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![IJCBB (2016) 1-7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Postural State Assessment during Quiet and Sensory – Conflicted
Stance through EEG
Neha Hooda*, Neelesh Kumar
Biomedical Instrumentation Division, CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh, India
ABSTRACT
The body balance is not totally sub-cortically controlled. It results from a qualitative and
congruent sensory input from three major sources, namely visual, proprioceptive and
vestibular information. The nervous system undergoes through complex sensory and
cognitive integration and continuous reassessment of the same in order to maintain balance.
Present study investigated the cortical map changes in four different states of upright
standing by means of calculating the EEG power spectral density distribution and its relation
with postural sway. The prevailing role of the visual and proprioceptive input has been
accentuated and the supra-spinal regulation of upright stance and balance were
demonstrated by contemporary techniques. The results suggested that the prefrontal and
parietal cortical areas play key role in solving the sensory conflicts.
Keywords: EEG, postural sway, power spectral density, proprioceptive
INTRODUCTION
Brain is the central processor for complete
working and bodily movements. Walking
and posture stability is a complex sensory-
motor skill in that context.[1]
The central
nervous system plays an integral role in
integrating the afferent information from
the visual, somatosensory and vestibular
systems and delivering the efferent
signals.[2]
Studies have ruled out the past
assumption that postural stability is only
under the control of subcortical structures
i.e. cerebrum, brainstem and spinal cord.[3]
Recent studies have presented the
significant involvement of prefrontal
cortex in postural regulation.[4]
Since evolution transformed humans from
being four legged species to two legged
ones, the task of maintaining upright
stance has become more cognitively
demanding as well. Quiet standing
involves the rhythmic change of centre of
pressure due to postural sway. Also as the
environmental surroundings change
incessantly in an unpredicted order,
successful maintenance of stable posture
requires periodic changes. For balance
control during limb movement and
postural sway, proprioceptive signal
feedback from foot-sole is used by central
nervous system.[5]
Most effective
measurements involve the characterization
of centre of foot pressure (COFP) and
body centre of mass (BCM) during
standing or walking while studying the
symmetry in force distribution.It has been
observed that visual and sensory feedback
reflects sensitive changes in parietal and
premotor regions of the brain,
respectively.[6]
Due to this cortical
contribution, postural stability measures
have been suggested as a rehabilitation
assessment tool for lower limb,[7–9]
as well
as neural disabilities.[8]
Upright stance
management is however a complex task](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/internationaljournalofcomputationalbiologyandbioinformaticsvol2issue2-170208055345/75/International-journal-of-computational-biology-and-bioinformatics-vol-2-issue-2-9-2048.jpg)
![IJCBB (2016) 8-15 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8
International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
In Silico Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis in Human
Glutamate Dehydrogenase
Usra Latief1
, Vivek Dhar Dwivedi2*
1
Department of Zoology, Uttaranchal College of Science and Technology, Dehradun, India
2
Faculty of Science and Environment, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot,
Satna, Madhya Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
In the present study, various in silico analysis tools were used to analyze the structural and
functional effect of non-synonymous or amino acid-changing single nucleotide
polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in the human glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) protein associated
with HI/HA syndrome. Total 16 nsSNPs data were collected from various published
literatures and analyzed to identify high-risk nsSNPs by evolutionary conservation analysis
using ConSurf server. I-Mutant tool was used to examine whether these high-risk nsSNPs
alter the structural stability of GDH protein. I-Mutant result revealed that each high-risk
nsSNPs except N410 and S445 decreases the stability of GDH protein. In addition, ConSurf
identified a number of other conserved residues and short patterns that may be structurally
and functionally relevant. A 37 amino acid long conserved motif from 370 to 406 was also
identified having 15 highly conserved and buried residues and 7 highly conserved and
exposed residues. This study is very extensive in silico analysis of HI/HA syndrome
associated mutations in the human GDH protein and can be a valuable for the better
understanding of the effect of nsSNPs on structural stability of the human GDH.
Keywords: GDH, HI/HA syndrome and mutation, nsSNP
INTRODUCTION
The hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia
(HI/HA) syndrome has been recognized as
the most prevalent form of inborn
hyperinsulinism (HI) in which affected
infants have both fasting and protein
sensitive hypoglycemia together with
continuously increased plasma ammonia
levels.[1,2]
A lasting increment in insulin
secretion causes hyperinsulinism.[3–5]
ATP/ADP ratio in B cells is responsible
for the secretion of insulin. Glucose and
leucine regulate insulin secretion by
regulating glutaminolysis by glucose and
by the direct action of glucose and leucine
on glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH).[6,7]
GDH is an enzyme found in the
mitochondria of the cell.[8–12]
GDH
oxidizes glutamate to α-ketoglutarate using
a cofactor, NAD and/or NADP. It has been
reported that the HI/HA syndrome is the
cause of diffuse and moderate
hyperinsulinism.[13–16]
In this syndrome,
GDH activity is increased due to its
decreased sensitivity to allosteric
inhibition by guanosine triphosphate
(GTP). The regulatory mutations in the
GDH enzyme, encoded by GLUD1 gene,
were found to be responsible for the
HI/HA syndrome.[17]
The cytogenetic
location of GLUD1 gene was mapped to
10q23.3. It is about 45 kb long and
contains 13 exons coding for a 505-amino
acid mature enzyme.[18,19]
The human](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/internationaljournalofcomputationalbiologyandbioinformaticsvol2issue2-170208055345/75/International-journal-of-computational-biology-and-bioinformatics-vol-2-issue-2-10-2048.jpg)
![IJCBB (2016) 16-21 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 16
International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Effect of Gender and Performance on EMG Activity of Selected
Knee Extensor Muscles during Isometric Contractions of Fully
Extended Knee in Athletes
Manvinder Kaur1
, Sanjeev Nara1
, Sateesh Reddy Avutu2
, Dinesh Bhatia2*
, Dhananjoy Shaw3
1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology,
Murthal, Haryana, India
2
Biomedical Engineering Department, North Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, Meghalaya, India
3
Indira Gandhi Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
ABSTRACT
Muscular fatigue is described as a condition, wherein the ability of muscles to contract and
produce force is reduced under sustained contraction. The quantification of muscular fatigue
by surface electromyography (EMG) provides a non-invasive method for easily accessing
and measuring the physiological processes occurring during sustained muscular work. The
isometric contraction consisted of performing knee extension with an angle between 180º and
170º with a load of 30 repetition maximum (RM) on the CYBEX exerciser. Vastus Medialis
(VM) and Vastus Lateralis (VL) leg muscles were chosen for recording the EMG activity
simultaneously. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the gender as well
as performance (high and low) in these athletes. EMG activity of males was found to be
superior to females across the experimental protocol.
Keywords: electromyography, fatigue, gender, isometric, performance
INTRODUCTION
Muscular endurance is an inherent
requirement of performing sport,
especially high intensity sports such as
(judo, weightlifting etc.). Also, endurance
is related to the muscles acting about the
knee joint rather than endurance of the
knee joint. The muscular endurance of
knee joint is considered to be one of the
important factors in the competitive ability
of an athlete.[1]
In daily life, the knee joint
is considered and established to be most
prone to and suffering from different
musculoskeletal injuries such as Anterior
Cruciate ligament injuries, patella femoral
joint injuries for both athletes and non-
athletes as per the established literature.[1,2]
Muscles of this joint should have high
muscular endurance specifically of the
athletic population for the maintenance of
corporal stability and avoiding occurrence
of frequent injuries.[2]
It is well
documented in literature that muscle
strength endurance represents one of the
most important motor abilities in intense
physical sporting activities.[3,4]
Knee stabilization in any sporting task is
important because knee serves as an
important transmission between the ankle
and hip joints.[5]
Strengthening and
balancing the muscles that surround the
knee, helps in taking off the pressure
around the knee joint and reduction in the
amount of overall weight absorbed by the
ligaments, meniscus and cartilage in the
knee.[5,6]
Isometric training exercises that
involve the static contraction of the muscle
are required for strengthening of the
muscles and knee stability without the](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/internationaljournalofcomputationalbiologyandbioinformaticsvol2issue2-170208055345/75/International-journal-of-computational-biology-and-bioinformatics-vol-2-issue-2-11-2048.jpg)
![IJCBB (2016) 22–26 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 22
International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Analysis of Ground Reaction Force and Temporal Parameters
during Human Gait for Design of Sensor Mechanism
Ratan Das*, Devendra Mohan, Pallabi Baruah, Neelesh Kumar
Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh, India
ABSTRACT
Study and analysis of human ground reaction forces, spatial and temporal parameters forms
an integral part of clinical gait analysis. Constrain stages keep on being the highest quality
level for such estimations. This paper displays the investigations of various segments of
ground response powers and stride stages utilizing active drive stages. Data for dynamic gait
from different subjects were recorded and analyzed for measuring vertical ground reaction
force during normal walk. A comparative analysis is also done for plotting variation of
different spatio-temporal parameters during slow and normal speed. The objective of this
study was to explore, understand and quantify the variation of gait parameters so that this
information could be incorporated for effective design and development of portable gait
analysis modules.
Keywords: force plate, gait, ground reaction force, spatial parameter, temporal parameter
INTRODUCTION
Human gait is a complex biomechanical
process involving muscle actions. Ground
reaction force (GRF) is developed during
gait as a result of the force applied to the
ground when the foot is in contact with it.
Since GRF is external force acting on the
body during locomotion, it is of great
interest to gait analysis and can be used
for validating the state of disorder of
patients’ movement[1, 2]. When a foot is
in contact with the ground, for example,
vertical as well as shear (horizontal) forces
are produced. The three components of
GRF vector during gait are vertical force
(Fz), anterior/posterior force (Fx), and
medial/lateral force (FLy). Figure 1 shows
the typical nature of GRF during stance
phase.
The stride cycle is characterized as the
time interim between two progressive
events of one of the monotonous
occasions of strolling [3]. Although any
event could be considered to define the
gait cycle, it is more convenient (and
widely practiced) to use the instant at
which one foot contacts the ground
(‘initial contact’ or ‘heel strike’) as start of
a new gait cycle. In the event that it is
chosen to begin with heel strike of the
right foot then the cycle will proceed until
the right foot contacts the ground once
more.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/internationaljournalofcomputationalbiologyandbioinformaticsvol2issue2-170208055345/75/International-journal-of-computational-biology-and-bioinformatics-vol-2-issue-2-12-2048.jpg)
![IJCBB (2016) 27–34 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 27
International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
A Review on Principles of Bioinformatics and Its Methods Based
on Sequence Techniques
Sona Singh*
Senior Project Officer, Indian Council of Food and Agriculture, New Delhi, India
ABSTRACT
As it is evident, the genetic material is stored in DNA sequences and transcript in RNA and
protein sequences, it makes sense to evaluate two or more biological sequences to look for
resemblance and disparity that can be used to infer the relatedness of the sequences. These
sequences are compared to generate information of their evolution with the help of latest
technique of computational biology. Sequence alignment provides a way to arrange the
sequences of genetic material to identify regions of similarity that may be an effect of
functional, structural or evolutionary relationships between the sequences .This paper is
focused on the perceptive of sequence based techniques and construction of algorithms that
deal with problems of biological relevance that is widely known as computational biology or
bioinformatics. It emphasize on utilizing the competence of computer to gain knowledge from
biological data. The majority of issues in computational biology is linked to molecular and
evolutionary biology and its focus is on analysis and comparison of the genetic material of
organisms. One integral component in forming the outline of computational biology is DNA,
RNA and protein. These elements are responsible for storing and utilizing the genetic
material in an organism and can be described as strings over finite alphabets.
Keywords: alignment, bioinformatics, sequence
INTRODUCTION
Computational biology sometimes also
known as bioinformatics is basically use of
computational and statistical analysis to
decode the biological information
from genome sequences and data related to
it. It concentrates on comprehension of the
human genome and in general terms,
emphasizes on the principles of how DNA
controls the biology of any species at the
molecular level. It includes
both DNA and RNA sequence as well as
other post-genomic data like experimental
data obtained with technologies that
require the genome sequence, such as
genomic DNA microarrays. The best way
to use computational genomics is to
combine it with bioinformatics to explore
new possibilities in the field of medicine.
It utilizes algorithms and machine learning
procedures to find inconspicuous
biological cipher in expansive genomes
and uncover the instruments of genome
advancement.
The expedition of computational biology
started in the mid-1960s (1965–1979) with
hardbound Atlas of Protein Sequence and
Structure [1–12]. In the United States, the
National Center for Biotechnology
Information (NCBI)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), a division
of the National Library of Medicine
(NLM), at the National Institute of Health
(NIH), supports and distributes the
GenBank nucleic acid sequence database,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/internationaljournalofcomputationalbiologyandbioinformaticsvol2issue2-170208055345/75/International-journal-of-computational-biology-and-bioinformatics-vol-2-issue-2-13-2048.jpg)
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- 7. From the Editor'sDesk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Computational Biology and Bioinformatics issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studiesand thevalidationofemergingtechnologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics,addressing researchersandpractitionersinthisarea. The core vision of International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Computer simulation, Mathematical biology, Molecular modeling, Network biology, Structural genomics, Synthetic biology, Systems biology, Bioinformatics, Computational genomics and proteomics, Biomedical image processing, Modelling and simulation, Sequence assembly, search, and alignment, Computational biomedical data engineeringetc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of ComputationalBiologyandBioinformatics. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics. PuneetMehrotra ManagingDirector
- 8. 1. Postural StateAssessment during Quiet and Sensory – Conflicted Stance through EEG Neha Hooda, Neelesh Kumar 1 2. In Silico Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis in Human Glutamate Dehydrogenase Usra Latief, Vivek Dhar Dwivedi 8 3. Effect of Gender and Performance on EMG Activity of Selected Knee Extensor Muscles during Isometric Contractions of Fully Extended Knee in Athletes Manvinder Kaur, Sanjeev Nara, Sateesh Reddy Avutu, Dinesh Bhatia, Dhananjoy Shaw 16 4. Analysis of Ground Reaction Force and Temporal Parameters during Human Gait for Design of Sensor Mechanism Ratan Das, Devendra Mohan, Pallabi Baruah, Neelesh Kumar 22 5. A Review on Principles of Bioinformatics and Its Methods Based on Sequence Techniques Sona Singh 27 Contents
- 9. IJCBB (2016) 1-7© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1 International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Postural State Assessment during Quiet and Sensory – Conflicted Stance through EEG Neha Hooda*, Neelesh Kumar Biomedical Instrumentation Division, CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh, India ABSTRACT The body balance is not totally sub-cortically controlled. It results from a qualitative and congruent sensory input from three major sources, namely visual, proprioceptive and vestibular information. The nervous system undergoes through complex sensory and cognitive integration and continuous reassessment of the same in order to maintain balance. Present study investigated the cortical map changes in four different states of upright standing by means of calculating the EEG power spectral density distribution and its relation with postural sway. The prevailing role of the visual and proprioceptive input has been accentuated and the supra-spinal regulation of upright stance and balance were demonstrated by contemporary techniques. The results suggested that the prefrontal and parietal cortical areas play key role in solving the sensory conflicts. Keywords: EEG, postural sway, power spectral density, proprioceptive INTRODUCTION Brain is the central processor for complete working and bodily movements. Walking and posture stability is a complex sensory- motor skill in that context.[1] The central nervous system plays an integral role in integrating the afferent information from the visual, somatosensory and vestibular systems and delivering the efferent signals.[2] Studies have ruled out the past assumption that postural stability is only under the control of subcortical structures i.e. cerebrum, brainstem and spinal cord.[3] Recent studies have presented the significant involvement of prefrontal cortex in postural regulation.[4] Since evolution transformed humans from being four legged species to two legged ones, the task of maintaining upright stance has become more cognitively demanding as well. Quiet standing involves the rhythmic change of centre of pressure due to postural sway. Also as the environmental surroundings change incessantly in an unpredicted order, successful maintenance of stable posture requires periodic changes. For balance control during limb movement and postural sway, proprioceptive signal feedback from foot-sole is used by central nervous system.[5] Most effective measurements involve the characterization of centre of foot pressure (COFP) and body centre of mass (BCM) during standing or walking while studying the symmetry in force distribution.It has been observed that visual and sensory feedback reflects sensitive changes in parietal and premotor regions of the brain, respectively.[6] Due to this cortical contribution, postural stability measures have been suggested as a rehabilitation assessment tool for lower limb,[7–9] as well as neural disabilities.[8] Upright stance management is however a complex task
- 10. IJCBB (2016) 8-15© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8 International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com In Silico Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis in Human Glutamate Dehydrogenase Usra Latief1 , Vivek Dhar Dwivedi2* 1 Department of Zoology, Uttaranchal College of Science and Technology, Dehradun, India 2 Faculty of Science and Environment, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna, Madhya Pradesh, India ABSTRACT In the present study, various in silico analysis tools were used to analyze the structural and functional effect of non-synonymous or amino acid-changing single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in the human glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) protein associated with HI/HA syndrome. Total 16 nsSNPs data were collected from various published literatures and analyzed to identify high-risk nsSNPs by evolutionary conservation analysis using ConSurf server. I-Mutant tool was used to examine whether these high-risk nsSNPs alter the structural stability of GDH protein. I-Mutant result revealed that each high-risk nsSNPs except N410 and S445 decreases the stability of GDH protein. In addition, ConSurf identified a number of other conserved residues and short patterns that may be structurally and functionally relevant. A 37 amino acid long conserved motif from 370 to 406 was also identified having 15 highly conserved and buried residues and 7 highly conserved and exposed residues. This study is very extensive in silico analysis of HI/HA syndrome associated mutations in the human GDH protein and can be a valuable for the better understanding of the effect of nsSNPs on structural stability of the human GDH. Keywords: GDH, HI/HA syndrome and mutation, nsSNP INTRODUCTION The hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia (HI/HA) syndrome has been recognized as the most prevalent form of inborn hyperinsulinism (HI) in which affected infants have both fasting and protein sensitive hypoglycemia together with continuously increased plasma ammonia levels.[1,2] A lasting increment in insulin secretion causes hyperinsulinism.[3–5] ATP/ADP ratio in B cells is responsible for the secretion of insulin. Glucose and leucine regulate insulin secretion by regulating glutaminolysis by glucose and by the direct action of glucose and leucine on glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH).[6,7] GDH is an enzyme found in the mitochondria of the cell.[8–12] GDH oxidizes glutamate to α-ketoglutarate using a cofactor, NAD and/or NADP. It has been reported that the HI/HA syndrome is the cause of diffuse and moderate hyperinsulinism.[13–16] In this syndrome, GDH activity is increased due to its decreased sensitivity to allosteric inhibition by guanosine triphosphate (GTP). The regulatory mutations in the GDH enzyme, encoded by GLUD1 gene, were found to be responsible for the HI/HA syndrome.[17] The cytogenetic location of GLUD1 gene was mapped to 10q23.3. It is about 45 kb long and contains 13 exons coding for a 505-amino acid mature enzyme.[18,19] The human
- 11. IJCBB (2016) 16-21© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 16 International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Effect of Gender and Performance on EMG Activity of Selected Knee Extensor Muscles during Isometric Contractions of Fully Extended Knee in Athletes Manvinder Kaur1 , Sanjeev Nara1 , Sateesh Reddy Avutu2 , Dinesh Bhatia2* , Dhananjoy Shaw3 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Haryana, India 2 Biomedical Engineering Department, North Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, Meghalaya, India 3 Indira Gandhi Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India ABSTRACT Muscular fatigue is described as a condition, wherein the ability of muscles to contract and produce force is reduced under sustained contraction. The quantification of muscular fatigue by surface electromyography (EMG) provides a non-invasive method for easily accessing and measuring the physiological processes occurring during sustained muscular work. The isometric contraction consisted of performing knee extension with an angle between 180º and 170º with a load of 30 repetition maximum (RM) on the CYBEX exerciser. Vastus Medialis (VM) and Vastus Lateralis (VL) leg muscles were chosen for recording the EMG activity simultaneously. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the gender as well as performance (high and low) in these athletes. EMG activity of males was found to be superior to females across the experimental protocol. Keywords: electromyography, fatigue, gender, isometric, performance INTRODUCTION Muscular endurance is an inherent requirement of performing sport, especially high intensity sports such as (judo, weightlifting etc.). Also, endurance is related to the muscles acting about the knee joint rather than endurance of the knee joint. The muscular endurance of knee joint is considered to be one of the important factors in the competitive ability of an athlete.[1] In daily life, the knee joint is considered and established to be most prone to and suffering from different musculoskeletal injuries such as Anterior Cruciate ligament injuries, patella femoral joint injuries for both athletes and non- athletes as per the established literature.[1,2] Muscles of this joint should have high muscular endurance specifically of the athletic population for the maintenance of corporal stability and avoiding occurrence of frequent injuries.[2] It is well documented in literature that muscle strength endurance represents one of the most important motor abilities in intense physical sporting activities.[3,4] Knee stabilization in any sporting task is important because knee serves as an important transmission between the ankle and hip joints.[5] Strengthening and balancing the muscles that surround the knee, helps in taking off the pressure around the knee joint and reduction in the amount of overall weight absorbed by the ligaments, meniscus and cartilage in the knee.[5,6] Isometric training exercises that involve the static contraction of the muscle are required for strengthening of the muscles and knee stability without the
- 12. IJCBB (2016) 22–26© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 22 International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Analysis of Ground Reaction Force and Temporal Parameters during Human Gait for Design of Sensor Mechanism Ratan Das*, Devendra Mohan, Pallabi Baruah, Neelesh Kumar Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh, India ABSTRACT Study and analysis of human ground reaction forces, spatial and temporal parameters forms an integral part of clinical gait analysis. Constrain stages keep on being the highest quality level for such estimations. This paper displays the investigations of various segments of ground response powers and stride stages utilizing active drive stages. Data for dynamic gait from different subjects were recorded and analyzed for measuring vertical ground reaction force during normal walk. A comparative analysis is also done for plotting variation of different spatio-temporal parameters during slow and normal speed. The objective of this study was to explore, understand and quantify the variation of gait parameters so that this information could be incorporated for effective design and development of portable gait analysis modules. Keywords: force plate, gait, ground reaction force, spatial parameter, temporal parameter INTRODUCTION Human gait is a complex biomechanical process involving muscle actions. Ground reaction force (GRF) is developed during gait as a result of the force applied to the ground when the foot is in contact with it. Since GRF is external force acting on the body during locomotion, it is of great interest to gait analysis and can be used for validating the state of disorder of patients’ movement[1, 2]. When a foot is in contact with the ground, for example, vertical as well as shear (horizontal) forces are produced. The three components of GRF vector during gait are vertical force (Fz), anterior/posterior force (Fx), and medial/lateral force (FLy). Figure 1 shows the typical nature of GRF during stance phase. The stride cycle is characterized as the time interim between two progressive events of one of the monotonous occasions of strolling [3]. Although any event could be considered to define the gait cycle, it is more convenient (and widely practiced) to use the instant at which one foot contacts the ground (‘initial contact’ or ‘heel strike’) as start of a new gait cycle. In the event that it is chosen to begin with heel strike of the right foot then the cycle will proceed until the right foot contacts the ground once more.
- 13. IJCBB (2016) 27–34© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 27 International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com A Review on Principles of Bioinformatics and Its Methods Based on Sequence Techniques Sona Singh* Senior Project Officer, Indian Council of Food and Agriculture, New Delhi, India ABSTRACT As it is evident, the genetic material is stored in DNA sequences and transcript in RNA and protein sequences, it makes sense to evaluate two or more biological sequences to look for resemblance and disparity that can be used to infer the relatedness of the sequences. These sequences are compared to generate information of their evolution with the help of latest technique of computational biology. Sequence alignment provides a way to arrange the sequences of genetic material to identify regions of similarity that may be an effect of functional, structural or evolutionary relationships between the sequences .This paper is focused on the perceptive of sequence based techniques and construction of algorithms that deal with problems of biological relevance that is widely known as computational biology or bioinformatics. It emphasize on utilizing the competence of computer to gain knowledge from biological data. The majority of issues in computational biology is linked to molecular and evolutionary biology and its focus is on analysis and comparison of the genetic material of organisms. One integral component in forming the outline of computational biology is DNA, RNA and protein. These elements are responsible for storing and utilizing the genetic material in an organism and can be described as strings over finite alphabets. Keywords: alignment, bioinformatics, sequence INTRODUCTION Computational biology sometimes also known as bioinformatics is basically use of computational and statistical analysis to decode the biological information from genome sequences and data related to it. It concentrates on comprehension of the human genome and in general terms, emphasizes on the principles of how DNA controls the biology of any species at the molecular level. It includes both DNA and RNA sequence as well as other post-genomic data like experimental data obtained with technologies that require the genome sequence, such as genomic DNA microarrays. The best way to use computational genomics is to combine it with bioinformatics to explore new possibilities in the field of medicine. It utilizes algorithms and machine learning procedures to find inconspicuous biological cipher in expansive genomes and uncover the instruments of genome advancement. The expedition of computational biology started in the mid-1960s (1965–1979) with hardbound Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure [1–12]. In the United States, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), a division of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), at the National Institute of Health (NIH), supports and distributes the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database,
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