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International Cooperation
- 1. Working Group IIIcontribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report CLIMATE CHANGE 2014 Mitigation of Climate Change ©Ocean/Corbis Antonina Ivanova Vice Chair WG III International Cooperation: Agreements & Instruments IPCC AR5 Outreach, Mexico City, August 26-27, 2015
- 2. Working Group IIIcontribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 2 Climate change is a global commons problem that requires international cooperation and coordination across scales. ©ESA/NASA
- 3. Working Group IIIcontribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report International cooperation is necessary to significantly mitigate climate change impacts 3 • This is principally due to the fact that greenhouse gases (GHGs) mix globally in the atmosphere, making anthropogenic climate change a global commons problem • International cooperation has the potential to address several challenges: • Multiple actors that are diverse in their perceptions of the costs and benefits of collective action • Emissions sources that are unevenly distributed • Heterogeneous climate impacts that are uncertain and distant in space and time • Mitigation costs that vary
- 4. Working Group IIIcontribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Climate change mitigation requires international cooperation across scales. 4 Based on Figure 13.1
- 5. Working Group IIIcontribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Strong Multilateral agreements Harmonized national policies; Decentralized but coordinated national policies 5 Based on Figure 13.2
- 6. Working Group IIIcontribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Limiting warming involves substantial technological, economic and institutional challenges.
- 7. Working Group IIIcontribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report International trade offers positive and negative incentives to promote international cooperation on climate change 7 • Three issues are key to developing constructive relationships between international trade and climate agreements: • How existing trade policies and rules can be modified to be more climate friendly • Whether border adjustment measures (BAMs) or other trade measures can be effective in meeting the goals of international climate agreements • Whether the UNFCCC, World Trade Organization (WTO), hybrid of the two, or a new institution is the best forum for a trade-and- climate architecture
- 8. Working Group IIIcontribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Cooperation can be evaluated using a range of criteria 8 • Four criteria stand out: • Environmental effectiveness • Aggregate economic performance • Distributional impacts • Institutional feasibility. • These criteria are grounded in several principles: • Maximizing global net benefits • Equity and the related principles of distributive justice and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDRRC) • Precaution and the related principles of anticipation, and prevention of future risks • Sustainable development.
- 9. Working Group IIIcontribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report The Kyoto Protocol was the first binding step toward implementing the principles and goals of the UNFCCC 9 • It has had limited effects on global emissions because: • Some countries did not ratify the Protocol • Some Parties did not meet their commitments • Its commitments applied to only a portion of the global economy • The Parties to the Protocol collectively surpassed their collective emission reduction target in the first commitment period • But the Protocol credited emissions reductions that would have occurred even in its absence. • The Kyoto Protocol does not directly influence the emissions of non-Annex I countries, which have grown rapidly over the past decade.
- 10. Working Group IIIcontribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report The Montreal Protocol has also achieved significant reductions in global GHG emissions 10 • The Montreal Protocol set limits on emissions of ozone-depleting gases that are also potent GHGs, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). • Substitutes for those ozone-depleting gases (such as hydrofluorocarbons, HFCs, which are not ozone-depleting) may also be potent GHGs. • Potential lessons learned from the Montreal Protocol: • Use of financial and technological transfers to broaden participation in an international environmental agreement • May be of value to the design of international climate change agreements
- 11. Working Group IIIcontribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Recent UNFCCC Negotiations 11 • Recent negotiations have sought to foster: • More ambitious mitigation commitments from countries with commitments under the Kyoto Protocol • Mitigation contributions from a broader set of countries • New finance and technology mechanisms • Under the 2010 Cancún Agreement, developed countries formalized voluntary pledges of quantified, economy-wide emission reduction targets and some developing countries formalized voluntary pledges to mitigation actions. • Under the 2011 Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, delegates agreed to craft a future legal regime that would be 'applicable to all Parties … under the Convention' • To include substantial new financial support and technology arrangements
- 12. Working Group IIIcontribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 12
- 13. Working Group IIIcontribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report • Reducir 25% la emisión de gases y compuestos de efecto invernadero • 22% en emisiones directas de CO2, metano, óxido nitroso y gases fluorocarbonados. • 51% de emisiones de partículas negras de hollín (carbono negro) • El crecimiento económico del país se desacoplará de la emisión de GEI, pasando de 40 a 24 kgCO2e/1,000 pesos. • Se estima que México alcanzará el pico máximo de emisiones de GEI en el año 2026. • De asegurarse el apoyo financiero y transferencia de tecnología este compromiso se puede incrementar a 40%. • Componente de adaptación: proteger la población de los fenómenos hidrometereológicos extremos. Aumentar la resiliencia de la infraestructura estratégica y de los ecosistemas (biodiversidad). 13 INDC MEXICO 2020-2030