INGLES GRUPOGFGGFG.ingles minerales pptx

UNIVERSIDAD NACINAL DANIEL ALCIDES CARRIÓN
FACULTY OF MINING ENGINEERING
PROFESIONAL SCHOOL OF MINING ENGINEERING
BASIC ENGLISH
THEME :
READ THE MINERALOGY BOOK
TEACHER:
ROJAS VICTORIO CARLOS
PRESENTED BY :
 PALACIOS ALCAMARI KAORI
KIARA
 RUPAY ROJAS ROY ROBERTH
 ROBLES ROMAN DANIEL LUIS
 QUISPE HUAMAN DANIELS
HOUSTON
 QUILICHE VILLAVICENCIO
BENJAMIN SEBASTIAN
 OSORIO LEYVA BRYAN MARLON
22 A - IB

ZIRCON:A superb gem and one of the few stones to get close
to.
diamond in fire and shine, zircon has a high refractive index and
color dispersion. known since antiquity, zircon takes its name
from the Arabic word zargun, derived in turn from the Persian
words zar, which means "gold", and weapon, which means
"color". It can also be colorless, yellow, gray, green, brown, blue,
and red. Brown zircon is frequently heat treated to convert it
blue. Single crystals can reach considerable size: specimens
weighing up to 41⁄2 pounds (2 kg) and 83⁄4 lb (4 kg) have been
found in Australia and Russia.
MINERALS | SILICATES: NESOSILICATES

TOPAZ:The name topaz is believed to be derived
from the
Sanskrit topaz, which means "fire". Topaz occurs in a wide
range of colors, with sherry yellow and pink stones are
particularly valuable. colorless topaz has a refractive
index so high that brilliant cut specimens are confused
with diamonds, prismatic well formed the crystals have a
characteristic cross in the shape of a rhombus section and
grooves parallel to its length. the ore it is also found in
massive, granular, and columnar habits.

TITANITE: Formerly called sphene, titanite is a calcium
titanium silicate. The name sphene originates from the Greek word
sphen, which means ”wedge“ a reference to the typical wedge-
shaped crystals of the mineral. Crystals can also be prismatic. Gem-
quality crystals occur in yellow, green, or brown colors. Specimens
can also be black, pink, red, blue, or colorless. Titanite is strongly
pleochroic, exhibiting different colors when seen from different
directions. The mineral can also be massive, lamellar, or compact.
Faceted titanite is one of the few stones with a color dispersion
higher than that of diamond.

ANDALUSITE: Named after the locality in Andalusia, Spain,
where it was first described, andalusite is aluminum silicate. It is
pink to reddish brown, white, gray, violet, yellow, green, or blue.
Gem- quality andalusite exhibits yellow, green, and red colors when
viewed from different directions. Andalusite crystals are commonly
prismatic with a square cross section. They can also be elongated or
tapered.
Andalusite can also occur in massive form

SILLIMANITE: Named after the American chemist Benjamin
Silliman, sillimanite is one of three polymorphs of aluminum silicate.
Commonly colorless to white, sillimanite can also be pale yellow to
brown, pale blue, green, or violet. A single specimen may appear
yellowish green, dark green, or blue when seen from different angles.
The mineral occurs in long, slender, glassy crystals or in blocky, poorly
terminated prisms.
Sillimanite is characteristic of clay-rich metamorphic rocks formed at
high temperatures (1,065°F/575°C or above).

KYANITE: Named after the Greek word kyanos, which means
“dark blue,” kyanite is blue and blue-gray, the colors generally zoned
within a single crystal. Kyanite can also be green, orange, or colorless.
Specimens have variable hardness: about 41 ⁄2 when scratched parallel
to the long axis but 6 when scratched perpendicular to the long axis.
Kyanite occurs mainly as elongated, flattened blades that are often bent
and sometimes as radiating, columnar aggregates.

STAUROLITE: A widespread mineral, staurolite takes its
name from two Greek words: stauros, which means “cross,” and
lithos, which means “stone” a reference to its typical crosslike
twinned form. Cross-shaped penetration twins of the mineral are
common and are in great demand as charms. The mineral
normally occurs as prismatic crystals, which are either hexagonal
or diamond- shaped in section and often have rough surfaces.

EUCLASE: Euclase takes its name from two Greek words: eu,
which means “good,” and klasis, which means “fracture” a reference
to its perfect cleavage. Generally white or colorless, euclase can also
be pale green or pale to deep blue a color for which it is particularly
noted. It forms striated prisms, often with complex terminations.
Massive and fibrous specimens are also found.

HUMITE: Named in 1813 after the English mineral and art
collector Sir Abraham Hume (1749–1838), humite is a silicate of iron
and magnesium. Manganese substitutes for iron in the structure to
form a complete solid-solution series with manganhumite. Specimens
are yellow to dark orange or reddish orange in color, tending toward
brown with increasing manganese content. Humite is generally found
in granular masses.

PYROPE: The magnesium aluminum garnet pyrope was
named in 1803 after the Greek words pyr and õps, which mean
“fire” and “eye” respectively—a reference to the typical fiery
color of specimens. Manganese, chromium, iron, and titanium
substitute in the mineral’s structure and act as coloring agents to
some degree. Specimens can be rich red, dark red, violet-red,
rose red, or reddish orange depending on the composition.

ALMANDINE:The most common garnet, almandine is named
after Alabanda (now Araphisar) in Turkey, where it has been cut since
antiquity.
Almandine is always red, often with a pink or violet tinge. Specimens can
sometimes be nearly black. This mineral tends to be a pinker red than
other
garnets. When it occurs in metamorphic rocks, its presence indicates
the grade of metamorphism

SPESSARTINE:The manganese aluminum silicate
spessartine is named after Spessart—the locality in Germany
where it was first described. The mineral is pale yellow when
nearly pure and orange to deep red, brown, or black in other
specimens. A color change known as the alexandrite effect is
occasionally found in spessartine grossular garnet. Crystals are
dodecahedral or trapezohedral. Spessartine may also occur as
either granular or massive aggregates.

GROSSULAR:The calcium aluminum silicate grossular, a type
of garnet, is named after the Latin word grossularia, which translates
into “gooseberry” a reference to the mineral’s gooseberrygreen color.
Specimens can also be pale to emerald green, white, colorless, cream,
orange, red, honey, brown, or black. Reddish brown or pink grossular is
called hessonite or cinnamon stone.

Generated by organic (biological) processes, the organics may or may not be crystalline. In some cases, they
contain the same mineral matter such as calcite or aragonite as that generated through inorganic processes. Organics are
sometimes used as gems.
COMPOSITION: The organics have a highly varied composition. Coral, pearl, and shell contain mineral matter generated by
biological processes. Coal is derived from buried organic material, such as peat.
OCCURRENCE: The organics are relatively widespread. The shells of freshwater and marine organisms are part of a
carbonate cycle that extracts carbon from the environment and returns itas carbonate sediment, either to be
reincorporated into other organics or to be lithified.
USES: Coal and bitumen are the organics that find the widest use. Organically formed carbonate rocks are also extensively
used as building stone and ballast and in the manufacture of cement.

CORAL: According to Greek legend, coral came from the drops of blood
shed when the mythic hero Perseus cut off the head of the monster Medusa.
Coral is actually the skeletal material generated by marine animals also
known as coral polyps. In most corals, this material is calcium carbonate, but
in black and golden corals it is a hornlike substance called conchiolin.

PEARL: A concretion formed by a mollusk, a pearl consists
mainly of aragonite (p.115), the same material as the animal’s
shell (p.249). The shell-secreting cells are located in a layer of the
mollusk’s body tissue called the mantle. When a foreign particle
enters the mantle, the cells build up concentric layers of pearl
around it. Colors vary with the mollusk and its environment and
can be any delicate shade from black to white, cream, gray, blue,
yellow, green, lavender, or mauve.

METAMORPHIC ROCKS:
CHANGING CHARACTERISTICS:
Metamorphism is said to be low
grade if it occurs at relatively low
temperature and pressure and high
grade at the intense end of the
temperature and pressure range.
CONTACT METAMORPHISM:
The third type of metamorphism is contact
metamorphism or thermal metamorphism.
This type occurs mainly as a result of increases
in temperature, not in pressure. It is common
in rocks near an igneous intrusion. Heat from
the intrusion alters rocks to produce an
“aureole” of metamorphic rock.

GARNET SCHIST
Like other schists, garnet schist is
a metamorphic rock with a
characteristic texture: wrinkled,
irregular, or wavy as a result of
the parallel orientation of its
component minerals, such as
chlorite, graphite , talc ,
muscovite , and biotite . In garnet
schist, garnet occurs as
porphyroblasts, which are large
crystals set in a metamorphic
matrix with other smaller crystals.
The resulting texture is called
porphyroblastic. The equivalent
Garnet-chlorite schist
Garnet-muscovite-chlorite schist

INGLES GRUPOGFGGFG.ingles minerales pptx

INGLES GRUPOGFGGFG.ingles minerales pptx

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