Processing Systems OAS- Office Automation Systems KWS-Knowledge Work Systems DSS-Decision Support Systems MIS-Management Information Systems ESS-Executive Support Systems
- 20. But wait! These systems serve four distinct levels in an organization. TPS--an operational level KWS and OAS-- a knowledge level DSS and MIS--a management level ESS--a strategic level
- 21. SPECIFIC PURPOSES SERVEDBY INFORMATION SYSTEMS TPS: Routine data processing and accounting procedures OAS: The use of technologies to produce an end product KWS: Promote the creation and design of new knowledge/information, technical/engineering expertise DSS: An information gathering and reporting tool for management, a prototype, a model MIS: Generation of preplanned, printed reports to assist in decision-making ESS:Designed to be used by senior managers who have little direct contact/expertise with CBIS. Easy-to-use, “seductive” software, Not designed specifically to solve specific problems.
- 22. WHAT IS ACBIS? Consists of hardware, software, data, procedures, and people People are defined as users, systems analysts, and programmers
- 23. WHAT ARE THEELEMENTS OF CBIS? Input, processing, output, and storage
- 24. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INCOMPANY COMPETITIVE APPROACHES: Knowledge is Power
- 25. WHAT CHALLENGES FACETHOSE WHO DESIGN, USE, OR APPROVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS? Rapid Changes in Technology A Movement toward a Global Society The Processing Speed of Information
- 26. INFORMATION-INTENSIVE SOCIETY 1950sushered in the age of information-intensive jobs in the U.S. labor force Blending of communications and computing technologies continues (i.e. computer networks) A movement toward a global society created for a global telecommunications network Information is now recognized as the central organizational resource in today’s economy
- 27. WHAT IS MIS?Any system that provides people with either data or information relating to an organization’s operations.
- 28. MIS SUPPORTS THE ACTIVITIES OF ORGANIZATIONAL PEOPLES BY: Processing data to assist with transaction workload (in an effective manner) Supplying information to authorized people in a timely manner
- 29. INFORMATION SYSTEMS HAVE EVOLVED AS FOLLOWS: 1950s Transaction Processing Systems 1960s Management Information Systems 1970s Decision Support Systems 1980s, 1990s Knowledge-based Systems used for strategic organizational competitive knowledge/information advantages New Century: Wireless technologies
- 30. INFORMATION RESOURCE MANAGEMENTData vs. Information Data are facts Data filtering is processed to apply meaning and value, resulting in information (Example: O.J./DNA testing) Data is useful for everyday transaction processing Information is more useful for managerial decision-making
- 31. INFORMATION RESOURCE MANAGEMENTIRM REFERS TO: Properly managing data and information as key organizational resources Seeing information as a desirable investment used to strategically provide a competitive advantage Recognizing the role of CIO and the importance of this rank Goals of information Systems Leveraging Investment in Information Technology Selling MIS Products (i.e. Microsoft) Providing services/outsourcing (i.e. Novell)
- 32. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FUNDAMENTALSWe live in an INFORMATION AGE; most people have INFORMATION-INTENSIVE JOBS. We are entering a KNOWLEDGE AGE where information technology has greater intelligence The blending of communications and computing technologies continues; computer networks are becoming increasingly common A need has arisen for global telecommunications networks due to global financing, global outsourcing, and international joint ventures. Information is now recognized as a central organizational resource in today’s economy.
- 33. KEY ISSUES ININFORMATION SYSTEMS ISSUE #1: The Development of an information Architecture ISSUE #2: The Management of data as an organizational resource ISSUE #3: Strategic Planning of data and information Management & enterprise-wide problems are often viewed as more important than technical and application-related problems The same issues have been highly ranked since the 1980s; however, recently global systems have taken on much importance
- 34. WHAT IS MEANTBY STRATEGIC PLANNING? A Long-range planning process, the “strategic use of information” refers to using information technologies for competitive advantage.
- 35. Now, Let’s getserious! Strategic is only about achieving strategic direction, ignoring the practicalities of day-to-day operations that absorb all of your resources and more. SO An Integrated plan is needed because it includes strategic components with the realities of the current operating environment. An integrated plan is a roadmap for where you are going and how to survive until the future gets here. Source: Bob Lewis, Info World, June 8, 1998
- 36. CHALLENGES FOR THESTUDY OF MIS MIS incorporates an unusually wide variety of knowledge areas Both technology & technology-related products are evolving at an extremely fast and unpredictable rate. Many MIS terms are imprecise & controversial MIS problems are not easy to define or structure The body of MIS knowledge is recent and scarce Often, a lack of rapport exists between MIS personnel & management and between MIS personnel & users. Knowing how much money to spend on information systems is still a guessing game. (Can you afford to make million dollar mistakes in your organization?)
- 37. MIS IS A GREY AREA OF STUDY A “soft” field: A field where there are few universally correct answers that work for every situation; situational actions are dependent on a number of variables.
- 38. MISs Involve: Theprocessing of data and the supply of timely information for managerial decision-making Both people inside and outside the organization; with electronic data interchange (EDI) and other interorganizational systems; some users of an organization’s information system may be employees of other organizations The process of making the organization both more efficient and more effective
- 39. READ, READ, READ!Business Week and Fortune carry articles on new technologies that may change the way business is conducted, the state of MIS in a particular company, the revolutionary products emerging, etc. Read Info World, Computer World, MIS Quarterly, Information Week, FirstMover, CIO, Journal of Management Information Systems
- 40. QUESTION: HOWCAN INFORMATION SYSTEMS BE USED AS COMPETITIVE WEAPONS? Assignment: Research a company which has made effective use of technology to expand their customer base without forgoing quality to gain a lion’s share of the marketplace. Next week submit your article and one-page paper (typed, double-spaced summary) Example: Use Mercantile Mutual on page 45 as a guide. *Do not use the examples given in your textbook as your final assignment.