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In-situ conservation
- 1. IN—SITU CONSERVATION By:- PRIYANKAKUMAWAT M.sc. BOTANY
- 2. INTRODUCTION INTERNATIONALEFFORTS INDIAN INITIATIVES PROTECTED AREA IN INDIA WETLAND, MANGROOVE & CORAL REEF CONSERVATION
- 3. Conservation isthe protection, preservation, management or restoration of wildlife and natural resources.
- 4. To protectresources for human kind various environmental conservation organisation are working world wide. IUCN– largest & most important conservation network. UNEP– ( United Nations Environment Programme) provide information on the state of natural resources and their contribution to sustainable development. WCMC– ( World Conservation Monitoring Centre), monitors effectiveness of conservation efforts especially made by IUCN, UNEP, WWF.
- 5. WWF– (WorldWide Fund for Nature), a non governmental organisation, having a mission to stop degradation of natural environment. GEF– (Global Environment Facility), funds the projects that aim to protect the global environment. UNESCO– ( U.N. Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organisation). WRI– (World Resources Institute), works for sustainable use of biodiversity through ecosystem approach. Major Events Are--- WCS (World Conservation Strategy) GBA (Global Biodiversity Assessment) MAB (Man & Biosphere Program)
- 6. The governmentof India came up with various wildlife conservation projects & programs to promote wild life awareness. Such as– project tiger, project elephant, project rhinoceros etc. By establishing protected area. By Setting up of wildlife corridors. By protecting or conserving wetlands, forests etc. Tour were initiated in India and are one of the best way to aware people about the importance of wildlife.
- 7. In –situconservation refers to the protection and maintenance of organisms in their natural habitat. The natural area is protected and maintained to conserve all known or unknown species. The entire natural habitat is restored to ensure proper balance in the structure and function of the ecosystem. This includes the establishment of---National park, Sanctuaries, biosphere reserves etc.
- 8. A wildlifesanctuary is a protected area formed by the order of the state or central government but not bound by state legislation . Between 1936—2016, 543 sanctuaries were established in India that cover 118,918 Km2. No forest could be cleared for agricultural purposes. Killing, hunting, poaching is prohibited but local people can gather flowers, fruits, firewood, medicinal plants, etc. in small amount.
- 9. Private ownershipmay be allowed. Public entry and roaming inside a wildlife sanctuary is allowed for research, education, and recreational purposes. Examples--- Kedarnath (UP) Keladevi (Rajasthan) Askot (Uttarakhand) Pulicat (Andra Pradesh)
- 10. National parksare protected area, usually declared and owned by the central government. India’s first national park was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park (now known as Jim Corbett National Park) in Uttarakhand.
- 11. At present,there are 103 national park in india covering an area of 40,500 Km2 (1.23% of geographical area). The area of a national park is protected by statutory law. Private rights are non existent. Photographs may be allowed and research and educational work can be carried out with prior permission. Human activities are prohibited and the park cannot be used for any reason such as fruits , flowers and firewood or timber collection.
- 12. Biosphere reservesare a special category of protected areas of lands or coastal environments, where people are an integral components of the system. The first biosphere reserve of the world was established in 1979, since then the network of biosphere reserves has increased to 531 in 105 countries.
- 13. Objectives ofbiosphere reserve-- A conservation function – to contribute to the conservation of landscapes , ecosystem and species variation. A development function – to foster economic and human development which is socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable . A logistic function – to provide support for research , monitoring, education and information exchange related to local, national and global issues of conservation and development.
- 14. Structure ofbiosphere reserve— Core zone:- the natural or core zone represents an undisturbed or least distributed area of representative ecosystem . Buffer zone :- the buffer zone surrounds the core zone , and is managed for research , education and training activities. Traditional activities including timber production, hunting, fishing & grazing are permitted. Transition zone:- outermost part of reserve where in activities like settlement, cropping, forestry, recreation & other economic uses continue in harmony with conservation goals.
- 15. Wetland conservationis aimed at protecting and preserving areas where water exists at or near the earth surface. Wetlands are ecosystems In which the land surface is saturated or covered with standing water either permanently or seasonally. The water found in wetlands can be saltwater ,fresh water or brackish.
- 16. The majortypes of wetlands are--- Marshes are the most productive wetlands characterized by mineral soil and are typically dominated by grasses and floating leaved plants . Swamps are forested wetlands characterized by mineral soil ,seasonally or permanently flooded , and dominated by trees. Bogs are acidic, unproductive wetlands that develop in relatively cool but wet climate and are typically by species of moss. Fens are alkaline rather than acid area, receiving water mostly from surface and ground water sources.
- 17. The majorcause for their reduction is land reclamation, drainage, & conversion into arable land for agricultural needs. Peat bogs suffered anthropogenic transformation due to the capturing of water from mountain springs and streams for the purposes of generating drinking water. Ignorance, lack of monitoring, are also responsible for wetland degradation. Fed by local dams, the erratic & scarce precipitation is leading to vast swathes of wetland drying up.
- 18. By stoppingor reducing the anthropogenic causes. By providing the employment in wetland management. Protection , rehabilitation and sustainable use of wetlands.
- 19. The mainfunctions performed by wetlands are--- Water filtration– by removing excess nutrients, slowing the water allowing particulates to settle out of the water which can then be absorbed into plant roots. Wetlands can even filter out & absorb harmful bacteria from the water. Storage– wetlands can store approximately 1-1.5 million gallons of floodwater per acre and allow groundwater to be recharged. Biological productivity– wetlands are able to be highly biologically productive, also support, through feeding & nesting of birds.
- 20. Wildlife habitat–95% of all commercially harvested fish and shellfish are wetland dependent. Some parts of the area are wetlands managed for providing habitat of migrating birds, such as waterfowl & songbird. Many animals that live in other habitat use wetlands for reproduction ex- Herons, amphibians. Economic benefits– hunting, fishing, bird watching, wildlife photography, boating. Some of notable wetlands of india are Sundarban, Rashikbeel, Bhitorkanika, Vembanad.
- 21. Mangroves aretree or large shrubs which are salt tolerant and grow in intertidal zone in tropical & subtropical regions. They form dense forest along many coasts, and are found in 123 countries and cover above 150,000 km2 globally.
- 22. Where domangroves grow? Mangroves grow only in the tropics & subtropics . They do not tolerate cold temperature well. They grow best in sheltered areas with low wave energies.
- 23. Clearing– clearedto make room for agricultural land, human settlements , infrastructure and industrial areas. Overharvesting– these trees are useful for firewood, construction wood, wood chip, pulp production& animal fodder. River changes– dams & irrigation reduce the amount of water reaching mangrove forests, and erosion due to deforestation. Destruction of coral reef, pollution, climate change etc.
- 24. Establishing protectedare that redues anthropogenic pressures. Restoration – mangrove restoration involves reforestation using appropriate species. It usually follows three main stages: sorting propagules, supplying propagules to planter and planting. Community involvement is also key to successful mangrove management, protection and reforestation.
- 25. Fisheries– mangrovesare the home to a large variety of fish, crab, shrimp, and mollusk species. Timber and plant products– wood is resistant to rot and insects, making it extremely valuable. The coastal and indigenous communities also collect medicinal plants and mangrove leaves for fodder. Coastal protection– mangroves helps in stabilizing the coastline and prevents erosion from waves & storms. Tourism
- 26. Coral reefreferred to as the ‘rainforest of the sea’ . They are mounds found in marine water as a consequence of accretion of calcium carbonate deposited by oceanic organisms like corals and shellfish.
- 27. The reeffaces threat from inland pollution, climate change , overfishing by dynamite and cyanide poisoning, coastal development, mining of coral reef rock, ocean acidification , warming water, and ignorance. HOW CONSERVE IT— • Coral reef can be conserve by establishing Marine Protected Area in oceans. • Reducing the threating causes.
- 28. They protectthe shores from storms and wave actions by slowing down the water before it gets to the shore , hence called barrier reefs. Provide protection and shelter for many different species of fish. These are very important in controlling how much carbon dioxide is in the ocean water. Help in nutrient recycling.