INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE IN FISHERIES STATISTICS AND DATA COLLECTION in Burmese.pdf

FIPS/C1091 (MM)
FAO
Fisheries and
Aquaculture Circular
ISSN 2070-6065
INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE IN FISHERIES STATISTICS AND DATA
COLLECTION
a&vkyfief;qkdif&mpm&if;tif;ynm&yf ESifh tcsuftvufaumuf,la&;twGuf tjynfjynfqdkif&m
oifwef;

FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1091 FIPS/C1091 (MM)
INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE IN FISHERIES STATISTICS AND
DATA COLLECTION
tjynfjynfqdkif&m a&vkyfief;qkdif&mpm&if;tif;ynm&yf ESifh
tcsuftvufaumuf,la&;qdkif&moifwef;
Gertjan de Graaf
Nefisco, the Netherlands
Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Francis Nunoo
Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of Ghana
Accra, Ghana
Patrick Ofori Danson
Accra, Ghana
George Wiafe
Accra, Ghana
Emaniel Lamptey
Accra, Ghana
Paul Bannerman
Marine Fisheries Research Division, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture
Tema, Ghana
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Myanmar, 2019

pmwrf;jyKpk&jcif;taMumif;
trsm;odkUjzefUa0rnfh þpmwef;tm; Department of Oceanography, University of Ghana, Accre, Ghana
tultnDjzifh FAO Fish Code- STF pDrHudef;rS jyKpkcJhygonf/ þpmwrf;jyKpk&jcif; &nf&G,fcsufrSm tao;pm;
ig;vkyfief;qdkif&m pm&if;tif;ynm&yf ESifh tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,la&; oifwef;rsm; twGuf
oifwef;&nfnGef;pmwrf;wapmiftjzpf toHk;jyKEdkif&ef &nf&G,f jyKpkjcif; jzpfygonf/ þ pmwrf;tm; Mr
Gertjan de Graaf (Senior Project Officer FAT FishCode STF); Mr Francis Nunoo (Univversity of Ghana);
Patrick Ofari Danson (University of Ghana); Mr George Wiafe (University of Ghana); Mr Emaniel Lamptey
(Universty of Ghana) ESiifh Mr Paul Bannerman (Marine Fisheries Research Division. Ministry of Fisheries
and Agriculture) wdkUu jyKpkcJhMujcif;jzpfygonf/
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ISBN 978-92-5-131588-0
© FAO, 2019
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iii
de Graaf, G.J., Nunoo, F., Ofori Danson, P., Wiafe, G., Lamptey, E. & Bannerman, P. 2015;
International training course in fisheries statistics and data collection.FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture
Circular No. 1091. Rome, FAO. 216 pp.Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
tESpfcsKyf (ABSTRACT)
vlrIpD;yGm;qdkif&mvu©Pm&yfrsm;yg0ifaom ig;zrf;qD;rIqdkif&ma&vkyfief; vuf&SdtajctaeESifh
tvm;tvm udkod&Sdem;vnfjcif;onf? cdkifrmaomrl0g'csrSwfjcif;? ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom qHk;jzwfcsuf cs
rSwfjcif; ESifh wm0efcHrI&Sdaom ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrIrsm;twGuf ta&;ygaom aomhcsufwck jzpfyg onf/
FAO FishCode-STF pDrHudef;rS aqmif&GufcJhaom trsdK;om; owif;tcsuftvuf aumuf ,la&;pepfrsm;
tao;pdwf ppfwrf;rsm;t&? a&vkyfief;qdkif&m apmifhMunfhtuJjzwf avhvma&; pepftwGuf
t"duusaom jyóem odkUr[kwf pdrfac:rIrsm;rSm (1) vltiftm;ESifh aiGaMu;taxmuf tyHU t&if;tjrpf
r&Sdjcif; (2) a'ocH atmufajctqifhwGif ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m apmifhMunfh tuJjzwf avhvma&;pepftm;
em;vnfoabmaygufrI tm;enf;jcif;/ (3) oifhavsmf ^ vufvSrf;rSDjyD; aiGaMu; ukefusrI ESifh EIdif;,SOfvSsif
wGufajcudkufaom owif;tcsuftvuf aumuf,la&;pepfr[kwfjcif;/ (4) ,HkMunfpdwfcs&jyD;? jyD;jynfhpHk
onfh wdus rSefuef aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; r&&Sdjcif;/ (5) tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,ljcif;?
ppfaq; jyKpkjcif; ESifh pdppfoHk;oyfjcif;tydkif;rsm;wGif uGif;qufjywfrIrsm; &Sdaejcif; wdkUaMumifh jzpfaMumif;
awGU&Sd&ygonf/ tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,lpkaqmif;jcif; ESifh a&vkyfief;qdkif&m pm&if;Z,m;rsm; jyKpkjcif;
wdkUwGif pGrf;aqmif&nf jrifhrm;a&;onf FAO FishCode-STF pDrHudef; OD;pm;ay; vkyfief;w&yf jzpfygonf/
xkdUaMumifh FAO onf Department of Oceanography and Fisheries of the University of Ghana, Accra ESifh
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufjyD; a&vkyfief;qdkif&m pm&if;tif;ynm&yf ESifh tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf ,la&;
tjynfjynfqdkif&m oifwef;vrf;nTeftm; az:xkwfcJhygonf/ oifwef;vrf;nGef t"du &nf &G,fcsufrSm
vkdtyfonfh wduscdkifrmrI tqifh &Sdonfh cefUrSef;csufrsm;tm; &&Sdaprnfh ukefusp&dwf teJqHk;jzifh rSefuef
wdusrI jrifhrm;aom erlem aumuf,lrnfh enf;pepfrsm;tm; xkwfaz:&ef jzpf ygonf/ yHkpHxkwf
enf;pepfrsm; tm; tjynfjynfqdkif&m pHESKef;rsm;? a'owGif;rS pkaqmif; aumuf,l xm;aom
a&vkyfief;qdkif&m pm&if;Z,m; tcsuftvufrsm;? pDppfoHk;oyfcsufrsm;rS az:xkwf jyojcif;rsm;udk
tajccHxm;ygonf/ wdusaom tao; pdwf &nfrSef;csufrsm;rSm (1) a&vkyfief;qdkif &m
tcsuftvufrsm; ta&;ygrIqkdif&m tajccH t,ltq rsm;tm; rdwfqufay;&ef/ (2) ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m
tcsuftvuf aumuf,la&; oabm w&m; t,ltqrsm;ESifh tjynfjynf qdkif&m pHEIef;rsm;tm; rdwfquf
ay;&ef/ (3) a&vkyfief;qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm; yHkrSefaumuf ,la&; pDrHcsufrsm; tm; yHkpHxkwfjcif; ESifh
erlem aumuf,ljcif;rsm; tajccH oabmw&m; t,l tqrsm;tm; rdwfqufay;&ef/ (4) tcsuftvuf
pm&if;Z,m;rsm;tm; pdppf o&kyfcGJjcif; qkdif&m tajccH t,ltq oabmw&m;rsm;tm; rdwfqufay;&ef/
(5) tcsuftvuf odrf;qnf;jcif; ESifh jyefvnf jzefUjzL;jcif;qdkif&m tajccH oabmw&m;? t,ltq
rsm;tm; rdwfquf ay;&ef/ (6) a&vkyfief;qdkif&m pm&if;Z,m;rsm; ESihf tcsuftvufaumuf,la&;wdkU ESifh
ouff qdkifaom erlemrsm;? vufawGU aqmif&Guf&mwGif awGUMuHK&aom jyóemrsm;tm; pDppf az:xkwfay;
&ef wdkUjzpfygonf/

Contents
pmwef;jyKpk&jcif;taMumif;......................................................................................................................................................ii
tESpfcsKyf (ABSTRACT) .....................................................................................................................................................iii
aus;Zl;wifvTm................................................................................................................................................................. viii
twdkaumufpum;vHk;rsm; ......................................................................................................................................................ix
trSmpm............................................................................................................................................................................x
1/ ed'gef;......................................................................................................................................................................1
1-1/ oifwef; &nf&G,fcsufrsm;.............................................................................................................................................3
2/ oif&dk; (1) bmaMumifh owif;tcsuftvufaumuf,l&ygoenf;–ig;vkyfief;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm; ta&;ygyHk ESifh toHk;jyKyHkrsm;/...........5
2-1/ ed'gef; .................................................................................................................................................................5
2-2 tb,faMumifh pm&if;aumuf,l&ygoenf; .....................................................................................................................6
2-3/ rl0g'csrSwfa&; taxmuftuljyK&efESifh zGHUjzdK;rItwGuf .......................................................................................................7
2-3-1/ pm;eyf&du©maxmufyHUa&;twGuf ig;vkyfief; taxmuftuljyKrIrsm;/...............................................................................7
2-3-2/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tjzpf ig;vkyfief; taxmuftuljyKrIrsm; ...........................................................................................7
2-3-3/ tvkyftudkif&&SdrI ESifh qif;&JrIavSsmhusa&; ................................................................................................................8
2-4/ ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrI taxmuftuljyK tcsuftvufrsm;..................................................................................................11
2-4-1/ o,HZmwrsm;tajctae...................................................................................................................................12
2-4-2 xkwfvkyfEdkifrSkyrmP..............................................................................................................................................12
2-4-3/ ig;zrf;qD;rIxdef;csKyfuGyfuJjcif;rsm;.........................................................................................................................13
2-4-4/ pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m pGrf;aqmif&nf .........................................................................................................................13
2-4-5/ vlrIa&;qdkif&mpGrf;aqmifcsuf............................................................................................................................14
2-5/ a'oqkdif&mvkdtyfcsufrsm; ......................................................................................................................................14
3/ oifwef;oif&dk; 2 – rnfonfht&mrsm;udkpkaqmif;&rnfenf; ...................................................................................................17
3-1/ ed'gef; ...............................................................................................................................................................17
3-2/ nTef;udef;rsm; ESifh ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; ......................................................................................................................17
3-3/ ig;zrf;qD;jcif;eSifh vkyfief;aqmif&GufrI qdkif&mtnGef;udef;rsm;..............................................................................................23
3-3-1/ pkpkaygif;ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI? qdyfurf;ukefcsig; ESifh pGefUjypfig;..............................................................................................23
3-3-1-1/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpffrsm;...............................................................................................................24
3-3-2/ ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;.......................................................................................................................................27
3-3-2-1/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; ESifh rlvt&if;tjrpfrsm; ..........................................................................................................27
3-3-3/ wpf,lepfig;txdtrd .......................................................................................................................................30
3-3-3-1/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; ...................................................................................................................30
3-3-4/ ig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;..........................................................................................................................31
3-3-4-1/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;...............................................................................................................31
3-3-5/ jypfrIrsm; ESifh w&m;pGJqdkrIrsm; ......................................................................................................................................34
3-3-5-1/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; ..................................................................................................................34
3-3-6/ vkdufem&rnfhowif;tcsuftvufrsm;jzefUa0jcif; .......................................................................................................36
3-3-7/ ig;yrmP wkd;yGm;atmif jrifhwifaqmif&Gufjcif; ................................................................................................................37
3-4/ ZD0aA' qkdif&m tnTef;udef;rsm; ................................................................................................................................37
3-4-1/ ig;o,HZmaygMuG,f0rIyrmP ......................................................................................................................................38
3-4-2/ ig;o,HZmw zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHk ....................................................................................................................40
3-4-3/ ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm; zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHk....................................................................................................................43
3-4-4/ ywf0ef;usif....................................................................................................................................................43
3-5/ pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mtnGef;udef; rsm;................................................................................................................................44
3-5-1/ aps;uGufaygufaps; ...........................................................................................................................................45
3-5-2/ pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfrIwefzdk; ESifh jyKjyifxkwfvkyfjyD;ukefacsmrsm; ..................................................................................................46
3-5-2-1/ ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sif rsm;ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; .................................................................................................................46
3-5-3/ ukefuspm;&dwfrsm; ESifh 0ifaiGrsm; ...........................................................................................................................47
3-5-3-1/ ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sifrsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; ..................................................................................................................49
3-5-4/ &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrI...................................................................................................................................................49

v
3-5-5/ pDrHcefUcGJrI ukefusp&dwfrsm; ..................................................................................................................................50
3-5-5-1/ ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sifrsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;..............................................................................................................50
3-5-6/ pkpkaygif; xyfqifhwkd; wefzdk; ................................................................................................................................50
3-5-7/ trawmfaMu; odkUr[kwf yHUydk;axmufyHUrIrsm;............................................................................................................51
3-5-7-1/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; eSifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;...............................................................................................................52
3-5-8/ obm0o,HZmwiSm;&rf;crsm; ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m tusdK;tjrwf ..........................................................................................52
3-5-9/ jynfwGif;pm;oHk;rItwGuf tpm;tpmaxmufyHUrI ESifh ig;pm;oHk;rI ............................................................................................54
3-5-10/ ig;vkyfief;u@ tvkyftudkif tqifhtwef; ..........................................................................................................55
3-5-10-1/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;...........................................................................................................55
3-5-11/ ig;ESifh a&xGufukefypönf;rsm; bufnDukefoG,frI...........................................................................................................56
3-5-11-1/ ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sifrsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; ...............................................................................................................56
3-5-12/ a&vkyfief;u@ tom;wif EdkifiHjcm;aiG tqifhtwef;..............................................................................................57
3-5-12-1/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;..................................................................................................................57
3-6/ vlrI"avhqkdif&m tnTef;udef;rsm; ...............................................................................................................................57
3-6-1/ ig;zrf;vkyfief; rS0ifaiGcGJa0 jzefUjzL;rII.............................................................................................................................58
3-6-2/ ig;pm;oHk;rIqkdif&m ysHUESHUjcif;..................................................................................................................................58
3-6-2-1/ ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sif rsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; .................................................................................................................59
3-6-3/ a&vkyfief;odkU0ifa&mufcGifhjyKjcif;qkdif&m oabmobm0rsm;..................................................................................................59
3-6-4/ zrf;qD;ukefxkwfvkyfrIu@ twGif;&Sd vlOD;a&qdkif&mESifh ig;zrf;qD;rI yHkpHrsm; .........................................................................61
3-6-5/ jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;ESifh a&mif;0,fa&;u@rsm;twGuf vlOD;a&pm&if;qkdif&m ESifh tvkyfcefUtyfjcif; yHkpHrsm; ...........................................62
3-6-6/ vlrItodkif;t0dkif; rSDcdkrI....................................................................................................................................63
3-6-7/ ig;zrf;qD;jcif;vkyfief; vlrIa&; taetxm;............................................................................................................64
3-7/ avhusifhcef;rsm;....................................................................................................................................................65
4/ oif&dk; (3) owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm;rnfuJhodkUaumuf,lrnfenf;? tcsuf tvuf aumuf,la&;r[mAsL[mrsm;ESifh enf;pepfrsm;.............66
4-1/ ed'gef; ...............................................................................................................................................................66
4-2/ pepfyHkpHtwGuf tcsuftvufvkdtyfcsufrsmtm;b,fvdkqHk;jzwfcsufcsrnfenf;......................................................................67
4-3/ jynfhpHkpGm pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;ESifh erlem&,ljcif;.....................................................................................................68
4-3-1/ t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfcsufrsm; ...................................................................................................................................68
4-3-2/ jynfhpHkaompm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif; ESifh erllem&,ljcif; wdkUtm; qHk;jzwfjcif;.....................................................................68
4-4/ jynfhpHkaompm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;enf;vrf;jzihf csOf;uyfrI ............................................................................................70
4-5/ erlemaumuf,lrI tajcjyKenf;vrf;jzifh csOf;uyfjcif;rsm;....................................................................................................71
4-6/ usyef; erlemaumuf,ljcif;............................................................................................................................................72
4-7/ tcsuftvufaumuf,l&mwGifwl&mtkyfpktvTmtvdkufcGJjcm;aumuf,ljcif;enf;pepf ..................................................................73
4-8/ owif;tcsuftvuf aumuf,lonfh enf;pepfrsm;.........................................................................................................78
4-8-1/ ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sifrsm; ? yifrZpfjrpfrsm;ESifh enf;pepfrsm; ..............................................................................................78
4-8-2/ rSwfyHkwifjcif;..................................................................................................................................................80
4-8-3/ rSwfyHkwifjcif;qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvuftrsdK;tpm;rsm; .............................................................................................80
4-8-4/ rSwfyHkwifjcif;qkdif&m yHkpH.....................................................................................................................................81
4-8-5/ ar;cGef;vTmrsm; ................................................................................................................................................81
4-8-6/ vlawGUar;jref;jcif;............................................................................................................................................84
4-8-6-1/ tzGifhyHkpH vlawGUar;jref;rIrsm; ..................................................................................................................................84
4-8-6-2/ yHkpHwus vlawGUar;jref;jcif;....................................................................................................................................84
4-8-7/ wkduf&dkufMunfh&SKppfaq;jcif;.................................................................................................................................86
4-8-7-1/ avhvmolrsm;......................................................................................................................................................86
4-8-7-2/ pHkprf;ppfaq;olrsm;................................................................................................................................................88
4-8-8/ odyÜHynmqkdif&m okawoe .................................................................................................................................89

vi
4-8-9/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; rSwfwrf;a&;oGif;jcif;...........................................................................................................90
4-8-10/ tpD&ifcH wifjyjcif;...........................................................................................................................................90
4-8-11/ zrf;qD;jcif;.....................................................................................................................................................91
4-8-12/ zrf;qD;jyD;aemufjyKjyifxkwfvkyfjcif;.........................................................................................................................91
4-8-13/ a&mif;csjcif; ...................................................................................................................................................92
4-8-14/ ukefoG,frI..........................................................................................................................................................93
4-9/ avhusifhcef;rsm;....................................................................................................................................................95
4-10/ jynfhpHkpGmpm&if;a&;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;ESifh erlem ...........................................................................................................95
5/ oif&dk; 4 ? ouf&Sdrsm;ESifhywfoufaompm&if;tif;ynmtm; OmPfopfavmif;rGef;rHjcif;.........................................................................98
5-1/ ed'gef; .....................................................................................................................................................................98
5-2/ pm&if;tif;ynm&yfqkdif&mtajccHusaoma0g[m&rsm; ......................................................................................................98
5-2-1/ &nf&G,fOD;wnfcsuf ESifh erIemaumuf,l&ef OD;a& .............................................................................................................98
5-2-2/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;ESifh tnGef;udef;rsm;.....................................................................................................................100
5-2-3/ pm&if;tif;rsm; ( ............................................................................................................................................101
5-2-4/ ysrf;rSs ESifh orwfudef;- (Averages and means)................................................................................................101
5-2-5/ ysHUESHUjcif;ESifh ajymif;vJEdkifpGrf;......................................................................................................................................103
5-3/ yHkrSefjyefUcsuf .....................................................................................................................................................106
5-4/ pdwfcspnf;rsm; ...................................................................................................................................................108
5-5/ wdusrIESifh rSefuefrI .............................................................................................................................................112
5-5-1/ EdIif;,SOftrSm;................................................................................................................................................112
5-6/ avhusifhcef;rsm;..................................................................................................................................................115
6/ oif&dk; 5 erlemaumuf,laomykHpH .....................................................................................................................................116
6-1 ed'gef; ...................................................................................................................................................................116
6-2/ erlem,ljcif;............................................................................................................................................................117
6-2-1/ usyef;erlem,ljcif;................................................................................................................................................117
6-2-1-1/ bufvkdufrI .....................................................................................................................................................117
6-2-2/ usyef;erlemaumuf,l&mwGif wdusaocsmjcif;ESifY tqifYtqifYjyKvkyfjcif;/ .............................................................................118
6-3/ tvTmcGJjcm;jcif;.......................................................................................................................................................121
6-3-1/ ig;zrf;vkyfief;tkyfpkrsm;ESifh omref tvTm (ig;zrf;,lepfrsm;ESifY minor strata).......................................................................122
6-4/ erlemaumuf,ljcif; .................................................................................................................................................124
6-4-1/ erlemcGJa0owfrSwfjcif;...........................................................................................................................................124
6-4-2/ yPmrtcsuftvufrsm;&&Sdjcif;................................................................................................................................125
6.4.3 tcsuftvufr&&Sdjcif;............................................................................................................................................126
6-5/ erlem t&G,fcGJa0jcif; ...............................................................................................................................................127
6-5-1/ tcsdK;nDpGmcGJa0jcif;................................................................................................................................................128
6-5-3/ uGJvGJrIjyudef; (Coefficient of variation) .............................................................................................................130
6-5-4/ enf;vrf; 3 ck tm;EIdif;,SOfjcif;.................................................................................................................................132
6-6 / tpkvdkuferIemaumuf,ljcif; ESifh ESpfqifherIem aumuf,ljcif; (Cluster sampling and Two-stage sampling ) .......................133
6-7/ avUusifUcef;rsm;jyKvkyf&ef ..........................................................................................................................................133
7/ oif&dk; (6) tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;wGif tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;jcif;twGuf erlemaumuf,ljcif;.............................................................134
7-1/ pm;&dwfoufomaomenf;jzifY ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsm; ..................................................................................134
7-2/ a&&SnfwnfwYHaprnfU ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsm; ...........................................................................................134
7-2-1/ uGif;qif;0efxrf;rsm; tcef;u@............................................................................................................................134
7-2-2/ pkaqmif;xm;aom tcsuftvuft&nftaoG;ESifY tokH;csrI................................................................................................135
7-2-3/ oifwef;.............................................................................................................................................................135
7-2-4/ vufawGUusaom ppfwrf;aumuf,lonfhykHpH...................................................................................................................135
7-2-5/ tcsuftvufaumuf,lolrsm;ESifY MuD;Muyfolrsm; c&D;oGm;jcif;.............................................................................................135
7-2-6/ pdwfyg0ifpm;rI ESifY vkyfief;vnfywfrItawGUtMuHK...........................................................................................................135
7-3/ &kH;0efxrf;rsm; tcef;u@ .......................................................................................................................................135
7-4/ yHkrSefppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;ESifY oD;jcm;ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsm; ..............................................................................................136
7-5/ tajccHtqifhrsm; (THE BASICS).............................................................................................................................136
7-6/ tcsuftvuf&,ljcif; (okdU) erlemaumuf,ljcif;abmifowfrSwfjyKvkyfjcif; ................................................................................137
7-7/ ig;txdtrd tcsuftvufaumufjcif; (okdU) ig;csqdyfurf;rSppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;.........................................................................139
7-7-1/ tcsdefwpfcktwGif; w&m;0ifpm&if;aumufjcif; ESifh ae&mvyfcsefí erlem,ljcif;......................................................................139
7-7-2/ ae&mvyfcsefí w&m;0ifpm&if;,ljcif; ESifh tcsdefwpfcktwGif; erlemaumuf,ljcif; .....................................................................140
7-8/ ig;csqdyfurf;rS ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsm; (LANDING SURVEYS).......................................................................................141

vii
7-9/ erlem,l&ef ig;csqdyfurf;ae&mrnfodkYa&G;cs,frnfenf;.........................................................................................................141
7-9-1-1/ ueOD; tcsuftvufr&&SddEkdifaomtcg csOf;uyfenf;.....................................................................................................142
7-9-1-2/ ueOD; tcsuftvuf&&SddEkdifaomtcg csOf;uyfenf;........................................................................................................142
7-10/ ig;csqdyfurf;wGif zrf;qD;&&Sdaom ig;txdtrd tcsuftvuftm; rnfodkYpkaqmif;rnfenf; ...........................................................142
7.11/ ig;zrfqD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; pkaqmif;jcif; (FISHING EFFORT COLLECTION) ..................................................................143
7-11-1/ ig;zrf; a&,mOfrsm; pkpkaygif;ta&twGuf................................................................................................................143
7-11-2/ ig;zrf;qD;aomaeY&ufrsm;? avS xGuf&uf (okdU) ig;zrf;qD;vIyf&Sm;rIudef; ................................................................................143
7-12/ ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm;yg0ifrI (SPECIES COMPOSITION)......................................................................................................145
7-13/ avUusifYcef; (EXERCISE).......................................................................................................................................145
8/ oif&dk; (7) tcsuftvufrsm;cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; (DATA ANALYSIS) .................................................................................146
oifwef;oif&dk; ( .............................................................................................................................................................146
8-1/ tcsuftvufrsm;ppfaq;jcif; (CHECKING OF DATA).............................................................................................146
8-2/ tcsuftvufrsm; rSefuefaMumif;twnfjyKjcif; (VALIDATION OF DATA) ..................................................................146
8-2-2/ erlemt&G,ftpm;rsm;ppfaq;jcif;................................................................................................................................147
8-3/ tcsuftvufrsm;ydkif;jcm;okH;oyfwifjyjcif; (DATA PRESENTATION) .........................................................................148
8-3-1/ jyefUcsufMudrfEIef; .................................................................................................................................................149
8-3-1-1/ jyefUcsufwpfcktm; tHh0ifcGifusjzpfatmifvkyfjcif;...........................................................................................................149
8-4/ ykHrSefr[kwfaom trddsK;tpm;jzifY ysHUESHUjcif; ........................................................................................................................152
8-4-1/ T - ykH jyefUcsuf.....................................................................................................................................................152
8-4-2/ ,drf;,dkifyHk jyefUcsuf...............................................................................................................................................153
8-4-3/ Bimodal yHk ysHUESHUjcif;............................................................................................................................................153
8-4-4/ Spike at zero.................................................................................................................................................154
8-5/ udef;*Pef;pm&if;Z,m;ppfaq;jcif;rsm; (Statistical tests) ..............................................................................................154
8-5-1/ T test ............................................................................................................................................................154
8-5-1-1/ yxr Oyrm.....................................................................................................................................................154
8-5-1-2/ 'kwd, Oyrm.....................................................................................................................................................158
8-5-1-3/ wwd, Oyrm ..................................................................................................................................................160
8-5-2/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;..................................................................................................................162
8-5-2-1/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; (ANOVA) yxr Oyrm ..........................................................................163
8-5-2-2/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; (ANOVA) 'kwd, Oyrm........................................................................164
8-6/ avhusifhcef;rsm; (EXERCISES) .............................................................................................................................164
9/ oif&dk; 8 - tcsuftvufodrf;qnf;jcif;............................................................................................................................165
9-1/ ed'gef; ...................................................................................................................................................................165
9-2/ tcsuftvufbPf...................................................................................................................................................166
9-3/ tcsuftvufbPfpepf ykHpHrsm; ...................................................................................................................................167
9-3-1/ vdkcsifaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk&SmazGjcif; .....................................................................................................................169
9-4/ EkdifiHwumpHnTef;rsm;ESifY uk'frsm;owfrSwfjcif; ...................................................................................................................175
9.5 trsdK;om;a&;ESifYqkdifaom tkyfcsKyfrI uk'frsm;......................................................................................................................177
9-6/ ig;zrf;ud&d,mESifY a&,mOftwGuf uk'fpepf......................................................................................................................177
9-7/ EkdifiHwum ig;rsddK;pdwfrsm; uk'f rsm;.............................................................................................................................178
9-8/ erlem,ljcif;tm;tajccHonfU ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m database/Artfish.....................................................................................180
9-9/ ig;vkyfief;owif;tcsuftvufpepfrsm;^ METADATA .................................................................................................181
usrf;jyKxm;aompm&if;......................................................................................................................................................183
t"dyÜg,fzGifUqkdcsuf...........................................................................................................................................................185
aemufqufwGJ(1).............................................................................................................................................................197
aemufqufwGJ(2).............................................................................................................................................................199

viii
aus;Zl;wifvTm
þoifwef;vrf;nGefpmwrf;onf FAO ESifh Department of Oceanography and Fisheries of the University of
Ghana, Accra, Ghana wdkU vufwGJaqmif&GufrI? ESpfzufaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif yg0ifaom ynm&Sif rsm;
wufMuGpGm yg0ifaqmif&GufrIwkdU r&dSygu atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnfaz: aqmif&GufEdkifrnf r[kwfyg/
þ FAO technical paper jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tajccHusaom ta&;tMuD;qHk; tpdwftydkif;rsm;tm; tMuHjyK?
yHUydk;ullnD a&;om;ay;Muaom ynm&Sifrsm;tm; aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/
þ oifwef;vrf;nGefpmwrf; jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf Swedish International Development Agency (Sida)
onf TECPRO project rSwqifh taxmuftyHUay;cJhygonf/ þoifwef;vrf;nGeftm; prf;oyfEdkif&ef twGuf
Sida rS taxmuftyHYay;xm;aom NEPAD FAO Fish programmeESifh TECPRO project wdkUrSwqifh4if; African
Development Bank rS taxmuftyHUay;xm;aom Lake Tanganyika rS PRODAB programme wdkUrSwqifh4if;
oifwef;ydkUcsrI trsm;tjym; aqmif&GufcJhygonf/

ix
twdkaumufpum;vHk;rsm;
ANOVA ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmjcif;/
ARTFISH ig;vkyfief;pm&if;tif;qkdif&m apmifhMunfhavhvmjcif;twGuf csOf;uyfenf;rsm;?
Oya'rsm;ESifh enf;pepfrsm;/
BAC a&,mOfvkyfief;aqmif&GufrIjyudef;
CAS ig;zrf;qD;&rdrI tuJjzwf &ef pm&if;aumuf,ljcif;/
CECAF tw’efwdwf ta&SUtv,fydkif; ig;vkyfief; aumfrwD
Code wm0efcHrI&Sdaom ig;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf usifhxHk;rsm;
COFI FAO ig;vkyfief;aumfrwD
COREP Guinea yifv,fauGU a'o ig;vkyfief;rsm;aumfrwD
CPUE wpf,lepfig;txdtrd
CWP ig;vkyfief;pm&if;tif;qkdif&m vkyfief;aygif;pyfnSdEIdif;a&;aumfrwD/
DBMS tcsuftvuf odkavSmifxdrf;odrf;rI pdrHcefUcGJa&; pepf/
EEZ txl;oD;oefUpD;yGm;a&;ZHk
FAC ig;zrf;vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIjyudef;/
FCWC A[kdGuinea taemufydkif; ig;vkyfief;aumfrwD/
FIS ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m owif;tcsuftvuf pepf/
GAUL urÇmvHk;qkdif&m ,lepftvTmrsm; tkyfcsKyfa&;/
GDP pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;xkwfukef
GPS urÇmvHk;qkdif&mwnfae&mjy pepf/
GVA pkpkaygif; xyfqifhwdk; wefzdk;
GVP pkpkaygi;fxkwfvkyfrIwefbdk;
ISSCAAP a&owÅ0grsm;ESifhtyifrsm; twGuf tjynfjynfqkdif&m pHpm&if;tif; trsdK;tpm;
cGJjcm;jcif;/
LIFDC 0ifaiGenf;EdkifiH
MEY tjrifhqHk; pDyGm;a&;qdkif&m &v'f
MSY tjrifhqHk; a&&SnfwnfwHUrnfh xkwfvkyfrIyrmP
OECD pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI ESifh zGHUjzdK;a&; tzGJU/
SSF tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;
STF ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIqkdif&m a&vkyfief;rsm; tajctaeESifh tvm;tvm
SWIOFC tdEd´,ork'´&m taemufawmifykdif; ig;vkyfief;rsm;aumfrwD/
TAC pkpkaygif; ig;zrf;qD;cGifhjyKEdkifonfhyrmP
UNGA ukvor*¾? taxGaxGnDvmcH
VMS ig;zrf;a&,mOfapmifhMunfhpepf/
VPA vlOD;a&qkdif&m cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmjcif;/

x
trSmpm
FAO t"duusaomvkyfief;wm0efrsm;wGif? ig;vkyfief;ESifh opfawmvkyfief;wkdUtygt0ifjzpfaom
pkdufysdK;a&; u@qkdif&m vkyfief;rsm; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; aumuf,lpkaqmif;onfh enf;pepf rsm;
ESifh csOf;uyfaqmif&GufrIqkdif&menf;ynmrsm; ydkrdkwdk;wufapa&;onf vnf; wcktygt0if jzpfygonf/
trsm;pkyg0ifjyD;? ,HkMunfxdkufaom pm&if;tif;rsm;vkdtyfrIrSm tjrJwef;taejzifh ta&;MuD;onfh tm;avSsmf pGm
a&&SnfwnfwHUaprnfh ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrI ESifh ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m xdrf;odrf;umuG,fapgifha&Smufjcif;
wkdUuJhodkUaom owdMuD;pGmjzifh csOf;uyfí? pDrHcsufrsm;tm; a&;qGJae&onfh udpö&yfrsm;wGif? tajccHusaom
4if;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; trsm;tjym; &&Sda&;rSm vdktyfcsufwckjzpfygonf/
ig;zrf;qD;rI? ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; ESifh aps;EIef;rsm; qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf ,ljcif;onf
rsm;pGmaom pm&if;tif;ynm&yfqkdif&m toHk;csrIrsm;twGuf tajccHusaom owif;tcsuf tvuf rsm;
jzpfygonf/ xkdUtjyif ydkrdktao;pdwfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; (ig;zrf;a&,Ofqkdif&m?
ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;ESifh vkyfaqmifrIrsm;qkdif&m? vlrI-pD;yGm;qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;) tm; yHkrSef
aqmif&Gufaeonfh erIem-tajcjyK ig;vkyfief;jcHKiHkavhvmjcif; rsm;rS az:xkwf&&Sda&;rSm? us,ffjyefUaom
toHk;csrI ESifh &nf&G,farSsmfrSef;csuf &Sdaeaom ig;vkyfief;twGuf? ta&;MuD;onfh owif;yif&if; wpf&yf
jzpfygonf/
tajccHusaom ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&Sda&; EdkifiHtqifhvkdtyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;
ulnD&ef twGuf FAO onf owif;tcsuftvufaumuf,la&;? ppfaq;wGufcsufa&; ESifh owif;xkwfjyef
a&; qkdif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm;tm; tqifhjrSifhwifEdkif&ef? EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif tultnDrsm;ay;vSsuf
&Sdygonf/ trsdK;om;a&;tqifhESifh a'oqkdif&mtqifh rsm;wGif enf;ynmqkdif&m taxmuftulay;a&; onf?
pHowfrSwfjcif;ESifh vufawGUvkyfief;cGifwGif pDrHcsufcsrSwfvkyfaqmifrIrsm; tygt0ifjzpfaom ig;vkyf
ief;qkdif&m pm&if;tif;ynm&yf zGHUjzdK;wkd;wufa&;twGuf wm0ef,lxm;&aom FAO enf;ynmqkdif&m
,lepfrsm; vkyfief;tpDtpOfwGif yg&Sdaom ta&;MuD;onfh tpdwftydkif;jzpfygonf/
ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m owif;aumuf,lrI pepfrsm;twGuf ta&;ygaom t"duusonfhajcvSrf;w&yfrSm
“ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIqkdif&m a&vkyfief;rsm; tajctaeESifh tvm;tvmqdkif&m tcsuf
tvufrsm;wdk;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&rnfh r[mAsL[m” (“Strategy for improving information on status
and trends of capture fisheries”) tm; csrSwfEdkifa&;tm; zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufatmifaqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfyg
onf/4if;r[mAsL[m tm; 25 Mudrfajrmuf COFI tpnf;ta0;wGifvufcHoabmwlcJhjyD;? 124 Mudrfajrmuf
FAO Council tpnf;ta0;wGif4if;? 2003 ckESpf ukvor*¾ taxGaxGnDvmcHwGif4if; twnfjyKcJhygonf/
4if;r[mAsL[monf a&vkyfief;qdkfif&mtajctae ESifh tvm;tvmudk ydkrdkod&Sdem;vnfEdkifaponfh
vufawGUusaom rlabmiftm; azmfjyay;xm;ygonf/
2004 ckeSpf? Edk0ifbmvwGif FAO Fish Code – STF pDrHudef;tm; pwifcJhjyD;? 4if;pDrHudef; t"duusaom
&nf&G,fcsufrSm? urÇm tESHUtjym;rS r[mAsL[mrsm;tm; taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&Guf&mwGif tultnD
ay;&ef jzpfygonf/ 4if;pDrHudef; tawGUtMuHKrsm;u nGefjyonfhtcsufrSm? tajccHusaom yHkrSef owif;
tcsuftvufaumuf,la&;ESifh 4if;ESifh qufpyfaeaompm&if;tif;ynm&yfrsm;wGif em;vnfoabmaygufrI
r&SdMuaMumif;ESifh txl;ojzifh tao;pm; ig;vkyfief;wGif em;vnfoabmaygufrI r&Sdjcif;rSm ydkrdkMuD;rm;
aMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/ odkUjzpf&m? t&nftaoG;jrSifhwifwnfaqmufa&;rSm pDrHudef; OD;pm;ay;&rnfh
vkyfief;&yfjzpfvmcJhjyD;? pDrHudef;onf a'oqkdif&moifwef;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh a'oqkdif&mwuúodkvf rsm;rS
wqifh a'owGif;&Sd uGsrf;usifolrsm;jzifh aqmif&GufapvSsuf? zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufatmif taxmuftulay;cJhyg onf/
þoifwef;vufpGJpgtkyfonf Department of Oceanography and Fisheries; University of Ghana, Accra,
Ghana ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufaom yxrtMudrf? a'oqkdif&m tpDtpOf &vm'fwck jzpfygonf/ þ

xi
oifwef;vufpGJpmapmifwGif yg0ifaom tcsdKUaom tpdwftykdif;rsm;onf FAO taejzifh xkwfvkyf jzefUa0jyD;
jzpfaomfvnf;? 4if;wkdUtm; pmtkyfwpftkyf twGif; waygif;wnf;pkpnf;azmfjyxm;jcif;jzifhf? ig;vkyfief;twGuf
vufvSrf;rSDaom yHkrSeftcsuftvufaumuf,la&; pepfrsm;tm; yHkpHxkwfjcif;ESifh taumiftxnf
az:aqmif&Guf&mwGif awGUMuHK&avh&Sdaom rwlnDonfh tjiif;yGm;zG,fudpö&yfrsm; tay:wGif ydkrdkaumif;rGef
aomtjrif ESifh oabmayguf em; vnfrIudk &&SdEdkifrnf [k arSsmfvifhrdygonf/
Marc Taconet
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Statistics and Information Branch

1
1/ ed'gef; (INTRODUCTION)
vlrIpD;yGm;qdkif&m vu©Pmrsm; yg0ifaom ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIqdkif&ma&vkyfief; vuf&Sdtajctae ESifh
vm;&mudk od&Sdem;vnfjcif; (status and Trends in caputure fisheries – STF) onf? cdkifrmaom rl0g'
csrSwfjcif;? ydkrdk aumif;rGefaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfjcif; eSifh wm0efcH,lrI&Sdaom ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrI wdkU
twGuf ta&;ygaom aomhcsufwck jzpfygonf/ xkdUtjyif trsdK;om;tqifh pm;eyf&du©mzlvHkrI tm;
xdrf;odrf;xm;Edkifa&;? a&vkyfief;qdkif&m vlrIa&; ESifh pD;yGm;a&; tusdK;tjrwf rsm;tm; azmfjyEdkifa&;wdkU
twGufvnf; vdktyfygonf/ xkdUtjyif 4if; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf a&vkyfief;qkdif&m rl0g'
tiftm;aumif;rI tajctae tm; tuJjzwfjcif; ESifh a&vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrI qkdif&m aqmif&GufrIrsm;tm;
ajc&maumufjcif;wkdUtwGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfygonf/ a&vkyfief; pDrHcefUcGJrIwGif A[dktpkdk;& csKyfudkifrI rS
ajzavSsmhjyD; a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;odkU vGJajymif; udkifwG,fapaom EdkifiH ta&twGuf ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmonfh
tcsdefwGif a'ocH jynfolrsm;odkU ydkrdkwdusaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; tcsdefESifh wajy;nD a&muf&Sd
apjcif;jzifh a&vkyfief; ESifh a&o,HZmw rsm;tm; wm0ef,lrI &Sdaom enf;vrf;jzifh pDrHcefUcGJrI udk taxmuf
tul jzpfaponfh ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom owif;rsm; ay;Edkifonfh jynfolrsm; tjzpfodkU a&muf&SdEdkif rnf jzpfyg
onf/
odkU&mwGif? tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,l&mwGif emwm&Snf jyóemuJhodkUjzpfaeaom vkyfom; tiftm;
rvHkavmufrI? b@maiG rvkHavmufrIrsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufygu? t&nftaoG; edrfhusaom
tcsuftvufrsm;udkom &&Sdrnf jzpfjyD;? a&vkyfief; pDrHcefUcGJrI ESifh rl0g' rsm; zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufatmif
aqmif&Guf&mwGif toHk;r0ifaom odkUr[kwf tuefUtowfjzifhom toHk;jyKEdkifaom a&vkyfief;qkdif&m
pm&if;tif; rsm;udkom &&Sdaprnfjzpfygonf/
tusdK;quftaejzifh tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,laompepf ESifh trsdK;om; a&vkyfief;qkdif&m
tcsuftvufrsm; pepfwus wdk;wufvmatmif jyKjyifaqmif&Guf&mwGif wajz;ajz; qkwf,kwfvm aom
axmufyHUrIrsm;udkom jzpfay:vmaprnfjzpfygonf/ ,if; aMumufrufzG,f&maumif;aom jyóem
oHo&mvnfjcif; tm; tqHk;owfEdkifa&;rSm ta&;wMuD; aqmif&Guf&rnfh vkdtyfcsufjzpfygonf/ ,if;uJh odkU
a&vkyfief;qdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;ESifh tcsuftvufrsm;csdKUwJhrIrsm; wpfurÇmvHk;wGif xyfjyef wvJvJ
jzpfay:aeonfhudpöESifhywfoufí? FAO onf FAO Committee of Fisheries (COFI) arwåm &yfcHcsuft&
“ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIqkdif&m a&vkyfief;rsm; tajctaeESifh tvm;tvm tcsuf tvuf
rsm;wdk;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&rnfh r[mAsL[m” (“Strategy for improving information on status and
trends of capture fisheries”) tm; az:xkwfcJhygonf/
4if;r[mAsL[m tm; 25 Mudrfajrmuf COFI tpnf;ta0;wGifvufcHoabmwlcJhjyD;? 124 Mudrfajrmuf FAO
Council tpnf;ta0;wGif4if;? 2003 ckESpf ukvor*¾ taxGaxGnDvmcHwGif4if; twnfjyKcJhygonf/
4if;r[mAsL[monf a&vkyfief;qdkfif&mtajctae ESifh tvm;tvmtm; ydkrdkod&Sdem;vnfEdkifaponfh
vufawGUusaom rlabmiftm; azmfjyay;xm;ygonf/ þpmwef;onf taumiftxnfaz: aqmif&Guf&ef
pDpOf jyifqifrIrsm;twGuf a&SUajy; &nfrSef;csufrsm;? rl0g'rsm;? bmudkaqmif&Gufrnf? rnfonfh twGuf
aqmif&Guf&onf paom vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;? vkyfaqmifrI ESifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;twGuf t"duusaom
vrf;nGefrsm;tm; azmfjyxm;ygonf/

2
FAO FishCode – STF pDrHudef;ESifh Africa a'oqkdif&m ESifh a'owGif;qdkif&m ig;vkyfief;tzGJUrsm; jzpfaom
The fishery Committee for the Eastern Center Atlantic (CECAF), the Regional Fisheries Commission
for the Gulf of Guinea (COREP), the Fishery Committee for the West Center Gulf of Guinea (FCWC)
and the South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission (SWIOFC) wkdUonf a&vkyfief;qdkif&m
tcsuftvufaumuf,l pkaqmif;a&;pepfrsm; ppfwrf; rsm;t&? awGU&Sd&aom a&vkyfief;qkdif&m
apmifhMunfh tuJjzwfaompepftwGuf t"duusaom jyóem^ pdefac:rI rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfyg
onf/
 vkyfom;tiftm; ESifh aiGaMu;qdkif&m t&if;tjrpfrsm; rvHkavmufjcif;/
 a'ocH tqifhwGif ig;vkyfief;qdkif&m apgifhMunfhtuJjzwfaom pepftaMumif; A[kokw ^
pGrf;aqmif&nf rjynfh0jcif;/
 oifhwifhavSsmufywfaom? aiGukefaMu;us oufomonfh tcsuftvufaumuf,lonf pepf
r[kwfjcif;/
 ,HkMunftm;xm;&aom? jynfhpHkvHkavmufonfh wdusrSefuefaom tcsuftvufrsm; r&&Sdjcif;/
 tcsuftvufrsm;aumuf,ljcif;? jyifqifaqmif&Gufjcif; (process) ESifh cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm ppfaq;jcif;
(analysis) rsm;wGif uGif;qufjywfvwfrIrsm; &Sdaejcif;wdkU jzpfygonf/
ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;ESifh ywfoufí? a&;om;xm;jcif;rsm; trsm;tjym;&Sd ygonf/
odkU&mwGif 4if;udpöESifhywfoufí? vGefcJhaom ESpftenf;i,ftwGif;wGif ta&;ygaom wdk;wuffrI
tcsdKU&SdcJhygonf/
 atmifjrifrIrsm; ESifh qHk;&HI;rIrsm; MuHKawGUcJh&aom tcsuftvufaumuf,la&; pDrHcsufrsm; rS
&&SdcJhaom vkyfief;tawGUtMuHKrsm;onf ukefusp&dwfoufomaom? tvSrf;us,fvGef;jcif;r&Sdaom?
tcsuftvuf aumuf,lpkaqmif;onfh enf;pepftm; xGufay:vmap&ef taxmuftul
jzpfaprnfjzpfjyD;? 4if;rSwqifh a&&SnfwnfwHUa&;udk tav;xm;onfh enf;pepftopfwcktm;
ay:xGef;vmaprnf jzpfygonf/
 pm&if;tif;qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk udkifwG,faqmif&Guf&mwGif pGrf;aqmif&nf jrifhrm;
aom enf;ynmy&dk*&rfrsm; yg&Sdonfh uGefjyLwmrsm; us,fjyefUpGm vufvSrf;rSDvmonfhtwGuf ?
tcsuftvufrsm; tao;pdwfusaomtqifhtm; jrSifhwifEdkifjyD; tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;a&;?
xdrf;odrf;a&; ESifh pepfwus ppfaq;jcif;rsm;tm; ukefusp&dwf oufompGmjzifh aqmif&GufvmEdkif
ygonf/
 qufoG,fa&;tqifhjrifhrm;vmjyD;? aps;vnf;oufomvmygonf/ odkUjzpf&m tcsuftvuf rsm;
t&nftaoG;jrifhrm;vmap&ef ig;zrf;vkyfief;tm; tao;pdwf apmifhMunhfppfaq;jcif; (Oyrm –
a&,mOfrsm; apgifhMunfha&;pepf -VMS) jzifh jrSifhwifEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ aps;oufomjyD;
tcsuftvufrsm; jrefqefpGm zvS,fEdkifjcif; (Oyrm – a'oqkdif&m pkaqmif;xm;aom
tcsuftvuf rsm;tm; trsdK;om;tqifh jyefvnfpkpnf;&mwGif) onf tcsuftvufrsm; tm;
tcsdefESifh wajy;nD &&Sdap Edkifrnf jzpfygonf/
 ,cktcg pD;yGma&; ESifh vlrI^,Ofaus;rI udktav;xm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,l
jcif;onf ydkrdk jrifhrm;vmonfhtwGuf? ZD0qkdif&m tcsuftvufwpfckwnf;jzifh ajz&Sif;jcif;
rjyKEdkifaom rsm;jym;vSonfh pDrHcefUcGJa&;qkdif&m ar;cGef;rsm;tm; ajz&Sif;&mwGif 4if;owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;udktoHk;jyK ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifvmygonf/

3
 rd&dk;zvm wpfydkifwpfEdkifaqmif&Gufonfhig;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf? usifhoHk;vSsuf&Sdaom txufrS csrSwf
ay;aom trsdK;om; pDrHcefUcGJrI yHkpHrsm;onf jynfhpHkvHkavmufrI r&SdaMumif; oufaoxlcJhjyD; jzpfonfh
twGuf trsm;yl;aygif;yg0ifaom pDrHcefUcGJrI yHkpHtm; wdk;jrSifh usifhoHk;vmMujyD;? 4if;onf b@ma&;
tuefUtowf&Sdaeaom tcsuftvufaumuf,la&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tcsuf tvufrsm;
t&nftaoG;udk jrifhrm;vmap&ef aqmif&Gufay;Edkifaom enf;vrf;wpf&yf jzpfvm ygonf/
 ig;tkyfpkrsm;onf e,fedrdwf tqD;twm;r&SdbJoGm;vmusufpm;wwfonfh oabmobm0 &SdMu
onfhtm;avSsmfpGm? jynfhpHkaomvTrf;jcHKrI udk aocsmayguf&&Sdap&efrSm 4if;udpö&yftwGuf &nf&G,f
aqmif&Gufaom a'oqkdif&mokawoe ESifh pDrHcefUcGJrIrsm; &Sd&ef vkdtyfjyD;? a'otvdkuf &&Sdaom
qufpyfywfoufaeonfh tcsuftvufrsm;tm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmppfaq;jcif; ( analysis ) jzifhom
jyD;jynfhpHk onfh tcsuftvufrsm;tm; &&SdjyD; ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/ (Code of
Conduct for Responsibility Fisheries Articles 7.3.1 and 7.3.2) tm; &nfnTef;ygonf/
 xdkenf;wlpGmyif? a*[aA'qkdif&m okawoersm; (Oyrm – us,fjyefUaomyifv,fjyif qdkif&m
a*[aA'pepf) rsm;rSwqifh? tcsdKUaom ig;vkyfief;rsm;udk &nf&G,f&ef vdktyfvmygu? 4if;
a*[pepfwGif yg0ifaeaom a'otm;vHk;rS aumuf,l&&Sdaom tcsuftvufrsm;tm; vdktyfrnf
jzpfygonf/
 ,cktcg ajymif;vJaeaom t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfcsufrsm;? trsdK;tpm; odkUr[kwf trsdK;wltkyfpkcGJjcif;
(rsdK;wlpkjcif; -classifications )? pm&if;tif;ynm&yfqkdif&m tvTmcGJjcm;jcif; (Statistical
stratification) ESifh pHowfrSwfcsuf (standards) uJhodkUaom tjynfjynfqkdif&m vkdtyfcsufrsm; tm;
jynfhrSD atmif aqmif&Guf&ef ydkrdkvdktyfvmygonf/ odkUjzpf&m 4if;vdktyfcsufrsm;tm;
jznfhqnf;ay;Edkif&ef twGuf tcsuftvuf aumuf,ljcif; tpDtpOfrsm;tm; *&kwpkduf
MudKwifí?pOf;pm;qifjcif aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfygonf/
tcsuftvufrsm;aumufcHjcif;ESifh a&vkyfief;qkdif&m pm&if;tif;ynmtm; pGrf;aqmif&nfjrihfrm;
atmifwnfaqmufjcif;onf OD;pm;ay; vkyfief;wck jzpfygonf/ odkUjzpf&mFAO onf ESifh Department of
Oceanography and Fisheries of the University of Ghana, Accra ESifh yl;aygif;um a&vkyfief;qkdif&mpm&if;
tif;ynm&yf ESifh tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,la&;twGuf tjynfjynfqkdif&m oifwef;tm; az:aqmif
cJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ þoifwef;onf ta&;wMuD; vkdtyfaeaom vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnDjyD;? txl;ojzifh
tmz&du EdkifiHrsm; ig;vkyfief;qdkif&m pDrHudef;a&;qGJa&;ESifh pDrHcefUcGJa&;qdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;
tif;tm;awmifhwif;ap&ef aqmif&Guf&mwGif xda&mufaom taxmuftyHU jzpfrnf[k ,lqygonf/
1-1/ oifwef; &nf&G,fcsufrsm; (OBJECTIVES OF THE TRAINING COURSE)
ig;vkyfief;twGuf tcsuftvufrsm;aumuf,ljcif;qkdif&m pm&if;tif;ynm&yf ESifh ywfoufí? wnfqJ
enf;pepftcsdKU&SdjyD; jzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif tmz&du a'o&Sda&vkyfief;rsm;wGif trsm;pkrSm yrmP rsm;jym;
jyD;? t&yfrsufESm tESHUtjym;odkU oGm;a&mufaeaom tao;pm; ig;zrf;avSi,ftkyfpkrsm; jzpfonfh twGuf
tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,l&mwGif erIem-tajcjyK jcHKiHkavhvmjcif; (sample-based survey)
enf;pepfjzifhom aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/
wESpfywfvkH; ig;zrf;qD;rIyrmP udkcefUrSef;&mwGif ig;zrf;qD;&&dSrI ESifh ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; rsm;tm;
ig;wif^cs qdyfurf;rsm;rS erlemaumuf,laom tcsuftvufrsm; tay:wGifom rsm;pGm trSDjyKae&ygonf/
odkU&mwGif? rnfonfherlemaumuf,ljcif;yHkpHwGifrqdk jzpfEdkiforSsaom tenf;qHk; ukefus

4
pm;&dwfwck&Sdaernfomjzpf&m? ukefuspm;&dwftm;umrdap&eftwGuf erlemaumuf,lpkaqmif;rIwGif erlem
aumuf,lrIqkdif&m trSm;t,Gif; tm;enf;edkiforSs enf;atmif yHkpHxkwf&rnf jzpfygonf/
þoifwef;y"meusaom&nfrSef;csufrSm erlemaumuf,laomenf;pepfrsm;ydkrdk &Sif;vif;apjyD; ykHrSef
tcsuftvufaumuf,la&; tm; wkd;wufvmap&ef jzpfygonf/ 4if;onf cefUrSef;csuftm; vdktyfaom
aphpyfaocsmjcif;udk jzpfEdkiforSsaomtenf;qHk;ukefuspm;&dwfjzifh &&SdapjyD;? jrifhrm;aom wdus rSefuefrIudk
&&Sdaprnf jzpfygonf/ yHkpHxkwfonfhenf;pepftm; tjynfjynfqdkif&mpHEIef;rsm;udktajccHxm;jyD;? a'owGif;
ig;vkyfief;qdkif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,la&;ESifh cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmppfaq;a&; udk &Sif;vif;pGm
azmfjyxm;ygonf/ wdusaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
 ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm; ta&;ygaom tajccHt,ltqrsm;ESifh rdwfqufay;&ef/
 ig;vkyfief;qdkif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;aumuf,la&;t,ltqrsm; ESifh tjynfjynffqdkif&m
pHEIef;rsm;tm; rdwfqufay;&ef/
 erlem&,ljcif;qkdif&mtajccHt,ltqrsm;ESifh yHkrSef (routine) ig;vkyfief;qdkif&m tcsuftvuf
aumuf,la&;pDrHcsuf tm; yHkpHxkwfjcif;udk rdwfqufay;&ef/
 pm&if;tif;qkdif&mynm&yfjzifh tcsuftvufrsm;tm;cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmppfaq;jcif; (analysis) tajccH
t,ltqrsm;tm; rdwfqufay;&ef/
 tcsuftvufodkavSmifxdrf;odrf;jcif; ESifh jzefUjzL;jcif;qkdif&m tajccH t,ltqrsm;tm;
rdwfqufay;&ef/
 ig;vkyfief;qdkif&m pm&if;tif;ynm&yf ESifh owif;tcsuftvufaumuf,la&;wkdU qufEG,faeaom
Oyrmrsm;ESifh vufawGUydkif;qdkif&m tcuftcJ^jiif;cHkcsufrsm; (issues) rsm;tm; azmfjyay;&ef/
þoifwef;tpDtpOfwGif oD;jcm;oifwef; oif&dk; (module) 8 ckyg&Sdygonf/
 oifwef; oif&dk; 1 –bmaMumifh tcsuftvufaumuf,l&ygoenf; – ig;vkyfief;qdkif&m
tcsuftvufrsm; ta&;ygyHk ESifh toHk;jyKyHkrsm;/
 oifwef; oif&dk; 2 – bmudkaumuf,lpkaqmif;rnfenf;– nTefjycsufrsm;? ESD;EG,faeaom
tcsuftvufyHkpHrsm; ESifh ajymif;vJEdkifaomudef;&Sifrsm;/
 oifwef; oif&dk; 3 – tcsuftvufrsm;tm; b,fvdkaumuf,lrnfenf; –
tcsuftvufaumuf,la&; r[mAsL[mrsm; ESifh enf;pepfrsm;/
 oifwef; oif&dk; 4 – ouf&Sdrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom pm&if;tif;ynm(biostatistics) tm; tiftm;
jznfh jcif;/
 oifwef; oif&dk; 5 – erIemaumuf,ll&ef yHkpHcsrSwfowfrSwfjcif;/
 oifwef; oif&dk; 6 – tao;pm; ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m vkyf&dk;vkyfpOf yHkrSef owif;tcsuftvuf
aumuf,la&;twGuf pm&if;tif;qkdif&m erIemaumuf,ljcif;pDrHcsuftm; xlaxmifjcif;/
 oifweff; oif&dk; 7 – tcsuftvuf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmjcif;/
 oifwef; oif&dk; 8 – owif;tcsuftvuf odkavSmifxdrf;odrf;jcif;/

5
2/ oif&dk; (1) bmaMumifh owif;tcsuftvufaumuf,l&ygoenf;–ig;vkyfief;qdkif&m
tcsuftvufrsm; ta&;ygyHk ESifh toHk;jyKyHkrsm;/
oifwef;oif&dk; (1) &nf&G,fcsuf/ ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,l&ef vdktyfyHkudk
od&Sdem;vnfap&ef ESifh aumuf,l&&Sdaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrI ESifh rl0g' qdkif&m
zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf toHk;jyKyHkudk od&Sd&ef? bmaMumifh? b,ft&m? b,fvdk? b,fol ponfh
oabmxm;tjrifrsm; ESifh EdkifiHwumqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;tm; od&Sdap&ef/
2-1/ ed'gef;
ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mtcsuftvufrsm; ESifh owif;rsm;(information)tm; aumuf,ljcif;vkyfief; onf aiGukef
aMu;usrsm;um tcsdefESifhwajy;nDaqmif&Guf&ef vkdtyfaomvkyfief;wpf&yfjzpfygonf/ rwlnD aomajymif;
vJjcif;rsm;&Sdaeonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; aumufcH&&SdrIonf &HyHkaiG? uGsrf;usifaompm&if; aumuf,l
olrsm;&&SdrI ESifh a&vkyfom;rsm; ESifhtjcm;aom yl;aygif;aqmuf&GufrIrsm; tajctaewdkU tay:wGif
rsm;pGm rlwnfaeygonf/
&HyHkaiGtcuftcJ ESifh 0efxrf;tiftm; uefUowfcsufrsm;&Sdaom tajctaewpf&yfwGif aqmif&Gufaeonfh
yHkrSef (routine) ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;vkyfief;wpf&yftaejzifh? a&&Snf wnfwHU
atmif aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf "od&Sd&efvdktyfaomowif; " (need to know information) ESifh "odvSsifydk
aumif;aom owif; " (nice to know information) wdkUudk ydkif;jcm;od&Sd&ef vdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/ pm&if;tif;
ynm&yfqkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm; (statistical information) onf vuf&Sd&mpkESpftwGif;wGif
vkyfief;oabmqdkif&mvdktyfcsuf rsm; wkd;yGm;vSsuf&SdjyD;? pm&if;aumuf,l&jcif; &nf&G,fcsufonfvnf;
pm&if;tif;qdkif&m ESpfpOfpm&if;pmtkyf xkwfa0&ef rS ajymif;vJvmjyD;? ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mowif; pepf
(Fishery information system – FIS) wGif oHk;pGJ&ef odkU ajz;nSif;pGm OD;wnfajymif;vJvSsuf&Sdygonf/
odkU&mwGif wcgw&H tcsdKUaom udpö&yfrsm;twGuf? ig;vkyfief;qdkif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm; tm;
vkdtyfcsuf udk rpOf;pm;bJ tjcm;ae&mrS &&Sdaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh ig;vkyfief;ESifh ywfouf
aom tzGJUtpnf; rsm; rS aumuf,lxm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;rS xkwf,ltoHk;jyKavh&Sdygonf/
&efyHkaiG tcuftcJESifh 0efxrf;OD;a& uefUowfcsufrsm;&Sdaeaom tajctaewGif rlvtajccHodkU jyefvnf
qif;oufjyD;? OD;pm;ay; tpDtpOf rsm;owfrSwfjyD;? aumuf,l&ef r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfaom ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sif
rsm; (essential variables ) udk a&G; cs,fjcif;owfrSwfjcif;wdkUudk rjzpfrae aqmif&Guf&ygrnf/ xkdUaMumifh
ig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm;tm; yHkrSeftcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif; rsm;twGufvrf;nGefcsuf (FAO,1999 ) wGif
azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; ig;vkyfief; qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm; tm; aumuf,l&eftwGuf tusdK;taMumif;
qDavSSsmfpGm wnfaqmufxm;aom aumuf,lrI enf;pepf ( logically structured approach ) jzifh csOf;uyf
aqmif&Guf&ef vkdtyfygonf/ tqdkyg pepfwus wnfaqmufxm; aom csOf;uyfaumuf,lrI enf;pepf
wGif"tb,faMumifh tcsuftvufvdktyf ygo enf; " rS tpjyKum rnfonfhtcsuftvuftrsdK;tpm;rsm;
vdktyfonfudk od&SdjyD; tcsuftvufrsm;udk rnfodkU aumuf,lrnf [laom pOf;pm;awG;az:rIrSwqifh
pepfwus aumuf,l&rnfh vrf;aMumif;udk azmfjyxm; ygonf (yHk – 1 udk Munfhyg)/

6
ပံု - ၁
ပံုမွန္အခ်န္အ်န္ေ် ်နက္ယမရနညည အမနမ္ေ် ေနမ
1
From FAO (1999).
2-2 tb,faMumifh pm&if;aumuf,l&ygoenf;
yxrOD;qHk;taejzifh " rnfonfhtwGuf pm&if; aumuf,loenf;" [laom ar;cGef;tm; ar;jref;&ef vdktyfjyD;?
wm0efodig;vkyfief;usifhpOf (Code of conduct for Responsible Fisheries (Code)) wGif tvHk;pHkaom
tajccH rIabmifrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrI a&&SnfwnfwHUapa&;ESifh vlrIpD;yGm;qdkif&m &nf&G,fcsufrsm;taumiftxnfaz:
aqmif&GufEdkif&ef tvdkUiSm? vlrIa&;qkdif&m? pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m todynmrsm; vHkavmuf&ef ESifh tzGJUtpnf;
qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk owif;tcsuftvufaumuf,lxm;&Sdjcif;? pDppfoHk;oyfjcif;ESifh okawoejyK
aqmif&Gufjcif; wdkUjzifh zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufatmifaqmif&Gufxm;oifhygonf/ (Code Art. 7.4.5tm;&nfnTef;
ygonf)/
tu,fí uGsefyfwdkUwGif todynmA[kokw vHkavmufpGm &&Sdxm;ygu? uGsefyfwkdUonf ig;vkyfief;u@
twGuf toHk;0ifaom rl0g'a&;qGJjcif;? xda&mufaom ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrI tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;wkdU udk
aqmif&GufEdkiffrnfjzpfygonf/ ig;vkyfief;rl0g' ESifh pDrHcefUcGJrI tpDtpOfwdkUonf ig;vkyfief;u@rS a'o
twGif;ESifh EdkifiHawmftqifhtxd pm;eyf&du©mESifh pD;yGm;a&;taxmuftyHUay;jyD;? obm0ywf0ef;usif
twGufudkvnf; ta&;ygaom taxmuftul jyKapygonf/ odkUjzpfygaomaMumifh owif;tcsuftvuf
aumuf,ljcif;udk obm0o,HZmwrSpwifjyD;? pm;oHk;olrsm;? puf&HkESifh a&mif;0,fa&;ae&mrsm;uJhodkUaom
ig;vkyfief;qdkif&m ae&mu@aygif;pHktm; jcHKiHkrdap&ef aqmif&Gufxm;oifhygonf/
၁.သတေနမ္အခ်န္အ်န္ေ် ်နက္မရနညွညန ပံုညံတုတန္အေနမ
၁.ဂ ရႊွန္ပအခ်နမခ မ်ားေနည်႔ွနမယေနမခ မ္ မ္ေ ားုတန္အေနမ(မရနသရနည္ယ )
၁.အ ည ယေနမ္ေ် ်နက္္အေနမ နယရနယ္ကနအခ်န္ေ ားုတန္အေနမ(ဘ ္ေ် ေနည)
၁.် မ္၀ါဒညီမံအွနညအ္ြဲ္ေယမ ယရနယ္ကနအခ်န္ေ ားုတန္အေနမ(ဘ ္ေ် ေနည)
၁.ေ ည ယေနမ္ေ် ်နက္မရနညညွညန္ေ ားုတန္အေနမ(မရနသ႔ုည)
၁.ဃ ည ယေနမ္ေ် ်နက္မရနွရနမ္ေခ ္ေ ားုတန္အေနမ(မရနသ႔ုည)
၂. ်္ေနမ ေနမည ယေနမ္ေ် ်နက္္အေနမ(မရနသ္္ေတ္)
၃. ညွညနတ်ခည ယေနမ္ပညု္အေနမ်ားေနညညီမံအွနညအ္ြဲ္အေနမ(မရနသ္၊မရနသ႔ုည္႕)
၄. ည ယေနမမခ မ်ားေနညသတေနမ္အခ်န္အ်နမခ ညီညညန္အေနမမ(မရနသ္၊မရနသ႔ုည္႕)
၅. ည ယေနမ က မ ည္အခ်န္အ်နမခ ္ ွနည္ေ၀္အေနမမ(မရနသ္္၊မရနသ႔ု႕ည္)
၆. ွရနမညွညန ္ပွနအရနသံုမသပန္အေနမ
္ပွနအရနသ
သတေနမပ႔ု႕္အ
အေနမ
(feedback)

7
2-3/ rl0g'csrSwfa&; taxmuftuljyK&efESifh zGHUjzdK;rItwGuf tcsuftvufrsm; ( DATA FOR POLICY
SUPPORT AND DEVELOPMENT)
rl0g'a&;qGJa&;twGuf u@trsm;pkESifhoufqkdifaom tcsufrsm;udk atmufygerlemrsm;wGif azmfjyay;xm;
ygonf/
2-3-1/ pm;eyf&du©maxmufyHUa&;twGuf ig;vkyfief; taxmuftuljyKrIrsm;/ (Contribution of fisheries
to food supply)
pm;eyf&du©mzlvHka&;onf txl;ojzifh zGHUjzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;rS rl0g'a&;qGJolrsm;? tpDtpOfa&;qGJolrsm;? pDrH
tkyfcsKyfolrsm;twGuf rsm;pGmtcuftcJjzpfapaom (over-riding ) tcsufwpfcsufjzpfygonf/ ig;onf
vlom;rsm; twGuf wd&pämefrsm;rS &&Sdaom tom;"gwft"dut&if;tjrpf wpf&yfjzpfaumif;jzpfygrnf/
odkUaomf ao;i,f aomuGsef;EdkifiHrsm;wGifrl ig;udk tpmt&if;tjrpfw&yftjzifh rSDcdkaeMu&ygonf/odkUjzpf&m?
xdkEdkifiH rsm;wGifig;tay: tpm;tpm;&&Sd&m t&if;tjrpftjzpfrSDcdkrIyrmPudk rjzpfrae az:xkwf
ay;Edkifjcif;jzifh 4if; tay:rSDcdkaeolrsm;twGuf a&&SnfzlvHkpGm pm;oHk;Edkifap&ef vdktyfaom rl0g'csrSwfjcif;
ESifh pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&; wdkUudk aqmif&GufEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
2-3-2/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tjzpf ig;vkyfief; taxmuftuljyKrIrsm; (Fisheries contribution to the
economy)
a'otqifh? EdkifiHawmftqifh rl0g' ESifh pDrHcsufrsm;a&;qGJ&mwGif ig;vkyfief; pD;yGm;a&;udk taxmuftul
jyKrIrsm;udk rjzpfrae xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ygonf/ ig;vkyfief;u@udk pepfwus udkifwG,faqmif&Gufrnf qdkyg
u EdkifiHawmfESifh oufqdkif&ma'o pD;yGm;a&;udka&&SnftaxmuftuljyKEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/ avhvm
oHk;oyfcsufrsm;t&? pD;yGm;a&; taxmuftuljyKrIudk azmfjy&mwGif a'ocHrsm;0ifaiGwdk;wuf&&SdrI? ydkrdk
us,fjyefUaom jynfolrsm; tusdK;cHpm;&rI ESifh EdkifiHjcm;aiG&&SdrI tusdK;tjrwfwdkUudk azmfjyay;&ef vdktyfyg
onf/ EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif txl;oD;oefUpD;yGm;a&;ZHk (EEZ) rsm;wGif EdkifiHtwGif;rS r[kwfaom ig;zrf;
a&,mOfrsm;rS aumufcH&&Sdaom tcGeftc&&SdrIudkyg azmfjyMuygonf/ tqdkyg0ifaiGonf uGsef;EdkifiHrsm;
twGuf odomxif&Sm;aom 0ifaiGw&yfjzpfygonf/ xdkUtjyiftusdK;jyKrIrsm;udk xnfhoGif;azmfjy&mwGif 0ifaiG
yrmP ESifh vlrIa&;t& rSDcdktm;xm;rIyrmPyg yg0ifygonf/ xdkodkUwGufcsuf&mwGif xkwfvkyfrI? jyKjyifxkwf
vkyf rI ESifh 4if;ESifh qufpyfvkyfief;rsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfudkifolOD;a& ESifh rSDcdkolOD;a&udkyg wGufcsuf azmfjy&ef
vdktyfygonf/
pmuGuf - 1
tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;
ordkif;aMumif;t& tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm;(Small-Scale Fisheries – SSFs) onf
္္ပရန္ပရန ႔ုေနယ ်ားေနင့္ ်ား႔ုေနေံ္ ေနင့္္ညီ္ညစန်ားညနယပနအုံမတ္ေန္္ေတ န္သေနင့္ ဂယု္ပမမ္ွရနမေကန udkom &&SdcJU
ayonf/ odkUjzpf&m? tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;u@twGuf tusdK;taMumif;qDavsmfrIrsm;? tcsuftvuf
cdkifvHkrIESifh owif;tcsuftvuf&&SdrIponfwdkUwGif taxGaxG rjynfhpHkjcif;rsm;udk jzpfay:apygonf/
,if;tcsufaMumifh tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm;udkygxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;aom ig;vkyfief;u@ w&yf
vHk;ESifh oufqdkifonfh rl0g'rsm; ay:xGef;a&; ESifh tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm;yg yg0ifaom
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrI pDrHcsufrsm; zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufa&;wdkUudk t[efUtwm; jzpfapygonf/ urÇmvHk;qkdif&m
oHk;oyfcsufwGif tapmif50 aom qif;&JrIavSsmUcsa&;qkdif&m r[mAsL[m pmwrf;rsm;
tygt0ifjzpfaom 285 apmifaom trsdK;om;tqifh rl0g' pmapmifrsm;tm; avhvmoHk;oyf&mwGif
tenf;i,faom EdkifiHtcsdKUwdkUwGifom 4if;wdkU &nf&G,fxm;aoma&vkyfom;tpktzGJUrsm;wGif
xnfhoGif;xm; aMumif;awGU&Sd&ygonf/

8
2-3-3/ tvkyftudkif&&SdrI ESifh qif;&JrIavSsmhusa&; (Employment and poverty alleviation)
urÇmhbPfwGufcsufrIrsm;t& 1.3 bDvD,H (urÇmhvlOD;a& 5yHkwpfyHk) xufydkaom vltrsm;onf
t[m&vHkavmufrI? oifhavSsmfaom taqmuftOD? tajccHrdv’m?a&qdk;xkwfEIwfpepf? a&oefU&&SdrI? ynma&;
usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrI ESifhtjcm;vdktyfcsufrsm; rjynfhrpHkjzifh aexdkifMu&aMumif; od&Sd& ygonf/ odkUjzpf&m
qif;&JrIudkMuHKawGUae&aom'ku©rsm;tay: &SKa'gifhtrsdK;rsdK;rS pOf;pm;azmfjy&ef vkdtyf ygonf/
qif;&JrIoHo&m[lonfqif;&JcsdKUwJhjcif;? emrusef;ESifh udk,fwdkifa&&Snf&yfwnf&ef tcGifhtvrf;
enf;yg;jcif;wdkUonf rsdK;qufwpfckrS aemufrsdK;quf wpfckwdkifatmif jzpfay:aejcif;udk qdkvdkygonf/
tcsdKUaom touf 4 ESpfom&Sdao;onfhtm&S ESifh tmz&durS trsm;pkyg0ifaom oef;aygif; 250 aom
uav;oli,f rsm;onf aumaZm,ufvkyfjcif;? ig;zrf;vkyfief; ESifh vdifa&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif
aus;uGsefozG,f vkyfudkifaeMu&ygonf/ vltrsm;onf ta&;ay: touf&Sif&yfwnfa&;twGuf vkdtyfcsuf
ESifh tcGifh tvef;enf;yg;rIaMumifh tjcm;a&G;cs,f&ef enf;vrf;r&SdMuojzifh ig;o,HZmw tygt0if
obm0o,HZmw rsm;udk tvGeftuGsHxkwf,lMuygonf/ xkdodkUjyKvkyfjcif;jzifh rdrdwdkUtwGuf omru
aemifrsdK;qufrsm;twGuf yg obm0o,HZmwrsm; ,kwfavSsmhapygonf/
wpfurÇmvHk;wGif 119 oef;aomvltrsm;onf rdrdwdkUb0&yfwnfa&;twGuf ig;zrf;qD;a&;vkyfief;wGif
tcsdefjynfhaomf4if;? tcsdefykdif;tm;jzifhaomf4if; vkyfudkifaeMu&ygonf/ tqdkygvlrsm;teufrS 96 % (116
oef;) aomvltrsm;onf zGHUjzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGif jzpfjyD;? trsm;pk (109 oef;) rSm tao;pm; ig;vkyfief;
(pmuGuf-1) rsm;wGif ig;zrf;vkyfom; ESifh ig;vkyfief;qdkif&mvkyfom;rsm; tjzpfvkyfudkifMuygonf/ / 4if;
(116)oef; teufxuf0ufcefU (57) oef;aomvkyfom;rsm;rSm trsdK;orD;rsm;jzpfjyD;? (33) oef;cefUrSm
a&csKdig;vkyfief; wGifvkyfudkifMuygonf/ (Z,m;-1) tqdkygudef;*Pef;rsm;onf a&ow0garG;jrLa&;
u@ryg0ifyJ zrf;qD;a&; ESifh ,if;ESifhqufpyfaeonfh vkyfief;rsm;wGif tpm;tpm&&Sda&;ESifh?
wpfzufwpfvrf;rS rdom;pk 0ifaiG&&Sda&;wdkUtwGuf tcgtm;avSsmfpGmodkUr[kwf yHkrSeffaqmif&GufMujcif;
jzpfygonf/
Z,m; - 1
wpfurÇmvHk;qkdif&mzGHUjzdK;qJ ESifh zGHUjzdK;jyD; EdkifiHrsm;wGif tao;pm; ESifh tMuD;pm; ig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf
aerI tajctae
tao;pm;ig;vkyfief; tMuD;pm;ig;vkyfief;
pkpkaygif;
a&ief a&csKd aygif; a&ief a&csdK aygif;
xkwfvkyfjcif;
ESpfpOfpkpkaygif;(wefcsdefoef;aygif;)
zGHUjzdK;jyD;EdkifiH
6 1 7 22 0.5 22.5 29.5
ESpfpOfpkpkaygif;(wefcsdefoef;aygif;)
zGHUjzdK;qJEdkifiH
28 13 41 34 0.5 34.5 75.5
ESpfpOfpkpkaygif; 34 14 48 56 1.0 57 105.0
tvkyftudkif&&SdrI (oef;aygif;)
(tcsdefjynfh^ydkif;)
ig;zrf;orm; (zGHUjzdK;jyD;EdkifiHrsm;) 0.7 0.1 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.3 1.1
ig;zrf;orm; (zGHUjzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;) 12.3 19.3 31.6 1.8 0.8 2.6 34.2

9
ig;zrf;orm; (wpfurÇmvHk;) 13.0 19.4 32.4 2.1 0.8 2.9 35.3
jyKjyifxkwfydk;rSKtvkyftudkif
(zGHUjzdK;jyD;EdkifiHrsm;)
1.3 0.2 1.5 0.8 0.0 0.8 2.3
(zGHUjzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;)
34.4 40.5 74.9 6.6 0.3 6.9 81.8
(wpfurÇmvHk;)
35.7 40.7 76.4 7.4 0.3 7.7 84.1
tvkyform;tiftm; (zGHUjzdK;jyD;EdkifiHrsm;) 1.9 0.3 2.2 1.1 0.0 1.1 3.3
tvkyform;tiftm; (zGHUjzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;) 46.7 59.9 106.6 8.4 1.1 9.5 116.1
tvkyform;tiftm; (wpfurÇmvHk;) 48.6 60.2 108.8 9.5 1.1 10.6 119.4
trsdK;orD;ta&twGuf
(zGHUjzdK;jyD;EdkifiHrsm;)
0.8 0.1 1.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 1.4
trsdK;orD;ta&twGuf
(zGHUjzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;)
16.8 32.3 49.1 6.3 0.3 6.6 55.7
trsdK;orD;ta&twGuf (wpfurÇmvHk;) 17.6 32.4 50.1 ၆.၇ 0.3 7.0 57.1
.
World Bank, FAT and WorldFishCenter,2010 &EdkiforSsaomtcsuftvufrsm;tay:tajccHí?
wGufcsufcefUrSef;csuft&? wpfurÇmvHk;rSxkwfvkyfaom ig;wefcsdef (105) oef;teuf wefcsdef oef;aygif;
(90) onf yifv,fig;zrf;vkyfief;rS jzpfjyD;? wefcsdef (19)oef;onf a&csKdig;zrf;vkyfief;rS jzpfaMumif;
awGU&Sd&ygonf/ wpfurÇmvHk;rS ig;xkwfvkyfrI 45% (wefcsdef 48oef;) onf tao;pm;ig;zrf;vkyfief;rS
jzpfjyD; 85%(wefcsdef 41 oef;) onf zGHUjzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;rS jzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/
tqdkygudef;*Pef;rsm;onf 0ifaiGenf;jyD; tpm;tpmcsKdUwJhaom EdkifiHrsm; (LIFDs) ESifh 0ifaiG vHkavmufum
tpm;tpmjynfhpHkaomEdkifiHrsm; (Non-LIFDs ) tay:&nfnTef;&mwGif wpfurÇmvHk; xkwfvkyfrI ig;wefcsdef
33% (wefcsdefoef;aygif;34.2) onf 0ifaiGenf;jyD;? tpm;tpm avSsmhenf;aom EdkifiHrsm; (LIFDs ) rS
jzpfjyD; zrf;qD;&&SdrI trsm;qHk;jzpfaom 76% onf tqkdyg (LIFDs ) EdkifiHrsm;
tao;pm;ig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm;rS4if;? wpfurÇmvHk; xkwfvkyfrI 50% onf tqdkyg (LIFDs ) EdkifiHrsm;
tao;pm; ig;zrf; vkyfief; rsm;rS4if; &&SdaMumif;awGU&ygonf/
Z,m; 2
urÇmvHk;qkdif&m ESifh EdkifiHrsm; tao;pm;ESifh tMuD;pm;ig;zrf;vkyfief;qkdif&mtcsuftvufrsm;
tao;pm;ig;zrf;vkyfief;
(wefcsdefoef;aygif;)
tMuD;pm;ig;zrf;vkyfief;
(wefcsdefoef;aygif;) pkpkaygif;
a&ief a&csdK aygif; a&ief a&csdK aygif;
0ifaiGjynfhpHkaom EdkifiHrsm;(Non-
LIFDCs)
15.3 6.7 22.0 48.0 0.7 48.8 70.8
0ifaiGenf;EdkifiHrsm;(LIFDCs) 18.7 7.3 26.0 8.0 0.3 8.2 34.2
pkpkaygif;zrf;qD;&&SdrSK 34 14 48 56 1 57 105

10
vuf&SdtajctaewGif tao;pm;ig;zrf;vkyfief; (SSFs ) onf odomxif&Sm;aom tusdK;tjrwf &&SdEdkifjyD;
xdcdkuf ysufqD;rIrsm;rS jyefvnf&kef;xGuf EdkifpGrf;&SdaMumif; ESifh qif;&JrIavSsmhusa&;? tpm;tpm zlvHk a&; wdkU
wGif atmufygtwdkif; tusdK;jyKvSSsuf&Sdygonf/
 ig;zrf;vkyfief;wGif wdkuf&dkufyg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifjcif; (rzrf;qD;rD ESifh zrf;qD;jyD;aemuf
jyKjyifxkwfအုပန္အေနမ vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0if္ေသ ig;zrf;vkyfom; ESifh ig;vkyfief;qdkif&mvkyfom;rsm;)
 rSDcdkolrsm;yg yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifjcif; (a&vkyfief;ESifhywfoufaom rdom;pk0ifrsm;? aus;vufjynfol
rsm;)
 ig;pm;oHk;olrsm;
 0ifaiG ESifh tvkyftudkif&&Sdapjcif;/
 oG,f0dkufaomenf;tm;jzifh ig;vkyfief;rS EdkifiHjcm;aiG&&Sdjcif;/
odkUjzpf&m ig;vkyfief;o,HZmwrsm;onf tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvef;ESifh qif;&JrIavSsmhcsjcif;wdkUudk zGHUjzdK;jyD;
EdkifiHrsm; ESifh zGHUjzdK;qJ EdkifiHrsm;wGif taxmuftuljyKvsuf&Sdygonf/
urÇmESifht0Srf;wGif ig;onf trsm;qHk;ukefoG,faom pm;aomufukeftrsdK;tpm;jzpfygonf/ 2012 ckESpfwGif
EdkifiH aygif;200cefUonf ig;ESifh a&xGufukefrsm;udk ukefoG,frI jyKvkyfaqmif&Gufygonf/ ig;a&mif;csrIonf
txl;ojzifh zGHUjzdK;qJ EdkifiHrsm;wGif ta&;ygaom vkyfief;jzpfjyD;? tcsdKUqkdvSsif pm;aomufukefvkyfief;
ukefoG,frI xuf0ufyrmPcefU &Sdygonf/ 2012 ckESpfwGif ig;a&mif;csrIonf urÇmESifht0Srf; pdkufysdK;a&;
xGufukef a&mif;cs&rI 10% &SdjyD; urÇmhukefoG,frI vkyfief;tm;vHk;yrmP 1% cefUwefbdk;&Sdygonf/
a&xGufukef ypönf;a&mif;cs&rIonf vlwdkUpm;oHk;aom ukefypönf;rsm; (odkUr[kwf) rpm;oHk;aom
ukefypönf;rsm; EdkifiHjcm; wifydkUrIonf 1976 ckESpfwGif 25% &Sd&mrS 2012 ckESpfwGif 37%
(tav;csdeftm;jzifh wefcsdefoef;aygif; 56 oef;) txd wdk;wufvmcJhygonf/ (FAO,2014 )
tjynfjynfqdkif&maps;uGufwGif ig;ESifha&xGufukefypönf;rsm;tm; wifydkUa&mif;cs&mwGif t"du&ifqkdif&aom
jyóemtcuftcJrSm wifoGif;olEdkifiHrsm;taejzifh trsdK;rsdK;aom ukefypönf;t&nftaoG; ညံ်ားမွနမuefUowf
csuf rsm;&႔္ေွိေန၍ wifydkUol EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh ယရနယ္ကနး မ္ေသ ္ေညခမ်္်န vkdtyfcsufESifhtnD ်႔ု်နရီ္ေ္ ေန
xkwfvkyfEdkif&ef aqmif&Guf pDrH&jcif;jzpfygonf/
ig;vkyfief;udk aocsmpGmpDrHtkyfcsKyfjcif;jzifh tqdkygEdkifiHrsm;wGif qif;&J EGrf;yg;rI avSsmhcsEdkifygonf/ EdkifiH
awmfodkUtcGefaiGay;aqmifjcif;? ig;zrf;qD;a&; ESifh ta&mif;t0,fvkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufMuaom
oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom vlrsm; twGuf tvkyftudkif&&Sdapjcif;tjyif ေနမယြဲ္ေသ vltrsm;twGuf အရနမ
pm;eyf&du©mzlvHkapygonf/
a&vkyfom;trsm;pkrSm qif;&JMuonfhtm;avSsmfpGm ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m pDrHcefUcGJrI zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufa&;uJhodkU
zGHUjzdK;a&;&nfrSef;csufrsm; owfrSwfxm;&Sd aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh qif;&J csdKUwJhrSK avSsmhusa&; udkulnDEdkifygonf/
rnfodkUyifjzpfap a&vkyfom;rsm;twGuf rsm;pGmaom qif;&J csdKUwJhrSK jyóemrsm;wGif a&vkyfief;ESifh
roufqkdifaom udpö&yfrsm;? wcgw&H tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&mtcuftcJrsm;? e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDay;&ef
vdktyfcsufrsm;yg0ifygonf/
qif;&JrIavSsmhcsa&;twGuf ig;vkyfief;rS yg0ifywfoufrI tm;aumif;ap&efrSm ig;o,HZmw a&&SnfwnfwHU
aygMuG,f0apa&; ESifh 4if;tusdK;tjrwfudk nDrSspGm? cGJa0cHpm;apa&;wdkUudk pDrHcefUcGJay;&ef vkdtyfygonf/
qif;&J ်ား္မနမပါမမမ avSsmhusapa&;twGuf EdkifiHawmf ESifh a'otwGuf ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m rl0g' a&;qGJolrsm;
onf tqdkyg ta&;MuD;aom tcsufudk owdxm; aqmif&GufMujcif;jzifh atmifjrifrIudk &&SdapEdkifygonf/

11
2-4/ ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrI taxmuftuljyK tcsuftvufrsm; (DATA TO SUPPORT FISHERIES
MANAGEMENT)
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrIonf ္မခ႔မမခ႔မ္ေသ ္္ေ် ေနမ tcsuftvufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; &efvdktyfjyD;?
aumuf,lxm;aom ZD0aA'qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;? pD;yGm;a&; ESifh vlrIa&;qkdif&mtcsuf
tvufrsm;udktoHk;jyKjyD; ajz&Sif;&rnfjzpfygonf/ ig;vkyfief;onf ZD0aA't&if;tjrpf? vlrIa&; ESifh
tzGJtpnf;qdkif&mtcuftcJrsm;? pD;yGm;a&;tajctae? &dk;&m,HkMunfrI ponfhtcsuftvufrsm;jzifh
wckESifhwck qufpyfjyD; aygif;pyfjzpfay: wnf&Sdaeaom vkyfief;&yfwpfckjzpfygonf/
trsdK;tpm;pHkvifaomtcsuftvufrsm;tay:rlwnfjyd; aygif;pyfcGJjcrf;pdwfjzmppfaq;rIrsm;rS &&Sdaom
oHk;oyfcsufrsm;t&? jzpfay:vmEdkifonfh tem*gwf tajctaeESifh tjcm;enf;jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh
tcsufrsm;udk MudKwifrSef;qxm;&ef vdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/ rnfonfhig;vkyfief;wGifrqdk tcsdefMumvmonf
ESifhtrSs tjcm;aom rwlnDonfh pDrHcefUcGJrIqkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;vnf; ay:xGufvmOD;rnfjzpfygonf/ tqdkyg
udpö&yf tawmfrsm;rsm;? txl;ojzifh ywf0ef;usifESifh qufEG,faeaom udpö&yfrsm;twGuf? tcsuf
tvufaumuf,la&; tpDtpOfrS &&Sdaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk toHk;jyKum cGJjcm;owfrSwfEdkifrnfjzpfyg
onf/
urÇmvHk;qdkif&m a*[pepf tajctaeonf zdpD;rI rsm;tm; wdk;jrSifhcHpm;ae& vSsuf&Sd&m ig;tkyfpkမခ မ ESifh
ေါမ္ေွေါမး႔ုေနrsm;်႔ု xdcdkufrItenf;qHk;jzpfaprnfh zrf;qD;rIpepfrsm;tm; az:xkwf&ef? vdkufemusifhoHk;&ef ESifh
ydkrdkwdk;wufatmif jyKjyifpDrH&ef wdkUrSm ydkítav;xm;aqmif&Guf&rnfh udpö&yfjzpfygonf/ tqdkygvkyfief;rsm;
atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnf az:aqmif&GufEdkif&efig;zrf;&&SdrItcsuftvufrsm;? a&vkyfom;pm&if;?
ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m tpktzGJY rsm; ESifh ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm; yg0ifaom oD;oefU
tcsuftvufrsm;vdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/
'Da&awm? oEÅmausmufwef;? aomifjyifrsm;? jrpfrsm;? &THUEGHawmrsm; tp&Sdonfh yifv,furf;pyfrsm;? jrpf0Srf;
a'orsmမ&Sdig;vkyfief;rsm;onf ywf0ef;usifudkxdcdkufysufpD;vG,fapygonf/ tqdkygig;vkyfief;twGuf
tMuD;rm;qHk; jcdrf;ajcmufaeaom t&mrsm;rSm ig;tvGeftuGsHUzrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrI? omru ig;aeig;xdkifrsm;
avSsmhenf; qHk;&SH;vmjcif;? EIef;wifapjcif; ESifh a&xknpfnrf;rIudkjzpfaponfh nHUzsif;onfhajr toHk;csjcif;
rsm;jzpfMuygonf/ xdkjzpfpOftajctaersm;aMumifh wpfcgwpf&HwGif ig;rsm;usifvnfusufpm;&m ae&mrsm; ESifh
4if;ESifh qufEG,faeaom ywf0ef;usifrsm;udk pDrHxdef;odrf;a&; onf OD;pm;ay; vkyfief;jzpfvmonfh twGuf
ywf0ef;usif ESifh a*[aA'qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;aumuf,l a&;onf rjzpfraeaqmif&Guf&rnfh
vkyfief;wpf&yfjzpfvmygonf/
pDrHcefUcGJrIvkyfief;udkaqmif&Guf&mwGif ig;vkyfief;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrI"avhxHk;pHrsm;udk tpOftjrJ vufcH
jyD; xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ef vdktyfygonf/ tm;vHk;aom ig;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ig;o,HZmwudk xkwf,ltoHk;jyKjyD;
enf;vrf;rsdK;pHkjzifh tusdK;cHpm;rI&&Sdaeolrsm;ESifh vkyfief;tay: OD;pD; OD;aqmifjyKí? pDrHaqmif&Guf&ef MoZm
vTrf;rdk;wwfolrsm;vnf; &SdMuygonf/
a&vkyfom;rsm;ESifh aygif;pnf;umowif;tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;onf ukefusp&dwfoufomrI &Sd,Hk
rSsomr[kwfbJ a&vkyfom;rsm;onf rdrdwdkUvdktyfcsufESifh rdrdwdkUvkyfief;udk ydkrdkpdwf0ifpm; tav;xm;
vmapEdkif&ef vnf; taxmuftuljyKygonf/

12
rl0g'a&;qGJolrsmမ ်ားေနင့္ pDrHcefUcGJolrsm;onf 4if;wdkUav;pm;vdkufemaqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonfht"du
taMumif;tcsuf (2) &yfaMumifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &,l&ef vdktyfjcif;jzpfygonf/ yxrtcsuf
taejzifh rnfonfhig;zrf;qD;rIrsm;onf owfrSwfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk vdkufemum vsmxm;
csufudk jyD;ajrmufatmifaqmif&GufEdkifonfudk prf;oyf&ef jzpfygonf/ 'kwd,tcsuftaejzifh w&m;r0if
ig;zrf;qD;rIrsm;uJhodkUaom ,SOfjydKif aqmif&Gufaeaom u@cGJ rsm;udk xdeff;csKyfjcif;jzifh ္ ညန္ေပာအ သရနင့္
jyóemrsm;udk avsmhusoGm;atmif aqmif&GufoGm;&ef jzpfygonf/
pDrHcefUcGJrIqdkif&mr[mAsL[mrsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:&efESifh ္်ြဲ္ တနယွန twGufvdktyfaom
nTefjycsufrsm;tm; &&SdEdkifaom owifမယပန၀ွနမ rsm;wGif ZD0o,HZmw? xkwfvkyfrI? xdef;odrf;rIpepf ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;e,fy,frsm;wdkU yg0ifygonf/
2-4-1/ o,HZmwrsm;tajctae(Status of resources)
owif;tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;tpDtpOfrsm; &nf&G,fcsufrSm vuf&SdtajctaewGif wnf&Sd aeaom?
ig;xkxnf (stocks) tajctaeudk ္ေည ေနင့္်ရနင့္ &efESifh tuJjzwf&ef jzpfygonf/ ig;xkxnftajctae ukd
vkyfief;tpOftvmt&az:jy&mwGif &nf&G,fxm;aom (okdY) uefYowfxm;aom ig;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf wpfck
(okdY) wpfckxufykdrdkaom ukd;um;csufrsm;ukd tokH;jyKí zGifYqkdaz:jyavY&Sdonf/ udk;um;csufrsm;udk toHk;jyKí?
cGJjcမန;pdတနjzmavhvmrIenf;pepfyHkpHrsm; (Analytical models ) wGifxnfhoGif; toHk;jyKjcif;jzihf wnf&Sdaeaom
ig;xkxnf (stocks) yrmPrsm; onf &nfrSef;xm;aom tajctae သ႔ု႕္ပွနအရန a&muf
&Sdvmap&eftwGuf aqmif&Guf&rnfh ig;zrf;qD;rIcGJwrf;rsm; odkUr[kwf ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; udk
uefUowfxdef;csKyfjcif; ponfwdkUuJhodkUaom xda&mufaom xdွနမausmif;rI rsm;udk aqmif&GufEdkif&ef twGuf
toHk;jyKEdkifvmygonf/ ig;tvGeftuGsH zrf;qD;rIjrifhrm;vmjcif;onf ig;yrmPusqif;vmjcif;eSifhtwl
wpf,lepfig;txdtrd (CPUE)? usqif;vmjcif;? pkpkaygif; ig;ukefwufyrmPusqif;vmjcif;? ig;rsm;
t&G,ftpm; ao;i,fvmjcif;ESifh ig;oufwrf;? ig;trsdK;tpm;yg0ifrIrsm; avsmYenf;vmEdkifaMumif; awGU&Sd
&ygonf/ wpfqufwpfpyfwnf;jzpfaom tcsdeftydkif;tjcm;tvkduf wpf,lepfig;txdtr ESifY ukefwuf
pkpkaygif; wkdYukd ig;zrf;a&,mOftvdkuf (Oyrm- ig;zrf;ud&d,m (okdY) ig;zrf;a&,mOftkyfpktrsdK;tpm;)?
pD;yGm;jzpf zrf;qD;aom ig;trsdK;tpm;tvkduf ig;zrf; uGufESifh ig;zrf;&moDpaom tcsufrsm;tay: tajccH
um &moDtvdkuf tvGeftuGsHig;zrf;qD;jcif;udk &SmazGaz:xkwfEdkifygonf/ tqkdygowif;tcsuftvufrsm;
tm; razmfjyEdkifygu aqmif&GufaeMuaomtzGJU tpnf;rsm;Mum;wGif odomxif&Sm;aom oabmxm; uGJvGJ
rIjzpfwwfygonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomftuJjzwfvkyfief;onftaMumif;t&mtay: a0zefydkif;jcm;jcif; ESifh
pdwful;,Ofqefaom tcsuftvuf rsm; tay:tajccHjcif;wdkUaMumifhjzpfygonf/
xdkUtjyif ig;trsdK;tpm;wpfrsdK;wnf;vGefuJpGmwnf&SdaerI ESifh pl;prf;&SmazGxm;aoma*[pepf (ecosystem)
wkdUtaxGaxG tajctaersm;onf4if;? pDrHcefUcGJa&;twGuf ta&;MuD;aomtcsufwck jzpfvmaeonf
wdkUudkvnf;xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&efvdktyfygonf/ ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm;? toufESifht&G,ftpm;? aygif;pyfyg0ifrI ESifh
zrf;qD;&&Sdaomig;rsm; ysrf;rSstvsm;? ig;rsm;usufpm;&mae&mrsm; ESifh a&maxG;zrf;qD;&rdaomig;
(txl;ojzifYpGefUypfig;) ponfwdkUudkapmifhMunfhrSwfom;jcif;wdkUonf a*[pepfwcktwGif;wGif ig;zrf;qD;
jcif;aMumifh oufa&mufaom us,fjyefUonfhxdcdkufrIudk tuJcwf&ef twGufpDrHcefUcGJrItm; taxmuftul
jyKygonf/
2-4-2 xkwfvkyfEdkifrSkyrmP (Yield)

13
xkwfvkyfEdkifrIyrmPonf ig;vkyfief;tajctaeudknTefjyaom ta&;MuD;onfhtcsufwpfckjzpfjyD; wpfcg
wpf&HwGif tvm;tvm&Sdaom xkwfvkyfrIyrmPESifh qufpyfaerIudkygcsifhcsdef&rnfjzpfygonf/ tvm;tvm
&Sdaom ig;xkwfvkyfEdkifrIyrmPonf aumif;rGefaompDrHcefYcGJrIjzifh&&Sdvmrnfh a&&SnfwnfwHUaom
ig;ukefwufukdMudKwifcefUrSef;jcif;jzifY &&Sdekdiffygonf/ tvm;tvm&Sdaomig;ukefwufrIukd cefYrSef;wGuf
csufenf;trsdK;rsdK;&SdjyD; tcsdKUaomenf;rsm;wGif tcsuftvuftenf;i,fomvdktyfygonf/ odkU&mwGif
tcsuftvuftenf;i,fomvdktyfaomwGufcsufenf;rsm;onf wcgw&HwGif ra&&maom tajzrsm;
(vuf&SdwGif&Sdaeonfhig;yrmPcefUrSef;csufrsm; ESifh tvm;tvm&Sdaom txGufEIef;) udk&&SdapEdkifygonf/
tcsuftvuftenf;i,fom &&Sdaomtcg &dk;&Sif;onfhyHkpHwGufenf;rsm;tm; e,fajropfwGif
pwifvkyfudkifrnfhvkyfief;rsm;wGiftoHk;jyKwGufcsufEdkifí ig;vkyfief;zGHYjzdK;vmjyD; &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHHrIyrmP
udkygwkd;csJUaqmif&GufvmekdifcsdefwGifacwfrSDaom tcsuf tvuftrsm;tjym;udktoHk;jyKaom yHkpHrsm;udk
ajymif;vJoHk;pGJoGm;&ef jzpfygonf/
2-4-3/ ig;zrf;qD;rIxdef;csKyfuGyfuJjcif;rsm; (Fishing controls)
ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefUcGJrIpepfwckwGif ig;rzrf;&&moD? ig;rzrf;&{&d,mrsm;? ig;txdtrd odkUr[kwf
ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;ukd uefUowfjcif;rsm;? vkyfukdifcGiffYcGJa0owfrSwfjcif;? tcGefaumufjcif;?
cGJwrf;jzifhzrf;qD;cGifY ESifY owfrSwfydkufuGufjzifhom zrf;qD;cGifhjyKjcif; ponftcsufrsm;yg0ifonf/
pDrHcefYcGJrIqkdif&mtkyfcsKyfrIpepfwpf&yfqkdonfrSm txufaz:jyygtcsuftcsdKYukd aygif;pyftokH;jyKjcif; jzpfonf/
jyefvnfoHk;oyfcsufrsm;t& ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrIpepfrsm; tusdK;oufa&mufrIrsm;tm; pdppfwnfhrwf&eff
oD;jcm;tcsuftvufrsm;&&SdrSom tuJjzwfokH;oyfEkdifrnfjzpfygonf/ erlemtm;jzifh
pnf;rsOf;topfrcsrSwfrD ESifh csrSwfjyD; umvrsm;wGif ig;zrf;ydkufuGufajymif;vJrI tusdK;oufa&mufrI?
ig;t&G,ftpm;ESifh ig;rsdK;pdfwfrsm; yg0ifrI tcsuftvufrsm;tm; tuJjzwf&ef vkdtyfygonf/
apmifhMunfhtuJjzwffrIr&Sdygu Oya'twdkif;vdkufemaqmif&Gufapjcif;onfvnf; ig;aygMuG,f0rIukd
tenf;i,frSsom tusdK;jyKEdkiffjyD;? ig;zrf;qD;&mwGifvnf; ukefusrIrsm;jym;apEdkifojzifY vuf&Sdwnf&Sdae
aomo,HZmwtrsm;tjym;ukd avvGifhqHk;&IH;Edkiffygonf/
odkUjzpf&m? ig;vkyfief;rsm; vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rI ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mtajctaersm;tm; yHkrSef tcsdefumv
tydkif;tjcm;jzifh yHkrSefapmifhMunfhtuJjzwfjcif;onf ta&;MuD;aom vkyfief;wckjzpfjyD; xkdodkUaqmif&Gufjcif;
jzifh ig;vkyfief;rl0g'rsm;onf 4if;wdkU &nf&G,fcsufrsm;twkdif; aygufajrmufatmifjrifjcif;&Sd^r&Sdudk pDppf
tuJcwfEdkiffygonf/ ig;zrf;qD;jcif;rSonf jyKjyifudkifwG,fjcif;rSwpfqifY pm;okH;jcif; (odkU) EdkiffiHjcm;odkU
wifydkUa&mif;csjcif;txd prf;oyfppfaq;awGU&SdonfYtcsuftvufrsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;jzifY vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;
Oya'twdkif;jy|mef; vkdufemapjcif;ukd tultnDjzpfapygonf/
pDrHcefUcGJjcif; xda&mufrIrsm;tm; tuJjzwf&ef owfrSwfcsufESifYukdufnDrI&Sd^r&Sdtm; apmifYMunfY&rnfjzpf
ygonf/ owfrSwfcsufESifYukdufnDrIrsm;twGuf tnTef;udef;wpfck – Oyrmtm;jzifh tcsdKYaomxdef;odrff;&
rnfhudef;&Sif ({&d,mwcktwGuf apmifYfMunfhavhvm&rnfY vrf;aMumif;rsm; (odkYf) avhvm&rnfh ig;zrf;
a&,mOfta&twGuf ponfrsm;) twGuf? rSwfwrf;ta&twGufrSm oabmwlnDrItwkdif; [kwf^r[kwf tm;
ppfaq;jcif;rsm;jzpfygonf/
2-4-4/ pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m pGrf;aqmif&nf (Economic efficiency)
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrI pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m&nf&G,fcsufrsm;wGif a&vkyfief;wGifyg0ifvkyfudkifaeMuolrsm; pD;yGm;
a&;tusdK;tjrwf wdk;wufcHpm;&&Sdap&ef? o,HZmwrsm;udk ,SOfjydKifoHk;pGJMuolrsm;tMum; oifhwifh
avSsmufywffaom ae&moHk;pGJrIudk cGJjcm;owfrSwfay;&ef (a&vkyfom;rsm; ESifh tjcm;aompD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;)

14
ESifh vltrsm; pD;yGm;a&;tusdK;tjrwfudk &&SdcHpm;cGifh&Sdap&ef ponfhtcsufrsm;yg0ifygonf/
4if;&nf&G,fcsufoHk;ckrSm wpfckESifhwpfckrSswaernfjzpfygonf/ ig;vkyfief;u@twGif;ESifhtjyif&Sd ,SOfjydKif
oHk;pGJolrsm;twGuf oifhwifhaom ae&mcGJjcm;owfrSwfay;jcif;jzifh a&vkyfom; rsm; pD;yGm;a&;tm;
wkd;wufjrifhrm;vmapouJhodkU a'ocHvlxkonfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufjrifhrm;rItm; cHpm;&&Sdrnf jzpfygonf/
ig;vkyfief;taejzifh 4if;udpö&yfESifh pyfvsOf;í? rnfrSsaumif;rGefpGm aqmif&Gufxm;EdkifaMumif;udk
tao;pm;pD;yGm;a&;aqmif&GufEdkifrItnTef;udef; (microeconomic performance indicator) jzifhapmifhMunfh
avhvmEdkiffjyD;? 4if;onf a&vkyfief;wGifyg0ifvkyfudkifolwkdU pD;yGm;a&;aqmif&GufEdkifrItm;jyoygonf/
4if;nGefjycsuftm; vuf&SdpDrHcefUcGJrItpDtpOfonf arSsmfrSef;xm;aom pD;yGm;a&;yef;wkdiftm; rnfrSs
aumif;rGefpGm a&muf&Sdap&ef aqmif&Gufay;vSsuf&SdaMumif;az:xkwfjyo&efwGifvnf;aumif;? u@
rnfonfhtydkif;onf txl;0g,rpdkufxkwfjyD; vkyfudkifay;&rnfudk az:xkwfowfrSwf&ef twGuf
vnf;aumif; toHk;jyKygonf/
xdkUtjyif? tMuD;pm;pD;yGm;a&;nTef;udef;rsm; ( macroeconomic indicators ) tm; u@wpfcktaejzifh
tjcm;aom u@rsm;ESifhEIdif;,SOfygu pD;yGm;a&;wGifrnfrSs aumif;rGefatmif aqmif&GufaeaMumif; wdkif;wm
jyo&ef? tpdk;&rl0g'rsm; ESifh pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf tokH;0ifaom vrf;nTefcsufrsm;tm; yHUYydk;ay;Ekdiff&ef
wdkUtwGuf ta&;MuD;ygonf/
2-4-5/ vlrIa&;qdkif&mpGrf;aqmifcsuf (Social performance)
ig;zrf;a&,mOfydkif&SifwpfOD;t"duusaom&nfrSef;csufrSm MuD;rm;aom tusdK;tjrwfrsm; jyefvnfcHpm;&&Sd
aprnfh4if;wkdUig;zrf;qD;rIudk pD;yGm;a&;t& trsm;qHk;tusdK;&SdaprnfhyHkpHjzifh zGJpnf;aqmif&GufMu&efom
jzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif tvHk;pHkpD;yGm;a&;t& wGufajcudkufrnfha&vkyfief;wcktm; wdkif;wmyHkpH xkwfvkyf
&mwGifrI ig;vkyfief;vkyfudkifolvlxktm;vHk;twGuf&nfpl;aomydkrdkus,fjyefUaom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;aMumifh
oabmxm;uGJvGJrIrsm; jzpfvmrnfomjzpfygonf/
vlrIa&;qdkif&mpGrf;aqmifcsuf ta&;MuD;aomtydkif;rSm ig;vkyfief;vkyfudkifoltm;vHk; a&&SnfwnfwHUa&;
yifjzpfygonf/ aemifvmrnfhrsdK;qufrsm;tMum; ig;zrf;vkyfief;tm; pOfqufrjywf qufvufvkyfudkif
Ekdiffa&;ESifhywfoufí tydkif; (2) ydkif;&Sdygonf/ yxrtykdif;rSm aemifvmrnfhtem*gwfrsdK;qufopf
rsm;odkUwkdifatmifvlrIb0yHkpHrsm; (Life style )rajymif;vJbJqufvufwnf&Sda&;jzpfygonf/ ,ckvuf&SdpDrH
tkyfcsKyfrIyHkpHonf vli,frsm;taejzifh tjcm;aomvkyfief;rsm;odkU0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&efxuf ig;vkyfief;odkU
0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&ef ydkrdktcuftcJ jzpfaeapygovm; [laomudpö&yfjzpfygonf/ tjcm;aom 'kwd,tydkif;
rSmig;vkyfief;vlrIb0yHkpH tcsuftcsmusaom oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;tm;qufvufxdrf;odrf;xm;&Sda&; ESifh
ywfoufaom &wufrat;jcif;jzpfjyD;? 4if;onf t"duusaom tjcm;aom vlrIb0yHkpHrsm;ESifh uGJjym;
jcm;em; aponfh yHkpHudk jzpfay:apygonf/ 4if;udpö&yf (2) cktm; tav;xm;aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf vlrIa&;-
,Ofaus;rI ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm; vdktyfjyD;? o,HZmwrsm; ZD0aA' qkdif&m
tajctaeESifhvnf; wpfzufwGif qufpyfywfoufaeygonf/
2-5/ a'oqkdif&mvkdtyfcsufrsm; (REGIONAL NEEDS)
a&ief (odkY) a&csdKydkif;qkdif&m rsm;pGmaomig;o,HZmwrsm;onf a0;vHaomae&mrsm;okdY a&GUajymif;
oGm;vmjcif; (Highly migratory) (odkU) trsdK;om;qkdif&mw&m;pD&ifydkifcGifh&Sdaom EdkifiHe,fajrrsm;
e,fedrdwfrsm;tm; ausmfjzwfoGm;vmaejcif; (odkU) a&eufykdif; yifv,fjyifodkU0ifxGufoGm;vmaejcif;rsm;
&SdMuygonf/ 4if;wkdUtm; pDrHcefUcGJ&mwGif a'oqkdif&myl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;ESifh owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm; zvS,fjcif;rsm; vdktyfygonf/

15
tjynfjynfqkdif&mrS rSsa0cHpm;Edkifaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;twGuf ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrIonf ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; pkaqmif;jcif; ESifh zvS,fjcif;rsm;wGif? urÇmhukvor*¾ ig;t&if;tjrpfrsm;qkdif
&moabmwlnDcsuf ESifh Code (pmuGuf-2) t&? tjynfjynfqdkfif&mwm0efodwwfrI (Oyrm – a'oqkdif&m
ig;vkyfieftzGJUtpnf;rsm;odkU) &Sd&ef vkdtyfaMumif;t&dyftjrGuf ajymqdkaeMuygonf/

16
a&csdK? a&ief ESpfae&mvHk;wGifaexdkifusufpm;aomig;rsm;ESifY yifv,fa&eufykdif;rSig;rsm;tm; pDrHxdeff;odrf; a&;
tcGifhtmPm &&Sdap&ef a'otzGJUrsm;onf pm&if;Z,m;aumuf,lrItwGuf udk,fydkifowfrSwfcsufpHEIef;
rsm;udkcsrSwfí? aqmif&Gufxm;&ygrnf/ qkdvkdonfrSm txl;ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;udk tqifhtoD;oD;wGif
tao;pdwf odkUr[kwf udk,fydkifenf;pepfjzifh aumuf,ljcif;jzpfygonf/ udpötawmfrsm;rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmf
tqifhjzifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;aumuf,ljcif;rsm;udk pmwrf;rsm;jyKpkjcif;? vkdtyfovkdxkwfEIwfoHk;pGJjcif;?
EdkiffiH wumtqifhwGif EdkiffiHudk,fpm;jyK pm&if;rsm;tjzpfoHk;pGJJ&ef wdkUtwGuf toHk;jyKygonf/
rnfodkUyifjzpfap EdkiffiHwumrS awmif;qkdvmonfY tcsdKUudpö&yfrsm;onf EdkiffiHtqifhwGif toHk;jyKaerIxuf
ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfudkawGU&Sd&ygonf/ a'otqifhtzGJUrsm;onf 4if;wdkUtcsuftvuf vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk
aocsmpGm em;vnfoabmaygufatmif vHkYvpkdufxkwf&ygrnf/ tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh trsdK;om;tqifh
pm&if;tif;rsm; aumufcHpkaqmif;a&;tm; wm0efcHolonf a'otzGJU vdktyfaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk
4if;wkdUtvdk&Sdaom yHkpHrsm;twdkif;jzefUa0ay;&ef wm0efodpdwfjzifh aumif;pGmem;vnfoabmayguf&ayrnf/
pmuGuf -2
txl;ojzifYtjynfjynfqkdif&m oabmwlnDcsufuJYokdYaom a'owGif;qkdif&mvkdtyfcsufrsm; (Regional needs
as specified in international instruments)
EdkifiHtpkd;&rsm;onf a'oqkdif&mig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrItzGJU (odkU) tjynfjynfqkdif&moabmwlnDxm;aom yHkpHjzifh
ig;ESifhoufqkdifaompm&if;ESifh ig;yrmP&SdaerIudk taxmuftuljzpfaprnfhpm&if;rsm;udk pkaqmif; xm;&Sd
&efjzpfjyD;? tcsdefESifhwpfajy;nDtqdkygtzGJUrsm;odkUay;tyfoGm;&ef vdktyfygonf/ (CODE OF CONDUCT FOR
RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES ART.7.4.6)
a'ocGJ(odkU)a'otqifh ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrI tzGJUtpnf;odkUr[kwfpDpOfxm;&SdrIonf umuG,fxdef;odrf;a&; ESifh
e,fpyfjzwfausmfoGm;vmaeaomig;rsm; (okdY) a0;vHa'orsm;okdY a&TUajymif;oGm;vmaexdkifaomig;rsm;udk pDrH
xdef;odrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;? uGsrf;usifrI&Sdygu tpdk;&rsm;onf yifv,fjyifESifhoufqdkfif&murf;&dk;wef;a'orsm;wGif
ig;zrf;qD;MujyD;? tpkd;&rsm;onf yl;aygif;pDrH cefUcGJa&;tzGJU0iftjzpfaomf vnf;aumif;? oabm wlnDcsuf
rsm;wGifaomfvnf;aumif; yg0ifvmMujyD; umuG,fxdef;odrf;a&; vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pDrHcefUcGJrIvkyfief;rsm;wGif
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufMurnfjzpfygonf/
(United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement, Art. 8.3)

17
3/ oifwef;oif&dk; 2 – rnfonfht&mrsm;udkpkaqmif;&rnfenf; - tnTef;udef;rsm; (Indicators)?
qufpyf aom owif;tcsuftvuftrsKd;tpm;rsm; ESifh ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; (Variables )
oifwef;oif&dk; 2 &nf&G,fcsufrsm;
tcsuftvufaumuf,lpkaqmif;&jcif; &nf&G,fcsuf trsdK;rsdK;ESifh qufpyfESD;EG,faeonfh t"du us onfh
nTef;udef;rsm;? ESifh ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; taMumif;tm; jcHKiHkazmfjy&ef/
3-1/ ed'gef; (Introduction)
rl0g'rsm;ESifh pDrHcefUcGJrIqkdif&m&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh 4if;wdkUESifhywfoufqufpyfaeonfh &nfnTef;csufrsm;tm;
owfrSwfjyD;onfESifhwjydKifeuf oifhavSsmfaomvkyfief;vkyfaqmifcsufqdkif&m tnTef;udef;(Indicators) rsm;udk
owfrSwfEdkifjyD;? 4if;tnTef;udef;rsm;qkdif&mcefUrSef;csufrsm;twGuf vdktyfrnfh ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;
(Variables) udkvnf;csrSwfEdkifygonf/ odkU&mwGif tcsuftvufrsm;aumuf,lpkaqmif;a&; tpD tpOf
tay:wGif axmufyHUydkUaqmifa&; ESifh ukefusp&dwfrsm; ESifhywfoufaom tusdK;oufa&mufrI rsm;onf
þtqifhwGiftrsm;qHk;jzpfonfhtm;avSsmfpGm nTef;udef;rsm; ESifh owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&m ajymif;vJrI
udef;&Sifrsm;tm; a&G;cs,fjyKtay:wGif tMuHjyKcsufrsm; vnf;&&Sdwwfygonf/ vdktyfaom
tnTef;udef;rsm;wGif omru ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm;a&G;cs,frItay:wGif atmufygtcsufrsm;rSvJ vTrf;
rdk;rIrsm;&Sdygonf/
 tcsuftvufaumuf,l&ef wm0ef&Sdonfh tzGJYtpnf; b@ma&; ESifh vkyfom;tiftm;/
 rnfonfhtcsuftvufrsm;tm; aumuf,lpkaqmif;&rnfudk qHk;jzwfcsufay;Ekdifaom ig;vkyfief;
vkyfief;vnfywfrIqkdif&mxl;jcm;aom0daoovu©Pm&yfrsm;/
 vufawGUwGif trSefwu,f aumuf,lpkaqmif;Edkifrnfh ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif ta&twGufpkpkaygif;/
 ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifwcktm; xnfhoGif;toHk;jyKEdkifrnfh nGef;udef;ta&twGuf/
 tcsuftvufrsm;udk tcsdefrnfrSsjcm;jyD; jyefvnffaumuf,loifhovJ? odkUr[kwf (erIem aumuf,l&ef
vdktyfaom ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;)
 &&Sd&efarSsmfrSef;xm;aom owif;tcsuftvufta&twGuf ESifh t&nftaoG;/
owif;tcsuftvufaumuf,lpkaqmif;rIpDrHcsufwcktm; a&;qGJolwdkif;onf vufawGUaumuf,l pkaqmif;
&ef jzpfEdkifonfhtjyif pDrHcefUcGJrI ESifhrl0g'qkdif&mzGHUjzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;udktaxmuftuljzpfapaom tnTef;
udef;rsm;udk az:aqmifay;Edkifonfh ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;udk qDavSsmfpGm owfrSwfay;&ef vkdtyfygonf/
3-2/ nTef;udef;rsm; ESifh ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; (Indicators and Variables)
ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; qkdonfrSm vufawGUvkyfief;cGifrS vufawGUaumufcH&&Sdaomt&mjzpfjyD;? tnTef;udef;
rSmrlI ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrI ESifh rl0g'qkdif&mvufawGUtaumiftxnfaz:aqmif&GufrIrsm; xda&mufrI
udkwdkif; wm&eftwGuf toHk;jyKygonf/ rsm;pGmaom tnTef;udef;rsm;udk tao;pdwfpDpOf&mwGif ajymif;vJrI
udef;&Sif (variables) trsm;tjym;tm; aygif;pyfaqmif&Guf&efvkdtyfjyD;? ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI? ig;zrf;&ef vHk;vpkduf
xkwfrI ESifh zrf;qD;&rd rIwefzkd;wdkUuJhodkUaom us,fjyefUpGm? trsdK;tpm;pHkvifonfh ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sifrsm;
onfvnf;? r&Sdrjzpf yg0if&ef vkdtyfygonf/ odkUr[kwf 4if;ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;udkyif tnTef;udef;rsm;
tjzpf toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/

18
ZD0aA'qkdif&mtnTef;udef;rsm;udk ig;vkyfief; pl;prf;&SmazGjcif;tqifhtm;apmifYMunfhavhvm&ef toHk;jyK Edkif
aomfvnf; ig;vkyfief;u@wckvHk; vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIudk tuJjzwf&ef twGufrI toHk;jyK&ef roifhawmf
yg/ pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mtnTef;udef;rsm;udk EdkiffiHtqifh odkUr[kwf a'oqkdif&mtqifh tMuD;pm; ESifh tao;
pm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ig;vkyfief; ESdKif;,SOfta&;ygrIudk wdkif;wm&ef toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ vlrIa&; ESifh
,Ofaus;rIqkdif&mtnGef;udef;rsm;onf ig;vkyfief;u@twGif;&Sd trsdK;rsdK;aom tpktzGJUrsm; wGifyg0if
aeolrsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;aom vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh tavhtxrsm;udkxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ygonf/
owfrSwfcsufESifY udkufnD aom nTef;udef; (Compliance indicators) udkpDrHcefUcGJrIqkdif&maqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
xd a&mufrIrsm;udkwkdif;wm &ef ESifh y#dyu©rsm;udk avSsmhcs&eftoHk;jyK&efvkdtyfygonf/ vufawGYtm;jzifY
ig;vkyfief;tm;tuJjzwfaom tcgwGif ZfD0aA' qkdif&m? pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m? vlrIa&;ESifY ,Ofaus;rI qkdif&m
qufEG,faomtnTef;udef;rsm;ukd owfrSwfcsufrsm; ESifY ukdufnDrI&Sd^r&Sd aygif;pkí ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif
vrf;nTeftjzpftokH;jyKoifYygonf/
rl0g'qdkif&mOD;pm;ay;jcif;rsm;ESifh pDrHcefUcGJrIqkdif&mjiif;cHkcsufrsm;tm;az:xkwfowfrSwfjcif;onf ig;vkyfief;
u@ jyóemrsm;tm; &SmazGaz:xkwfrI tay:wGif MuD;rm;pGmrlwnfvSsuf&Sdygonf/ 4if;jyóemrsm;tm;
&SmazGaz:xkwf&ef? rnfodkUaqmif&Guf&rnfudktMuHjyK&ef ESifh tajzrsm;tm;apmifhMunfhtuJcwf&efwdkU wGif
tultnDay;Edkifaom nTef;udef;rsm;tm; az:xkwf&&SdjyD;jzpfygonf/ tnTef;udef;wckwnf;wGif rluGJrsm; &Sd
aejcif; (Oyrm – wpf,lepfig;txdtrd CPUE) uJhodkUaom tnTef;udef;rsm;rS tuefUtowfjzifhom toHk;0if
ygonf/ 4if;rluGJrsm; onf &nfnTef;csufrsm;ESifhqufEG,frI&Sdaeonfh ypfrSwfrsm;uJhodkU(Oyrm – tjrifhqHk;
&&SdEkdif onfYpDyGm;a&;&vm'f (Maximum Economic Yield- MEY odkUr[kwf MEY twGuf
ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;) odkUr[kwf uefUowf csufrsm; (Oyrm –om;aygufEdkifaomig;yrmP tedrfhqHk;
tjzpfvufcHay;Edkifonfh ZD0aA' qdkif&m tqifh) uJhodkUaomtajctaersm;wGif qHk;jzwfcsufcs&eftwGuf
ydkrdktoHk;0ifpGm teuft"dyÜg,f zGifhqdk ay;Edkifygonf/ oD;oefUjzpfaom tnTef;udef;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh
yHkrSefaumuf,lpkaqmif;onfh tcsuf tvuf rsm;wGif yg0ifaom oufqdkif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm;
tajccHjyD; vG,fulpGm wGufcsufEdkif yg onf/ odkUaomf &nfnGef;csufrsm;udkrI ig;yrmP
tm;cefUrSef;onfhenf;pepfrsm; (stock assessment methods) jzifhom a,bl,s cefUrSef;Edkifygonf/
nTef;udef;rsm;ESifh &nfnGef;csufrsm;tm; wGJzuf toHk;jyKjcif; jzifh ig;vkyfief; tajctae ESifh pDrHcefUcGJrI
pepf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; wdkUESifh ywfoufaom owif;rsm; tm; xkwfay;Edkifygonf/
owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm;aumuf,lpkaqmif;&mwGif vnf; *&kwpkduf pOf;pm;
ay; &efvdktyfygonf/ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; aumuf,lpkaqmif;a&;ESifhywfoufaom t"duusonfh
ar;cGef; rSm "&&SdEkdiffonfh cGifhjyK0efxrf;tiftm; ESifh b@a&;tajctaet& vufawGUwGifjzpf Edkiffaom rnf
onfwdkUudk aumuf,lpkaqmif;rnfenf;" [laom ar;cGef;jzpfygonf/ xdkUaemuf "od&Sd&efvkdtyfonfh
owif;tcsuf tvuf" ESifh "odxm;vSsifaumif;onfh owif;tcsuftvuf" rsm; udk pOf;pm;qifjcifjyD; cGJjcm;
&efjzpfygonf/ ta&;MuD;onfhtcsufrSm &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh wkduf&dkuf ywfouf qufpyfaeonfh tnTef;
udef;rsm; ESifh ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;udkom a&G;cs,f&ef jzpfygonf/ 4if;ywfoufqufpyf aerIrsm;onf
owif;tcsuf tvufaumuf,ljcif;wGifomru rl0g'udkyg jidwG,f&SKyfaxG;oGm;apwwf ygonf/ tu,fí?
rl0g't& 0efxrf; tiftm; ydkrdktoHk;jyK&ef vdktyfaomfvnf;? wm0ef&Sdaom at*sifpD taejzifh 0efxrf;tif
tm; tjynfh t0 cefYxm;jcif;rjyKEdkifonfYtcgrl0g'qkdif&m vkyfaqmifcsuftm; ,HkMunfpdwfcspGm
tuJjzwftm;xm;&ef rjzpfEdkifyg/
ig;vkyfief;trsm;pk ta&;tMuD;qHk; nTef;udef;rsm;tm;wnfaxmif&mwGif ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI ESifh wpf,lepf
ig;txdtrd (CPUE) qkdif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfygonf/ ig;zrf;a&,mOf

19
qkdif&mtao;pdwf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf ,cktxl;udpö&yfwGif vdktyfaom tcsuftvufrsm;[k
xnfYoGif;pOf;pm;&ef rvkdyg/
udpö&yf trsm;tjym;wGif ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifwpfck ajymif;vJwwfrItavhtxtm;umv&SnfMumpGm
tqufrjywf? yHkrSef aumuf,lxm;aomowif;tcsuftvufrsm; (pmuGuf-3) tm;tajccHí? pdppfoHk;oyf
&efrSm a&SmifvGJ r&aomudpö&yfwpfckjzpfygonf/ ,if;onf ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;wGif
MumjrifhpGm uyif tpOftquf vufcHusifhoHk;aom tavhtxwpfckjzpfaomfvnf;? pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m ESifh
vlrIa&;-,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;wGifrlrMumcP vspfvSsL&SK ypfy,fxm;avh&Sdygonf/
vlrI-,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm; wGif ig;zrf;aeol a&vkyfom; wpfOD;csif;qDrS owif;
tcsuf tvufrsm; aumuf,lpkaqmif;jcif;onf rjzpfrae aqmif&Guf&rnfh prSwf (Starting point) jzpfyg
onf/ xkdUaemufwGifrS ig;ukefonfrsm; ESifh ig;jyKjyifxkwfvkyfolrsm; onf 'kwd, ta&;ygaom tpktzGJUrsm;
jzpfyg onf/tjcm;aom pdwf0ifpm;onfhtpktzGJUrsm; (Oyrm – pm;oHk;olrsm;? ywf0ef;usifxdeff;odrf;
apmifha&Smufa&; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? urf;&dk;wef;a'o zGHUjzdK;wkd;wufa&; tm;vkyfudkifaeolrsm;) udkrI &HyHkaiG
&&Sdonfh tcsdef rsm;wGif xyfrHxnfhoGif;Edkiffygonf/ odkU&mwGif tao;pdwfusaomtqifhwGifrl vdktyfcsufESifY
&&SdEdkifaom tqifhrsm; onf uGmjcm;oGm;Edkifygonf/ tcsdKUaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk vuf&Sd &SdjyD;aom yHkrSef
tcsuftvufaumuf ,lpkaqmif;rIrsm; (Oyrm – ig;zrf; vkdifpif odkUr[kwf cGifhjyKrdefUrsm;? ESifh ppfwrf;rsm;rS)
rS &&SdEdkiffygonf/ tjcm; aomtcsuftvuf rsm;udkrl pDrHcsuftopfrsm;jzifh aumuf,lpkaqmif; &rnf
jzpfygonf/
tcsKdUaom ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;onf wpfrsdK;xufruaom nTef;udef;trsdK;tpm; rsm;wGiftoHk;jyKEdkif ygonf
(Oyrm – ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI ESifh w,lepf ig;txdtrd CPUE )/ þtcsufudktcsuftvufaumuf,l pkaqmif;
&mwGif 4if;wdkU ta&;ygrItqifh ESifh OD;pm;ay;&eftqifh rsm;tm; wdkif;wm&mwGif toHk;jYyKygonf/ tcsdKU
aom udpö &yfrsm;wGif ta&;MuD;aom tcsuftvuftrsdK;tpm;rsm;tm; trsdK;rsdK;aom qef;ppfcsuf rsm;wGif
toHk; jyKygonf/ taMumif;rSm 4if;wdkUonf wlnDaom bHkjzpfonfh udk,fpm;jyKrI tm; toHk;jyK wdkif;wmonfh
twGuf jzpfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ig;zrf;qD;&rdrIonf "vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGuf tusdK;jyKrI" ESifh
"t&if;tjrpfrsm; qHk;&SHK;rI" ESpfrsdK;vHk;wGif wkdif;wmrI jyK Edkifonfhtjyif pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m ESifh ZD0aA' qkdif&m
tnGef;udef;rsm;wGifvnf; yg0ifaeygonf/
pmuGuf - 3
yHkrSef tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif; ta&;ygrI/
vGefcJhaom q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; pm&if;tif;ynm&yfqkdif&m vdktyfcsufrsm;onf wajz;ajz;wdk;wuf
rsm;jym;vmcJhjyD;? &nf&G,fcsufrsm;onfvnf; ESpfywfvnfpm&if;tif;pmtkyfxkwfa0&ef rS wajz;ajz;
ajymif;vJaejyD;? ig;vkyfief;owif;pepf (Fishery information system – FIS ) odkU owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm; yHUydk;ay;&ef odkU OD;wnfajymif;vJvmcJh ygonf/ odkU&mwGif FIS pepftwGufvdktyfaom
tcsuftvufrsm;jzpfaom a*[aA'taxmuftuljyKig;vkyfief;rsm;? pm;eyf&du©mzlvHka&;ESifh qif;&JrI
avSsmhcsa&; paom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf yHkrSeftcsuftvufrsm;aumuf,la&; enf;pepf
wrsdK;wnf;jzifh aumuf,lpkaqmif;ír&&SdEdkifyg/ yHkrSeftcsuftvufaumuf,la&; tpDtpOf rsm; onf
&Sif;vif;jyD; ckdifrm&efvkdtyfonfhtjyif a&,mOftkyfpkzGJUpnf;yHk? ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI? t"du &rdaom ig;
trsdK;tpm;rsm;? wefzdk;rsm;ESifhwcgw&HwGif wpf,lepfig;txdtrd ponfhtajccHusjyD;? a&&Snf
aumuf,lxm;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk az:xkwfay;Edkifygonf/ aemufqufwGJ owif;rsm;tjzpf
Oyrm – ZD0xkxnf (Biomass)? ZD0rsdK;pkHrsdK;uGJ (Biodiversity)? a*[pepftajctae (State of the
Ecosystem)ESifY ig;tkyfpkyrmPwnf&SdrI (Stock Status) wkdUtm; oD;jcm;apmifhMunfh avhvma&;
tpDtpOf (odkU) odyÜHynm&yfqkdif&mokawoejzifh vTrf;jcHKaz:jyEdkiffygonf/ tuefUtowf&Sdaom
vltiftm;ESifhb@ma&;tajctaet&? tcsdefMumjrifhpGm a&&Snfaqmif&Gufrnfh ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m ykHrSeff
tcsuftvufaumuf,la&;tpDtpOfrsm;taejzifh tajccHESifhtoHk;cs oifhawmfaom pm&if;tif;
ynm&yfjzifhcsOf;uyfrIudk A[kdjyKaqmif&GufrSom tmrcHrI&Sdrnfjzpfygonf/

20
2010 ckESpfwGif FAO rSusif;yjyKvkyfcJhaom a'otqifhtvkyf&HkaqG;aEG;yGJ 2 ckrS taemuftmz&duwdkuf
twGuf ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m t"duusaom rl0g'qdkif&m &nfrSef;csuf 5 cktm;atmufygtwkdif; az:xkwf
owfrSwfcJh ygonf/
 a&owÅ0gt&if;tjrpfrsm;tm;a&&SnfwnfwHUaprnfh pDrHcefUcGJrI/
 ig;vkyfief;todkif;t0ef;twGuf tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;rsm;zefwD;a&;/
 pm;eyf&du©mzlvHkrItm; aocsmapa&;/
 ig;vkyfief;tpktzGJYtm; zGHUjzdK;wkd;wufapa&;/
 EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiG &&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufa&;/
t"du rl0g'qkdif&m&nfrSef;csuftoD;oD;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfaprnfh owif;vdktyfcsufrsm;tm; Z,m;
(3) wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ Z,m; (3) ygtcsuftvufrsm;onfh jynfhpHkrIr&Sdao;aomfvnf;? taemuf
tmz&du EdkifiHrsm;twGuf tedrfhqHk;tqifh vkdtyfcsufrsm;tjzpf pOf;pm;Ekdiffygonf/
Z,m; (3)
taemuftmz&duwkdufwGifjyKvkyfcJhaom a'otqifh tvkyf&HkaqG;aEG;yGJ ESpfckwdkUrS csrSwfcJhaom rl0g'?
vdktyfaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm; ESifh aumuf,lpkaqmif;&ef vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
rl0g'qdkif&marSsmfrSef;csuf
owif;tcsuftvuf
vkdtyfcsuf
rnfonfwdkUudkaumuf,lpkaqmif;&rnfenf;
(ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;)
ig;vkyfief;tpktzGJYtwGuf
tvkyftudkif
tcGifhtvrf;rsm;zefwD;a&;/
vlrIpD;yGm;a&;tcsuf
tvufrsm;
 tdrfaxmifpkrsm;twGif;&Sd t&G,fa&mufjyD;ol rsm;ESifh
t&G,fra&mufao;olrsm; ta& twGuf
 tdrfaxmifpk0ifwOD;csif;pD ynmt&nftcsif;/
 tdrfaxmifpktvkduftvkyf&SdolESifh
tvkyftudkifr&Sdolta&twGuf
 tdrfaxmifpkwcktwGif;tvkyftudkif&Sdolrsm;
0ifaiGtaetxm;/
 tcsdefjynfhig;vkyfief;vkyfudkifolta&twGuf/
 ig;zrf;olrsm;tpktzGJUwckwGif pufwyf ig;zrf;avS
toHk;jyKol ta&twGuf/
 ig;usyfwkdufvkyfief; jyKvkyfol ta&twGuf/
 vlrsdK;pkwcktwGif;&Sd a&vkyfom;ta&twGuf/
 ig;jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;vkyfudkifol ta&twGuf/
 ig;zrf;vkyfief;todkif;t0ef;twGif;&Sd touftkyfpkrsm;/
,Ofaus;rIqkdif&mtcsuft
vufrsm;/
 vlrsm;tm;ig;zrf;qD;jcif;rjyKap&ef wm;qD;xm;aom
vlrIa&;twm;tqD;rsm;

21
a&owÅ0gt&if;tjrpfrsm;
tm;a&&SnfwnfwHUaprnfh
pDrHcefUcGJrI/
ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrI
pGrf;tm;/
 trsdK;tpm;rsm;tvdkuf ig;zrf;a&,mOf ta&twGuf /
 ig;zrf;qD;onfh&ufaygif;? c&D;pOfta&twGuf ESifh
em&Daygif;/
 toHk;jyKonfhig;zrf;ud&d,m/
 toHk;jyKonfhydkufuGuft&G,ftpm;/
 ig;zrf;&moD ESifh &yfem;onfh&moD/
zrf;qD;&rdaomig;ta&t
wGuf/
 ig;zrf;ud&d,mwrsdK;csif;pDtvdkuf zrf;qD;&rdonfh
ig;rsdK;pdwftvdkuf yrmP/
 wpf,lepfig;txdtrd CPUE (wGufjyD;)
ZD0aA'qkdif&mtcsuf
tvufrsm;/
 pOfqufrjywf tjrifYqkH;xkwf,lokH;pGJEdkifrIyrmP (MSY
wGufjyD;)
 rsdK;wkef;aysmuf&G,frnfh ab;tEÅ&m,f usa&mufaeaom
ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm;/
 ywf0ef;usiffqdkif&majymif;vJudef;rsm;/
 zrf;qD;&rdaomig;trsm;pktvSsm;/
 rsdK;&ifYrSnfY t&G,fa&mufrItajctae/
 tpmtdrftwGif;&Sd yg0ifypönf;rsm;
 touft&G,f cefYrSef;Edkifaom tjzLa&mif Otolite
ausmuf
aygMuG,f0rItae txm;/
 ZD0xkxnf (Biomass) (wGufcsufjyD;)
 wpf,lepf ig;txdtrd CPUE (wGufjyD;)
pDrHcefUcGJrItm;aumif;ap
&ef aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; ESifh
pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;
 IUU a&,mOfrsm;trSwfwrJhjzpf&yfrsm;? IUU ig;zrf;
jcif; t&nftaoG;
 rd&dk;zvma&vkyfom;rsm;ESifh pufjzifhig;zrf;qD;olrsm;
tMum; rauseyfcsuf ESifh wkdifMum;csufrsm;/
pm;eyf&du©mzlvHkrItm;
aocsmapa&;/
ig;xkwfvkyfrItm;
pDpOfjcif;  zrf;qD;jyD;aemuf jyKjyifxkwfvkyf&mwGif qHk;&SHK;rI
 oGif;ukef-xkwfukef (yrmP ESifh wefzdk;)
pkpkaygif;ig;xkwfvkyfrI
 ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrI pGrf;tm;/
 zrf;qD;&&SdrI/
 ig;zrf;a&,mOftkyfpk zGJYpnf;yHk/
pm;oHk;rI ykHpH
(Consumption pattern)
 pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&
 wpfOD;csif;tvdkufpm;oHk;rI/
cefUrSef;xm;aom
0,fvdktm; ESifh xkwfvkyfrI  vlOD;a&wkd;yGm;rI (a&TUajymif;olrsm;tygt0if)
a'ocHvlxktwGuf
a&vkyfief;xGufukefypönf;
rsm; jznfhqnf;ay;EdkifrI
tajctae/
 a'oaygufaps;rsm; ajymif;vJrIyHkpHrsm;/
 a'o (odkU) jynfe,f (odkU) pD&ifpk wckcsif;tvdkuf
wnf&Sdaeaom tat;cef; ig;odkavSmif&Hkrsm;
ta&twGuf
 a'oaps;uGufodkUjzefUjzL;aomig;yrmP/
 tat;cef;odkavSmif&Hkrsm;rS odkavSmif EdkiffaomyrmP/
 tat;cef;rsm;wGif odkavSmifxm;aom ig;yrmP/

22
EdkiffiHjcm;0ifaiG &&Sdatmif
aqmif&Gufa&;/
tjynfjynfqkdif&m
aps;uGuf owif;rsm;
 tjynfjynfqkdif&m aygufaps;rsm;/
 tjynfjynfqdkif&maps;uGuf jzefUjzL;rII ESifh 0,fvdktm;
tajctae/
 tjynfjynfqkdif&maps;uGufrsm; aps;EIef;tvm;tvm
yHkpHrsm;/
 o,f,lydkUaqmifa&;p&dwfrsm;/
 jynfyydkUukeftjzpfwifydkUjyD;aom xkwfukefrsm;
ta&twGuf ESifh wefzdk;rsm;/
edkifiHwumaps;uGuf
qkdif&mpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;
rsm;ESifh pHEIef;rsm;tm;
vdkufemjynfhrSDapjcif;
 w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKcsufjzifh wifydkUaom ig;yrmP/
jynfyydkUukeftrsdK;tpm;
rsm;ESifhoufqkdifaom
A[kokwrsm;
 jynfyydkUukefig;rsm; yrmP? rl&if;a'o?
OD;wnfwifydkUonfhedKifiH/
jynfyydkUukef udkifwG,f
wifydkUEdkiffrIpGrf;tm; ESifh
ywfoufaom
A[kokwrsm;?
 jyKjyifxkwfvkyfrIpuf&Hkta&twGuf?
vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufolrsm; ESifh xkwfukeftrsdK;tpm;rsm;/
ig;vkyfief;tpktzGJY tm;
zGHUjzdK;wkd;wufapa&;/
a&vkyfief;todkif;t0dkif;
wGifyg0ifaeolrsm;
aexkdifrI tajctae
qdkif&m A[kokwrsm;
 tdrfaxmifpkrsm; toufarG;0rf;ausmif; qkdif&m
tcsuftvufrsm;
a&vkyfief;tpktzGJY
0ifaiG&&Sda&;qdkif&m
A[kokwrsm;
 vkyfaqmifrItvdkuf&&Sdaom0ifaiGrsm;
a&vkyfief;ESifh ywfouf
aeaom y#dyu©rsm;
qkdif&mA[kokwrsm;/
 rawmfwq jzpfay:usa&mufrIta&twGuf?
jzpfay:rIqkdif&m tajctaetcsuftvufrsm;
ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mtzGJU
tpnf;rsm;
tqifhtwef;rsm;
 ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mtzGJUtpnf;rsm; ta&twGuf ESifh
tzGJUtpnf;trsdK;tpm;rsm;/
usef;rma&;qkdif&m
a&m*gumuG,fa&;
vkyfief;rsm;
 usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrI tm; &&SdrI taetxm;
a&vkyfom;tdrfaxmifpk
rsm; t[m&aA' qkdif&m
tqifhtwef;/
 pm;oHk;rIqdkif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;

23
atmufygpmydk'frsm;wGif ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;ESifh tnGef;udef;rsm; ESifh ywfoufjyD; (FAO, 1999) wGifyg&Sd
aom ydkrdkjynfhpHkonfh erlIem azmfjycsufrsm;tm; jyefvnfaz:xkwfay;xm;ygonf/ erlemtjzpfazmfjy xm;
csufrsm; onf ta&;tMuD;qHk; udpö&yfrsm;jzpfygonf/
azmfjyxm;aomajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm;vHk;yg0ifaom tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vHk;tm; aumuf,l
pkaqmif;&ef rvdktyfyg/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk a&G;cs,f&mwGif 4if;wdkU toHk;0ifrItay:wGifom rI wnfí?
a&G;cs,f&rnfjzpfjyD;? &Sif;vif;aom taMumif;jycsufrsm;vnf; ay;&ef vdktyfygrnf/ tcsuf tvufrsm;onf
rl0g' ESifh pDrHcefUcGJrIwkdUtwGuf vdktyfaom tnTef;udef;rsm; udk csrSwfEdkif&ef aumuf,l jcif; jzpfonfhtwGuf?
pDrHcefUcGJrIqkdif&mtoHk;p&dwf tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfaom tcsuftvuf aumuf,lrI twGuf
ukefusp&dwfonf qDavSsmfrI&Sd&ef vkdtyfygonf/ xkdUtjyif ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; a&G;cs,f&mwGif
owif;tcsuftvuf yHkrSefaumuf,la&;pepfjzifhaumuf,lxm;aom ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sif rsm; onf
vdktyfcsuf t& aumuf,laomppfwrf; odkUr[kwf odyÜHenf;us okawoe wcktwGuf aumuf ,l aom
ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sifrsm;ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdatmif pDpOfaqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfygonf/
odkU&mwGifowdjyK&eftcsufrSm 0efxrf;tiftm;ESifh toHk;p&dwfrsm;tm; uefUowfxm;aom tajctaewGif
azmfjyxm;aom ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; yHkrSef owif;tcsuftvufaumuf,la&; tpDtpOfrsm;jzifh
rnfodkUrSs aumuf,lír&&SdEdkifaMumif; od&SdvufcHxm;&rnfjzpfonf/
3-3/ ig;zrf;qD;jcif;eSifh vkyfief;aqmif&GufrI qdkif&mtnGef;udef;rsm; (Fishing and operational
indicators)
3-3-1/ pkpkaygif;ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI? qdyfurf;ukefcsig; ESifh pGefUjypfig; (Total catch : landing and discards)
ta&twGuftm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; (odkU) tav;csdeftm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? zrf;qD;&rdaomig;rsm;
onf a*[aA'pepfwcktwGif;rS ZD0xkxnfaejzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? wpfOD;jcif;pDtm;jzifh aomf4if;
xkwfEIwf vdkufjcif;udk udk,f pm;jyKjyD;? ig;ta&twGufyrmP tay:wGif ig;vkyfief; tajccHusaom
oufa&mufrIwckjzpfygonf/ ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI qdkfif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf ig;tkyfpkyrmPwnf&SdrI
pmuGuf - 4
tao;pm; ig;vkyfief;rsm; pkpkaygif;ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI tm; cefUrSef;jcif;/
wpf,lepfig;txdtrd vHk;vpkdufxkwfrIwGif zrf;qD;&&Sdaomig;rsm; (Catch per unit of effort –
w,lepfig;txdtrd CPUE) ESifh ig;zrf;qD;&ef ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;rsm;(fishing effort) onf
a&&SnfwnfwHUpGm o,HZmwrsm;tm; xkwf,loHk;pGJjcif;twGuf ta&;MuD;aom tnTef;udef;rsm;
jzpfaMumif;jyqkdMuygonf/ odkU&mwGif CPUE ESifh ig;zrf;qD;&ef vHk;vpkduf xkwfrIwkdUtm;
aumuf,lpkaqmif;&aom ta&;MuD;onfh taMumif;jycsuf wcktm; arhavSsmhxm;cJhrdMuygonf/ 4if;rSm
CPUE ESifh vHkUvpkdufxkwfrIwkdUtm; aumuf,lpkaqmif;jcif;onf erlem- tajcjyK ig;vkyfief;
tcsuftvufukd erlemaumuf,lpkaqmif;jcif;rSwqifh pkpkaygif;ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI tm; apmifhMunfh cefUrSef;
Edkiffaom tajccHusonfh ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; jzpfonf qkdonfh tcsufjzpfygonf/
pkpkaygif;ig;txdtrd Total catch = ig;zrf;aeaoma&,mOfta&twGuf No.of active vessels x
ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;rsm; Fishing efforts x wpf,lepf ig;txdtrd CPUE
tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm;onf tmz&dua'owGif ta&;MuD;aom y"geusonfh ig;vkyfief;u@ jzpfvSsuf
&SdjyD;? 4if;wkdUtm; apmifhMunfhavhvm&efrSm erlIem-tajcjyKenf;pepfjzifhom aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/

24
tuJjzwfjcif;enf;pepfrsm; (Stock Assessment Techniques) twGuf ta&;MuD;aom owif;tcsuf
tvufjzpfygonf (pmuGuf-4)/ ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI rsm;tm; trsdK;tpm;rsm; tvkdufcGJjcm;um jzpfEdkiforSs
tao;pdwf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmxm;&rnfjzpfygonf/ ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; trsdK;tpm;
cGJjcm;&mwGif OD;pm;ay; trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;jcif;udk rdsK;pdwftvdkuf ESifh ig;zrf;a&,mOf^toHk;jyKaomig;zrf;
ud&d,mtvdkuf cGJjcm;xm;oifhygonf/
tu,fí ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrIrsm;tm; trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;&mwGif t&G,ftpm;? t&G,fa&mufrItajctae? zrf;qD;&&Sd
onfh ae&m ESifh aeU&ufwdkUtvdkuf xyfrHcGJjcm;Edkifrnfqdkygu? 4if;tcsuftvufrsm;jzifh ydkrdk us,fjyefUaom
tuJcwfoHk;oyfonfhenf;pepfrsm;tm; zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufatmif vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfYtjyif tm;ukd;Edkifaom
&vg'ffrsm; &&Sdaprnfjzpfygonf/ tao;pdwfusaom cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrIrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&; qkdif&mESifh vlrI-
,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmppfaq;jcif; (Analysis) udkvnf; ykdrkdwkd;wufapEdkifrnfjzpf ygonf/
ig;vufusefyrmP tajctaeeSifhywfoufaom aemufqufwGJ jznfhpGufowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; r&&Sd
ygu? ig;zrf;qD;&rdrI qkdif&mtajymif;tvJrsm;tm; toHk;jyKí t"dyÜg,faumuf,ljcif;onf vGefpGm cufcJyg
onf/ jrifhrm;aomig;zrf;qD;&rdrIrsm;onf a&&SnfwnfwHUrnfhtajctaetm; ysufjym;apjyD;? eJyg; aom
ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrIonf toifhawmfqHk;tajctae txufausmfvGefjcif; odkUr[kwf toifhawmfqHk; tajctae
atmufzufodkUusa&mufaom pGefUpm;rI tcsdK;tpm;rsm; &vm'fjzpfygonf/ ig;vkyfief;wck tm;
rSefuefpGm tuJjzwf Edkiff&ef twGuf aygrsm;rInTef;udef; (Index of Abundance) odkUr[kwf qdyfurf;
ukefcsig;rsm; t&G,ftpm; tvdkuftcsdK;tpm; paom ig;vufusefyrmP tajctaeESifhywfoufaom
aemufqufwGJ tcsuftvufrsm; &&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf/ ,HkMunfpdwfcs&rI&Sdaom t"dyÜg,faumuf ,ljcif;
wckjyKvkyf&ef twGuf tcsdefMumjrifhpGm worwfwnf;jzpfaom EIdif;,SOfazmfjyEdkifonfh ig;zrf;qD; &rdrIqkdif&m
owif; tcsuf tvuf rSwfwrf; tpHkvkduftm; vdktyfrnf jzpfygonf/
tu,fí? aps;uGufr0ifaomig;rsm;tm; pGefUypfjcif;rsm; &Sdaeygu? ig;zrf;qD;&rdrIonf qdyfurf;a&muf ig;
t&SifukefcsdefESifh nDrSsrnf r[kwfyg/ ig;pGefUypfjcif;rsm;onf txkduftavSsmufjrifhrm;aom ZD0aA' qkdif&m
&SKyfaxG;jcif;udkjzpfay:aponfhtwGuf ig;pGefUypfjcif;rsm;tm; rSwfwrf;wifjcif; odkUr[kwf cefUrSef; wGufcsuf
jcif; rsm; udkaqmif&Gufoifhygonf/ pkpkaygif;ig;zrf;qD;&rdrIwGif qdyfurf;a&mufig;ukefcsdef pkpkaygif;ESifh pGefU
ypfcJh aom ig;ukefcsdefpkpkaygif;wdkU yg0ifrnf jzpfygonf/
ig;zrf;qD;&rdrIrsm;udkapmifhMunhftuJcwf&mwGif yifv,fjyiftwGif; ig;zrf;a&,mOfwpD;rS tjcm;wpfpD;odkU
ig;rsm;tm;vGJajymif;ay;jcif;udkvnf; csefvSyfxm;í&rnfr[kwfyg/ odkUr[kwfygu pkpkaygif;ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI
yrmPwGif MuD;rm;aom tcsdK;tpm;tckrSm pm&if;uGm[aernfjzpfygonf/ jzpfEdkiforSsaom vHk;v pkduf
xkwfrI rsm;jzifh yifv,fwGif;ig;zrf;a&,mOfwpD;rS tjcm;wpD;odkU ig;o,f,la&GUajymif;jcif;rsm;tm; rnfonfh
ae&m rsm;wGif jzpfay:aeonfudk &SmazG&efvdktyfjyD;? a&,mOfrsm;ay:wGif yg0ifaom tuJcwfolrsm;
rSwqifh apmifhMunfh&ef vnf; vdktyfygonf/ tu,fíxkdodkUaqmif&Guf&ef rjzpfEdkiffygu vGJajymif; ay;
cJUaom ig;o,fa&,mOfwGif vTifhwifxm;aom tvHrSwqifh oufqkdif&mjynfe,f^wkdif;a'oMuD;
tmPmydkifrsm;ESifh qufoG,fjyD;? yifv,fwGif; vTJajymif;jcif;qkdif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &&Sd&ef
tultnD awmif;cHoifhygonf/ xkdUtwlyif a&csdKig;zrf; vkyfief;rsm;wGif vnf; ig;zrf;avSrsm;rSwqifh
o,f,lonfh a&,mOfrsm;ay:odkU ukefvTJajymif;jcif;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&efvdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/
3-3-1-1/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpffrsm; (Variables and sources)
udpö&yftrsm;pkwGifig;zrf;qD;&&SdrIudk tav;csdef tjyif ig;taumifa& ta&twGuf udkyg &&Sdygu ydkrdk

25
toHk;0ifygonf/ (Z,m; 4)/ zrf;qD;&rdaomig;waumifjcif;pD ysrf;rSstav;csdeftm; cefUrSef;jcif;jzifh
ig;ta&twGufrS tav;csdefodkU (odkUr[kwf) tjyeftvSef ajymif;vJwGufcsuf &&SdEdkifygonf/ tvm;wlyif
ig; tav;csdef ESifh ig; tvSsm;wdkU qufpyfrI tm; MudKwif&SmazGxm;ygu? ig;tvSsm;rsm;rSwqifh
zrf;qD; &rdaomig;tav;csdefudk jyefvnfwGufcsufEdkifygonf/ tvm;wlpGmyif ckdifrmaom qufpyfrI wpfck
tm; owfrSwfxm;jyD;? jzpfygu yifv,fjyifwGifaqmif&Gufaom ueOD; jyKjyifxkwfvkyfjcif; (twGif; uvDpm
rsm; xkwfjcif;) jyKvkyfjyD;rS &&Sdvmaom ukefcstav;csdef (landed weight) tm; rlv ig;tav;csdefodkU
(rlvzrf;qD;&rdonfhtav;csdef – Nominal catch; wpfckvHk;tav;csdef – Whole weight or round weight
[kvnf;ac:qdkMuonf) jyefvnfajymif;vJEdkiffrnfjzpfygonf/
a,bk,stm;jzifh zrf;rdig;aumifa& ESifhywfoufaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; ,lepfrsm;tjzpf pkaygif;
azmfjy&ef twGuf tcsdef^ae&m tvTmrsm; (time-area strata) yg0ifaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; onf
vHkavmufpGm tao;pdwf&efvkdtyfygonf/ qdyfurf;odkUukefcsaomtav;csdefESifh pGefUjypfcJhrIrsm;udk aygif; pyfcg
ig;xkxnf tjzpf owfrSwfvSsif tjrJwef;rrSefuefEdkiffyg/tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf ig;xkxnf tm; aumif;rGefpGm
t"dyÜg,f zGifhqdkjcif;r&Sdao;bJ wcgw&HwGif &moDOwk ESifh ae&ma'owdkU &kyfvHk;az:rI rsm;vnf;
&SdaeonfhtwGuf jzpfygonff/ vufawGUtrsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;&mwGif ig;trsdK;trnf odkUr[kwf
trsdK;trnftpkwck? ig;zrf;a&,Of tkyfpk? &moDOwkESifh ig;zrf;uGuf wdkUtay:wGifomtajccHavh&Sdygonf/
ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm; vSKyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrIrsm; (Activities) udkem;vnfEdkif&ef twGuf &nfrSef;ig;rsdK;pdwff
(Target Species) udk od&Sd&ef ta&;MuD;ygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh OD;wnfrsdK;pdwfrsm; zrf;qD;&rdrIudk rSefuefpGm
rSwf wrf;jyKpkMuavh&Sdaomfvnf;? a&maxG;zrf;rdig; (by catch) tm; txl;ojzifh pGefUypfrIrsm; &Sd aeygu
vspfvsL&SKjcif; odkUr[kwf pkaygif;tkyfpktjzpf owif;ay;ydkUjcif;rsm; &Sdygonf/ ig;vkyfief; a*[ pepf
rsm;tay: oufa&mufrIrsm;ESihf ywfoufjyD; pkd;&drfylyefrIrsm;wkd;yGm;vmaeonfhtwGuf ? a&maxG;zrf;rdig;
(By catch) rsm;tm; (xdef;odrf;onfjzpfap? pGefUypfonfjzpfap) teJqHk;jzpf Ekdiffaom tqifh taejzifhfh
pkaygif;tkyfpktjzpf azmfjyrSwfwrf;wif&efrSm ta&;MuD;ygonf/
Z,m; 4
zrf;qD;&&SdrI ESifh pGefUypfrIqkdif&majymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;twGuf erlemrsm;
owif;tcsuftvuftrsdK;tpm; ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;
OD;wnfrsdK;pdwfrsm; (rsdK;pdwftkyfpkrsm;) ig;rsdK;pdwff (odkU) rsdK;pdwftkyfpkrsm;
pkpkaygif;ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI tav;csdef? ta&twGuf? ig;bef;rsm;? aowÅmrsm;? ig;xnfhuefrsm;
wdkUta&twGuf (xkwnfazmfjy&ef)
rsdK;pdwffrsm;zGJUpnf;rI erlem,lxm;aomig;rsdK;pdwfrsm;? ig;rsdK;pdwftvdkufxnfhxm;aom
ig;bef;rsm;? ig;xnfUaowÅmrsm;? ig;xnfhuefrsm; wdkUta&twGuf
ysrf;rSst&G,ftpm; erlem,lxm;aomig;rsdK;pdwfrsm;? tvSsm;? tav;csdef?
t&G,ftvdkufcGJjcm;xm;aomig;tav;csdef

26
Z,m; 5
xkwfvkyfrIqkdif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; twGuf erlIemrsm;
tcsuf
tvuftrsdK;tpm;
ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;
xkwfvkyfrItrsdK;tpm;rsm; Whole round/green (wpfaumifvHk;)? gutted(AdkufcGJtlxkwfxm;aom)? boned(t&dk;xkwf
xm;aom)? headed(acgif;jzwfxm;aom)? fins off(a&,uf ESifY ql;awmifrsm;z,fxm;aom)?
fillet( tom;vTm)? skin on/off(ta&cGH yg^z,fxkwfxm;aom)? loin(tom;uGif;)? mince
(ig;jcpfom;)? surimi(ig;Mudwfom;)? fishmeal (wd&dpmäeftpm tjzpftokH;jyKonfYig;rIefY) {from
whole fish -wpfaumifvHk;? discards - pGefUypfftpdwftydkif;rsm;? broken- tusdK;tyJhrsm; or
sour- tcsOfazgufxm;aom? Offal-udk,fwGif;t*Fgrsm;rSponfwdkU yg0ifonf/}; consumer
packs (pm;okH;olvkdtyfcsuft&xkwfykd;jcif;)
ajymif;vJrIajrmufaz:udef;rsm; xkwfvkyfrItrsdK;tpm;tvdkuf jyKjyifxkwfvkyfjyD;ukefacsmtav;csdefrS ig;wpfaumifvHk;-
ukefMurf;tav;csdefodkUajymif;vJ&ef pHowfrSwfcsuf ajymif;vJrI ajrSmufaz:udef;rsm;
xkwfukefodkavSmifrI Whole frozen(wpfaumifvHk;at;cJjcif;), individually quick frozen (wpfaumifjcif; tm;
tjrefat;cJjcif;), hold frozen(wm&Snfat;cJxdef;odrf;jcif;), storage temperatures
(odkavSmifxm;aomtylcsdef), dry(tajcmufcHjcif;), brine(qm;iH&nfpdrfjcif;), salted
(qm;e,fjcif;), fresh (ig;pdrf;)
ydkUukefxkwfydk;rIrsm; Marked and packed(trSwftom;jyKíxkwfydk;jcif;) (e.g. tunas); carton (type and
weight)umwGef;tvkduf(trsdk;tpm;ESifhtav;csdef) ; bag (type and weight; basket (type
and weight)(tdwfrsm; - (trsdK;tpm;ESifh tav;csdef) jcif;awmif;rsm; (trsdK;tpm;ESifh
tav;csdef); barrel (pnfykdif;rsm;)
xkwfydk;rIwGifyg0ifrIrsm; Non fish weight (ice, glaze, salt, packing material, coatings, liquids, sauces,
etc.)(ig;r[kwfonfrsm; tav;csdef (a&cJ? a&cJtvGm? qm;? xkwfydk;ypönf;rsm;?
zHk;tkyfxm;aom? t&nfrsm;? tlacsmif;rsm;); fish number(ig;aumifta&twGuff), package
weight (xkwfydk;tav;csdef); product type(xkwfukeftrsdK;tpm;), size grade (t&G,ftpm;
cGJjcm;jcif;)
xkwfydk;rIpufud&d,mrsm; Machine type(pufypönf;trsdK;tpm;); production rate (xkwfvkyfrIEIef;xm;)
ig;zrf;qD;aepOftwGif; zrf;qD;&rdaomig;rsm; tav;csdefudk cefUrSef;rIonf ig;zrf;ol tawGUtMuHK
ay:wGif rlwnfaeygonf/ ig;zrf;ydkuftqHk;wGif&Sdydkuftdwf Cod-end trdsK;tpm;tvdkufzrf;qD;&rdrI?
pkaqmif;a&;yHk;MuD;rsm; twGif;? jcif;awmif;rsm;twGif;? ig;odkavSmifcef;rsm;twGif;odkU xnfh aepOfponfjzifh
uwÅm;uJhodkUyif cefUrSef;EdkifjyD; 4if;cefUrSef;csufrsm; wdusrIrSm ig;zrf;olrsm;tMum;wGif us,fjyefUaom
uGJvGJrIrsm; &SdEdkiffygonf/ ukef;ay:odkU a&muf&SdjyD;aomzrf;qD;&rdonfhig;rsm;tm;wkdif;wmrIudk ydkrdkwdusatmif
jyifqifaqmif &Gufay;Edkiffygonf (Oyrm – ig;yHk;rsm;udk a&wGufjcif;)/ 4if;cefUrSef;csufrsm;udk ydkrdkwdus atmif
jyKjyifjyifqifjcif;tm; ukefcsqdyfurf;wGif ukefcsaepOfwGifjzpfap? ig;zrf;a&,mOfay:wGifjzpfap
jyKvkyfEdkiffygonf/ a&,mOfay:wGifig;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufygu? trSefwu,fxkwfvkyfrIyrmPtm;
aeUpOfrSwfwrf;wGif rSwfom;xm;ygu ydkrdk taxmuftul jzpfEdkiffygonf/ ig;vkyfief;rsm;wGif a&vkyfom;
trsm;pkonf xdkuJhokdU rSwfwrf;wifxdef;odrf;xm;jcif;udk 4if;wdkUudk,fwkdiftwGufaomfvnfaumif;?
ukrÜPDtwGufaomf vnf;aumif; aqmif&Gufavh&SdMuygonf/ odkUjzpf&m? jyKjyifxkwfvkyfrI enf;pepfrsm;?
xkwfukeftrsdK;tpm; rsm;ESifh odkavSmifrIESifh xkwfydk;rIenf;pepfrsm;ponfwdkUonf ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI ESifh
ukefcspm&if; rsm;tm; jyefvnfppfaq;&mwGif toHk;0ifyg onf/

27
pkpkaygif;qdyfurf;ukefcsrIrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;aompm&if;pmtkyfrsm;rSaomfvnf;aumif;? ukefa&mif;
ajypmrsm;rSaomfvnf;aumif; (odkU) ig;zrf;vkyfom;rsm;? Mum;cHaqmif&Gufolrsm;tm; vlawGUar;jref;
jcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;&,lEdkifygonf/ pGefUypfig;yrmPcefUrSef;ajcwefzdk;rsm; udkvnf;wcgw&H
a&vkyfom;rsm;xHrSvnf;&&SdEdkifygonf/ ig; zrf;qD;jcif;qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;jzpfaom ig;pGefUypfrIrsm;?
ig;zrf;uGuf paom tcsuftvuf rsm;tm; r&&Sdonfhtajctaersm;wGif ig;zrf;a&,mOfay:wGif
vkdufygoGm;aom avhvm olrsm;xHrS tcsuftvufrsm;onf toHk;0ifvm Edkifygonf/ a&,mOfay:wGif
vdkufyg oGm;aom avhvmolrsm; tcsuftvufrsm;onf ukefcsqdyfurf;rSwfwrf;rsm;ESifh trsm;tm;jzifh
wlnDrI&SdjyD;? tjcm;toHk;0ifaom ig;zrf; a&,mOf aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ESifh pyfvSsOf;aom ydkrdk tao;pdwfus
aom tcsuftvufrsm;vnf; yg0ifavh&Sd ygonf/
3-3-2/ ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; (Effort)
ZD0aA'qdkif&m avhvmqef;ppfrIrsm;wGif ig;zrf;qD;&mwGifaoqHk;rI (fishing mortality) udk cefUrSef;&ef twGuf
ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; (effort) udktoHk;jyKavh&Sdonf/ ig;zrf;qD;&mwGifaoqHk;rI (fishing mortality)
onf ig;tkyfpkyrmPtuJjzwfjcif;wGif (stock assessment) wGif tajccHusaom ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sif
wckjzpfjyD;? ig;zrf;qD;jcif;aMumifh ig;xkxnf (stock) rS xkwfEkwffvdkufaom tpdwftydkif; wck
udkudk,fpm;jyKygonf/ ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; (effort )tm; ig;zrf;qD;a&;qdkif&mxdrf;csKyfjcif;rsm;wGif
toHk;jyKygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mESifh vlrIa&;-,Ofaus;rI (vlrI"avh) qdkif&m cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmppfaq;a&;
(analysis) rsm;wGif ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;aqmif&Guf&mwGif a&,mOfESifh a&,mOftkyfpk tusdK;
tjrwf&&SdrI (profitability) ESifh pD;yGm;a&;t&wGufajcudkufrI (economic efficiency) wdkUESifh ywfouf
qufEG,ffaeygonf/ ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;wGif pkpkaygif;ig;zrf;qD;rIajymif;vJjcif;rsm;onf
ig;yrmPwnf&SdrI tajctae (stock status) odkUr[kwf ig;vkyfief; tudsk;tjrwf&&Sdrl (fishing
profitability) wdkUtwGuf tnTef;udef;wckjzpfEdkifaomfvnf;? ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI (ig;txdtrd) wGif
ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;onf tjcm;aom ZD0aA' qkdif&m? pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m ESifh vlrI-"avhqkdif&m aemufqufwGJ
tnTef;udef; rsm;rS owif;rsm; ryg&Sdygu? t"dyÜg,faumuf,l&ef odkUr[kwf aumufcsufcs&ef cufcJygonf/
ig;zrf;qD;&ef vHkUvpkdufxkwfrIrsm;tm; rSwfwrf;wif&mwGif? vHkUvpdkufxkwfrIrsm;tm; rnfodkUtoHk;jyKonf
qdkonfh tcsufESifh 4if; vHkUvpdkufxkwfrIrsm;tm; rnfodkU aumuf,lpkaqmif;rnfqkdonfudk vufawGUusus
*&kwpkduf pOf;pm;&ef vkdtyfygonf/ ZD0aA'qkdif&myHkkpHrsm;wGiftoHk;jyK&eftwGuf vkHUvpdkufxkwfrIrsm;tm;
ig;zrf;qD;jcif;jzifhaoqHk;aprI (fishing mortality) ESifhqufpyf&mwGif toHk;jyKaomoD;jcm;ig;zrf;ud&d,m
tvdkuf tvGefeD;uyfpGm qufpyfrI&Sd&efvdktyfygonf/ Oyrm – jrSHK;tm;a&xJwGif epfjrKwfxm;onfh
Mumjrifhcsdef? odkUr[kwf w&GwfqGJydkufjzifh ydkufqGJonfhMumjrifhcsdefponfjzifh jzpfygonf/ tjcm;wzuf wGif
vkHUv pkdufxkwfrItm; tudsK;tjrwf&&SdrI (profitability) ESifhcsdwfquf&mwGif yifv,f twGif; Mumjrifhcsdef?
ig;zrf;qD;onfhMumjrifhcsdef? vkyfom; ESifh t&if;tEDS;pkdufxkwfrI oGif;tm;pkrsm; tp &Sdaom c&D;pOftqifhESifh
ywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; vdktyfygonf/
3-3-2-1/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; ESifh rlvt&if;tjrpfrsm; (Variables and sources)
rsm;aomtm;jzifh ig;zrf;c&D;pOfwckwGif ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;rsm; tm;vHk;onf wpfyHkpHwnf; r[kwfyg/
tcsdefMumjrifh aomig;zrf;qD;rI? ig;&rdEdkiffonfhae&mtm;&SmazGjcif; odkUr[kwf ig;zrf;qD;&ef
ig;zrf;uGufodkUoGm;a&mufjcif; ponfjzifh cGJjcm;Edkifrnfjzpfygonf/ usLemig;tkyfrsm;ta&twGufESifh
trsdK;tpm;^ig;rsm;pka0;aejcif;tm; yufyif;MuHKawGUcJh&jyD; rnfonfhig;rsm;ESifh wGJzufaeonf paom
ig;&SmazGjcif;ESifh ywfoufaom owif; rsm;tm; rSwfom;xm;&rnfjzpfygonf/ ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;

28
rsm;wGifvnf; "atmifjrifaom" *kPf&nf (Success attribute) &SdEdkifygonf/ txl;ojzifh w&GwfqGJydkuf (trawl)
ESifh ig;zrf;ydkuf (net)toHk;jyKaom ig;vkyfief; rsm;wGifjzpfjyD;? cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmppfaq;jcif;(analysis) jyKvkyfjyD;
onfhtcg? wpfacgufpmtwGuf tjynfht0 odkUr[kwf ESdKif;,SOfwefzdk;wpfck avSsmhay;jcif; (complete or
relative discounting) rsm;&&Sdatmif pGrf; aqmifEdkifygonf/
w&GwfqGJig;zrf;ydkufuJhodkUaom a&TUvSsm;ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrdsK;tpm;(active gear types )rsm;twGuf t&G,f
tpm;? ta&twGuf ESifh zrf;qD;rIudkaqmif&GufonfhtcsdefumvwkdUvkdtyfrnfjzpfygonf/ jrSHK;? axmifajcmuf
uJhodkUaom wnfjidrfig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsdK;tpm;rsm;(passive gear types)twGuf ig;zrf;ud&d,mwpfckjcif; tm;
a&xJ wGifESpfjrKyf xm;aomMumjrifhcsdeftm;rSwfom;xm;&rnfjzpfygonf (Z,m; 6)/ tu,fí? azmfjyyg
tcsuftvufrsm;tm; r&&Sdygu? ysrf;rSsudpö&yfwcktm; ,lqcsufjzifhtpm;xdk;&,l&rnfjzpfygonf/
Oyrmtm; jzifhjrSHK;jzifh ig;zrf;aoma&,mOfwpD; ig;zrf;xGufaom&ufudkomrSwfwrf;wifxm;onfqdkygu?
,lqcsufwck tjzpf? 4if;jrSHK;axmifaoma&,mOfrsm;onfysrf;rSstm;jzifh wlnDaomowfrSwfxm;onfh jrSHK;
ta& twGufom yg&SdMujyD;? jrSHK;jzifh axmifzrf;onfhMumjrifhcsdefrsm;rSmvJ twlwlyifjzpfonf[laom ,lq
csuf jzifh tpm;xkd;&rnf jzpfygonf/ tu,fí tqkdyg,lqcsufonfrSm;,Gif;ygu? cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm ppfaq;
jcif;&vm'fonfvJ rSefuefEdkifrnf r[kwfyg/
ukefusp&dwfESifh ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;udkqufpyf&eftwGuf? ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; qkdif&m
ajymif;vJrIudef;&Siferlemrsm; (Z,m; 7) tm; aiGvHk;aiG&if; oGif;tm;pktrsdK;tpm; (Oyrm – ig;zrf;
ud&d,mtrsdK;tpm;? a&,mOfxdef;csKyfcef; (odkUr[kwf) yJUpifcef; tDvufwa&mepffypönf;rsm;? jyKjyif
xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mrsm;) ESifh vkyfom;trsdK;tpm; Type of labour - (Oyrm –a&vkyfom;rsm;?
jyKjyifxkwfvkyfolrsm;? pmzdkrl;rsm;? pufrIuGsrf;usifrsm;) tvkduf trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm; &ef vdktyf ygonf/
þae&mwGifvnf; oifhavSsmfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;r&&Sdygu? ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;
tm;vHk;twGuf ysrf;rQ,l&rnfYtajctaewcktm; (wpf,lepfig;txdtrd CPUE udef;aowcktm;) ,lqcsuf
jzifh tpm;xkd;&rnf jzpfygonf/
jzpfEdkiffyguig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;tm;ppfaq;Munfh&SKjcif; ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; (Z,m; 8) onfa&,mOf
vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ta&;MuD; aom owif;tcsuftvufyif&if;udkjzpfay:apygonf/ 4if;udktjcm;aom
t&if;tjrpfrsm;rS &&Sdonfh ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; qkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; ppfaq;
twnfjyK&ef odkUr[kwf ig;zrf;qD; xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; rsm;tm; wdkuf&dkkuf cefUrSef;&ef twGuf
toHk;jyKEdkiffygonf/ Munfh&SKppfaq;jcif; (sighting) qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk toHk;jyKrIonf 4if;
vGrf;jcHKEdkifrItwkdif;twm? wGJzuftoHk;jyK Ekdiffavmufonfh tao;pdwfusrItqifh (Oyrm – wnfae&m
azmfjyrIwdusjcif; odkUr[kwf wdk;csJU Edkiffavmufaom vSKyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrI rsm;udkrSwfwrf;wifjcif;)/
Z,m; 6
ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsdK;tpm;ESifh 0daoovu©Pmrsm; owfrSwfjcif;twGuf ig;zrf;ud&d,majymif;vJrI
udef;&Siferlemrsm;/
owif;tcsuftvuf
trdsK;tpm;rsm;
ig;zrf;ud&d,m Gear ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;Gear type (bottom trawl(atmufajcw&GwfqGJydkuf),
dredge(atmufajcxGef*spfqGJydkuf), mid-water trawl(a&v,fvTmw&GwfqGJykduf, purse
seine(0dkif;csKyfydkuf), gillnet(wm;ydkuf), long line(ig;rSsm;wef;) , pole and line(ig;csdwfqGJjcif;),
jiggers (uif;rGef,Gef;jcif;), traps(jrSHK;), beach- seine(aomifqGJydkuf)
wnfaqmufyHk
Construction
ydkufuGuf Mesh (meshes), ydkufqifypönf;trsdK;tpm;-material, ig;rSsm;csdwf hook, t&G,ftpm;
size, ydkufyGifUud&d,m doors, yifv,fvdyfvGwfxGufapaomud&d,m turtle excluder devices,
ig;i,frsm;vGwf&efjyKvkyfxm;aomoHacsmif;abmifrsm; grids, 0ufrSifbD;txdkif burst panels,
vGwfxGufapaom wHcg;rsm;escape doors, tjcm;rluGJrsm; diversions.

29
t&G,ftpm;
Size
tvSsm; Length, aZmuf teuf Depth, acgif;MudK; Headline, atmufajcMudK;foot rope,
ig;rSsm;csdwfrsm; tuGmta0; hook spacing, pkpkaygif;ig;rSsm;MudK;t&Snf Total line length..
wdk;wufrI
Development
atmufajc Bottom, a&v,fvTm Mid-water, rsufESmjyiftvTm Surface, a&GUvSsm;rI r&Sd?
tao Fixed, ausmufcsxm;aom Anchored, vGwfvyfpGmarsmygaeaomfree floating,
wGJzufvkyfaqmifjcif; Association (ig;zrf;oabFmt&Sdefwdkif;MudK; log, ig;tkyfpk school,
ig;rsm;pkpnf;apaomt&m Fish aggregation device, iSufrsm; Birds, a&atmufawmif
Seamount, a&pD;aMumif; rsm;awGUqHkonfhae&mrsm; convergence)
axmufyHha&,mOfrsm;
Subsidiary vessels
avSi,frsm; Dinghies, uif;axmufavS scout, ydkufwifaqmifxm;aom oabFm net boat.
tDvufwa&mepfu&d,mrsm;
electronics
rD;jyBeacons, ydkufwGifwyfqifxm;aom toHvkdif;axmufvSrf;a&;ud&d,mnet sounder,
xkxnf tm&HkcH ud&d,m mass sensors
trSwftom;rsm;
Markings
ig;zrf;ud&d,meHywf Gear numbers; a&,mOf trSwftom; vessel identification
Z,m; 7
ig;zrf;qD; xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;qdkif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif erlemrsm;
ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsdK;tpm; ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;
ig;zrf;ud&d,mtm;vHk;
All gear
&GufvTifhcsdef Time sailing, ig;zrf;csdef time fishing, trdsK;tpm;tvkduf tvkyform;
ta&twGuf number of labour by type, ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsdK;tpm; types of gear,
tDvufwa&mepfypönf;rsm; electronics: tjcm;aom aiGvHk;aiG&if; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIrsm; other
capital inputs.
w&GwfqGJykdufESifh
a&atmufMurf; jyif
xGefjcpfqGJud&d,m
Trawl and dredge
aeU&uf Date, tcsdef times, tjrefEIef; speed, wnfae&m positions (latitude/longitude,
location ID, grid ID, depth) ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;twGuffor gear wwfqifjyD;"set",
a&atmufMurf;jyifwGif"on bottom", ig;tkyfpktwGif; "at school", ydwfodrf;jyD;"closed",
a&atmufrSjyefvnfrwif "off bottom", puftm;jzifh pwifqGJ,l"haul start",
a&rsufESmjyifodkUa&muf&Sd"on surface".
Purse seine 0kdif;csKyfydkuf aeU&uf Date, tcsdef times, wnfae&m position (latitude/longitude, location ID, grid
ID) of pwifydkufcscsdef start set, ydkufcsrIjyD;qHk;csdef end set, 0dkif;jyD;csdef pursed,
pkwfwifcsdef^ig;cwfcsdef pumped/brailed, ukefywfay:odkUa&muf&Sdcsdef wdkU wnfae&mrsm;
on board.
ig;rSsm;wef; Long line wyfqifxm;aomig;rSsm;csdwfta&twGuf Number of hooks set, aeU&uf date, tcsdef
times, ig;rSsm;wef;pcscsdef position at start set, csjyD;csdef end set, pwifqGJ,lcsdefstart haul,
qGJwifrI jyD;dqHk;csdef finish haul.
jrSKH; Trap wyfqifxm;aomjrSKH;ta&twGufNumber of traps set, aeU&uf date, tcsdef times,
pwifcsxm;csdef? csxm;rIjyD;qHk;csdef jyefvnfqGJwifcsdef ESifh qGJwifrIjyD;qHkk;csdefwdkU
wnfae&mrsm; positions of start set, end set, start haul, finish haul.
wm;ydkufrsm;
Vertical nets
ydkufzHkta&twGuf ESifh tvSsm;Number and length of strings set, aeU&uf Date, tcsdef
times, pwifcsxm;csdef? csxm;rIjyD;qHk;csdef jyefv,fqGJwifcsdef ESifh qGJwifrIjyD;qHkk;csdefwdkU
wnfae&mrsm;positions of start set, end set, start haul, finish haul.
ig;csdwfqGJjcif; ESifh ig;,Gef;jcif;
Pole and line, and Jiggers
csdwfrsm ta&twGuf ESifhtrsdK;tpm;rsm; Number and type of poles; Jigging pufrsm;
ta&twGuf ESifh trsdK;tpm;rsm; number and type of Jigging machines; aeU&ufdate,
pwifcsdef start time, jyD;qHk;csdef end time, ig;zrf;onfh wnfae&m position (latitude,
longitude, depth) of operation.
aomifqGJykduf Beach seine ydkuf tvSsm;? aeU&uf? pwifcsdef ESifh jyD;qHk;onfh tcdsefrsm; Length of net, date, start
time, end time.

30
Z,m; 8
ppfaq;Munfh&SKjcif;qkdif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;/
owif;tcsuftvuf
trsdK;tpm;
ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sifrsm;
oufaocHrsm; Identifiers a&,mOfVessel; a&,mOf{&mwGifazmfjyxm;aom vdkifpifeHywf permit of license number as
displayed on the hull of the vessel.
wnfae&m Location vufwåDwG'fESifh avmif*sDDwG'fLatitude and longitude; ig;zrf;uGuffishing ground;
pm&if;tif;qkdif&m{&d,m statistical area; pDrHcefUcGJrIqkdif&m{&d,m management area.
vSKyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrIrsm;
Activities
&GufvGifhjcif;Sailing; ig;zrf;jcif; fishing; ig;zrf;ud&d,mcsxm;jcif; setting gear;
ig;zrf;ud&d,mtm; jyefvnfqGJwifjcif; hauling gear
jypfrI Offence vdkifpifrJhig;zrf;jcif;Fishing without license; ig;rzrf;&{&d,mwGif ig;zrf;jcif;fishing in a
closed area; &moDcsdefrStyig;zrf;jcif; fishing out of season; rSefuefaoma&,Of
taxmuftxm;rygbJ? cGifhrjyKaom ig;zrf;ud&d,m? ydkufuGufESifh ig;t&G,ftpm;rsm;
tm;zrf;qD;jcif; ESifh zrf;qD;rI tm; rrSefruef vdrfvnftpD&ifcHjcif;rsm; lack of proper vessel
identifiers; gear type; mesh size and fish size infractions; misreporting catch.
3-3-3/ wpf,lepfig;txdtrd (Catch per unit of Effort - CPUE)
w,lepfig;txdtrd (CPUE) onf ig;vkyfief;wckktm; tcsdefMumjrifhpGm? apmifhMunfhavhvmjcif;twGuf
wckwnf;aom toHk;t0ifqHk; azmfjyonfhtnTef; (Index) jzpfygonf/ 4if;udk aygMuG,f0rIyrmP
nTef;udef;tm; (Index) tjzpfvnf; wpfcgwpf&HwGif toHk;jyKMuaomfvnf; xdkodkUtoHk;jyK&ef twGuf
azmfjyonfht&m (Index) ESifh aygMuG,f0rIyrmP (Stock size) wdkU qufpyfywfoufrItm; ,lqcsufwck
owfrSwfay;&efvkdtyfygonf/ 4if;udkvnf; pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m aqmif&GufEdkifrIpGrf;tm; (economic efficiency)
udk apmifhMunfhavhvm&mwGifvnf; toHk;jyKavh&Sdygonf/
odkU&mwGif aygMuG,f0rIyrmP (Stock size)tm; w,lepfig;txdtrd CPUE wrsdK;wnf;udkom trSDjyK
tuJjzwf &efrSm txl;ojzifh a&ay:vTmig;rsm;udkzrf;qD;aomvkyfief; (Pelagic fishing) wGif
rSm;,Gif;rI&SdEdkiffygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh ,lqxm;csufrSm nTef;udef; (Index)onf aygMuG,f0rIyrmP (Stock
size) ESifh tcsdK;usaejyD;? 4if;aygMuG,f0rIyrmP (Stock size) onf oD;jcm;ig;tkyfpk (particular population)
enf;pepfykHpH model tvdkuf ajymif;vJaeonf [laom,lqcsufrsm;jzpfygonf/ tqdkyg,lqcsufrsm;
tm;twnfjyK&eftwGufxyfaqmif;aemufqufwGJ owif;tcsuftvuf rsm;&&Sd&efvkdtyfygonf/ tjcm;
jyóemrSm tcsdefESifhtrSs ig;zrf;jcif;qdkif&mpGrf;&nfrsm;ajymif;vJvmjcif; odkUr[kwf vkyfief;yHkpHrsm;
ajymif;vJvmonfh twGuf azmfjyonfht&m(Index) tm; tavSsmhtwif;jyKvkyf xdrf;nSday;&ef vdktyfjcif;
jzpfygonf/ ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;twGuf aqmif&Gufonfh yHkrSefavhvmjcif;rsm; (routine surveys)?
tcgtm;avSsmfpGm aqmif&Gufonfh rlIabmifjcHKiHkavhvmjcif;rsm;(frame surveys) rsm;u
tqdkygjyóemudkausmfvTm; Edkif&ef tultnD ay;rnfjzpfygonf/ a&,mOftusdK;tjrwf&&SdEdkif pGrf;tm;
(vessel profitability) ESifh pD;yGm;a&;t&wGufajc udkufrI (economic efficiency) wdkUtm;wpf,lepfzrf;qD;EHI;
CPUE wckwnf;jzifh axmufvSrf;Edkifrnf r[kwfbJ usefusp&dwf ESifh 0ifaiG qdkif&mxyfaqmif;
owif;tcsuftvuf rsm;vkdtyfrnfjzpfygonf/
3-3-3-1/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; (Variables and sources)
w,lepf ig;txdtrd CPUE udk ig;yrmP ,lepf (stock unit)wpfckjcif;tvkdufESifh ig;zrf;ud&d,m trsdK;tpm;
tvdkuf oD;jcm;pD cGJxm; &rnf jzpfygonf/ vufawGUwGif wpf,lepfig;txdtrd CPUE azmfjycsufrsm;tm;
ig;trsdK;tpm; tvdkufodkUr[kwf ig;trsdK;tpm; tkyfpktvdkufaomfvnf;aumif;? ig;zrf;a&,mOftkyfpk
tvdkufaomfvnf;aumif;? &moDOwktvdkufaomfvnf;aumif;? ig;zrf;uGuf tvdkuf aomfvnf;aumif;?
oD;jcm;pDcGJjcm;xm;Edkifygonf/ a,bl,stm;jzifh ig;zrf;qD;&rdEIef;tm; oufa&mufrI &Sdap onfh ajymif;vJrI
udef;&Sifrsm;tm; rsm;EdkifforSs rsm;rsm; aumuf,lpkaqmif;um ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI ESifh ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;

31
wdkUESifhtwl ab;jcif;uyf,SOfwGJ rSwfwrf;wifxm;oifhygonf/ odkUrSom 4if;ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;onf
cGJjcrf;pdyfjzmppfaq;jcif; (analysis) wGifyg0ifjyD; 4if;oufa&mufrIrsm; twGuf wpf,lepfig;txdtrd CPUE
tm; pdwf0ifpm; zG,faumif;aom tavSsmhtwif; xdef;nSday;jcif;tm; aqmif&Gufay;Ekdiffrnfjzpfygonf/
wpf,lepfig;txdtrd CPUE tm; a&,mOfrsm; qdyfurf;ukefcsjcif;rsm;rS wdkuf&kdufwGufcsufEdkiffjyD;?
ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;tvdkuf zrf;qD;&rdrIrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;Edkifygonf/ odkU&mwGif? tMurf;zsif;
tm;jzifh? zrf;qD;&rdrI ESifh ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; rsm;tm; oD;jcm;pD cGJjcm;rSwfwrf;wifxm;jyD;
wpf,lepfig;txdtrd CPUE tm; 4if;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay:rS jyefvnf wGufcsuf&,lavh&Sdygonf/
ta&;MuD;aom owdjyK&eftcsufrSm rsm;pGmaomjcm;em;onfh ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;rsm; tm;
aumuf,l&&SdEdkifonfhtwGuf? ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; rSwfwrf;rsm;rSwqifh tjcm;enf;vrf;jzifh
wkdif;wmrIrsm;tm; &&SdvmapEdkiffygonf/ xdkodkU&EdkifonfhtwGuf pDppfrIwckpDtwGuf toifhavSsmfqHk;
ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;,lepftm; toHk;jyKaMumif; aocsmapygonf/
3-3-4/ ig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; (Fishing operations)
ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;zGJYpnf;rII ESifh ig;zrf;qD;jcif;yHkpHrsm;yg0ifaom ig;zrf;a&,mOftkyfpkrsm; ig;zrf;qD;rI qdkif&m
tnTef;udef;rsm;onf rsm;pGmaompDrHcefUcGJrIqdkif&mqHk;jzwfcsufrsm; tajccHjzpfygonf/ 4if;wdkUonf
owfrSwfcsufESifYudkufnDrI&Sd^r&Sdukd apmifhMunfhtuJjzwfjcif;ESifY ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; tygt0if
prf;ppfjcif; (Analysis)onf ta&;MuD;ygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ig;zrf;a&,mOftkyfpk ig;zrf;ud&d,m
trsdK;tpm;tvdkuf ig;zrf;qD;aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk ajryHkqGJxm;jcif;jzifh cGJa0owfrSwfay;xm;aom ig;zrf;ZHk
rsm;wGif pnf;urf;azgufrIrsm; odkUr[kwf ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsdK;tpm;rsm; tMum;wGif jzpfay:vmEdkiffaom
y#dyu© rsm; (Oyrm – w&GwfqGJydkufrsm; ESifh arSsmydkufrsm;) wdkUtwGuf ZHkcGJa0ay;&ef ponfwdkUudk pDrHcefUcGJrI
tydkif;u axmufvSrf; od&Sd apygonf/
ig;zrf;vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk vlrI"avhqkdif&m? tajccHtaqmufttHkqkdif&mESifh tjcm;aom pD;yGm; a&;
qkdif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;? ESifhcsdwfqufjcif;jzifh ig;zrf;a&,mOftkyfpkrsm; vSKyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrI tm;
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmppfaq;jcif;udkydkrdkwkd;wufaumif;rGefvmapygonf/ tqdkygcGJjcrf;pdwfjzmppfaq;jcif;rsm;u rwlnD
aom a&,mOftkyfpkrsm; oGm;vmvSKyf&Sm;rI oabmobm0 rsm;udkydkrdkem;vnf oabmayguf vm apjyD;?
ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m tajymif;tvJrsm; tay:wGif ig;zrf;a&,mOftkyfpkrsm; wHkUjyefaqmif&GufEdkifrI rsm; udk ydkrdk
wduspGm cefUrSef;Edkiffrnfjzpfygonf/
ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;twGuf ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;wGif ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm; trsdK; tpm;
rsm; ESifh ta&twGufrsm;? ig;zrf;onfhae&m ESifh ig;zrf;a&,mOf tjrefEIef;ESifh OD;wnfvrf;aMumif;ponf
wdkUyg0if ygonf/ ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;udk owdxm;apgifhMunfh&efvdktyfygonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf a&
vkyfom;rsm; onf4if;wdkU ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;tm; tjrJwef; jyKjyifrGef;rHaewwfMuonfh twGuf jzpfyg
onf/ 4if;wkdU tajccHusaom &nf&G,fcsufrSm ig;zrf;qD;&rdrIEIef;tm; jrifhwif&ef? vkyfief;oHk;pm;&dwftm;
avSsmhcs&ef wdkUrSwqifh xkwfvkyfrIukefuspm;&dwftm; avSsmhcs&ef jzpfygonf/ a&vkyfom;rsm;onf w&m;0if
owfrSwfxm;aom vkyfief;pOfrsm;tm; jyKjyifrGrf;rHrIrsm;jzifh vdkufemjyD;? wm;jrpfxm;onfY t&G,ftpm;ESifh
wm;jrpfxm;aom ig;trsdK;tpm;rsm; udkzrf;qD;&rdrI tenf;qHk; jzpfap&efvnf; &nf&G,fcsufxm;&SdMu
ygonf/
ig;zrf;a&,mOftrsm;pkonfa&,mOfrSwfyHkwifjcif; ESifh ig;zrf;vkyfief;vdkifpifwdkUrS nGefMum;csufrsm; rsm;twkdif;

32
4if;wdkU ig;zrf;qD;a&; qdkif&mvSKyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk jynfhpHkpGm pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wif&ef OD;wnf
aqmif&GufMuygonf/ ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm; vSKyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrI udk apmifhMunfhppfaq;&ef vkdtyfaom
owif;tcsuftvuftrsm;pkonf ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;rS wdkuf&dkuf&&Sdygonf/ (Z,m; 9)/ Oyrmtm;jzifh
rSwfwrf;pm&Gufrsm; (log sheets)? avhvmoltpD&ifcHpmrsm;? pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;rSL;rsm;? ukefwufrSwfwrf;rsm;
odkUr[kwf ig;zrf;a&,mOftuJjzwfapmifhMunfhpepf (VMS) rsm;rSwqifh &&Sdygonf/ a&,mOf
tac:oauFw odkUr[kwf vdkifpifeHywf wdkUuJhodkUaom taumif;qHk; oufaocHrsm;jzifh vkyfief; aqmif&GufrI
qkdif&mowif; tcsuftvuf rsm;udk a&,mOf0daoovu©Pmrsm;ESifh csdwfqufEdkiff ygonf/
rSwfyHkwifjcif;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh tcsuftvufrsm; rlvt&if;tjrpfrsm;jzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif
vTrf;jcHKrIESifh tcsdefESifhwajy;nDjzpfap&efjyKjyifrIrsm; (coverage and updates) qdkif&mjyóem rsm;u
jyqdkaeonfrSm Mum;jzwfppfaq; &eftwGuf wkduf&dkufwdkif;wmjcif; odkUr[kwf tcsuftvufwGif
vpf[mrIrsm;udk wdkif;wmjznfhoGif;jcif; wdkUjzifh tcsuftvufrsm;udk tcsdefESifhwajy;nD jzpfap&ef
aqmif&GufjyD; xdef;odrf;xm;&ef vkdtyfaMumif;jyqdkygonf/ rSwfwrf;pm&Gufrsm;? ar;cGef;vTmrsm; ESifh vlawGU
ar;jref;jcif;rsm;rSvnf;? ukefuspm;&dwfqkdif&m? a&,mOf0efxrf;rsm;qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm; uJhodkUaom
tajccHvSKyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrIqdkif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; qdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;tjyif xyfaqmif;
tcsuftvufrsm;udk xyfrH&&SdEdkiffygonf/

33
Z,m; 9
ig;zrf;a&,mOfqkdif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;twGufOyrmrsm;/
tcsuftvuf
trsKd;tpm;
oufaocHtaxmuf txm;rsm;
Identifiers
a&,mOftrnfVessel name; a&,mOf rSwfyHkwiftrSwfship registration
number;tjynfjynfqkdif&m MudK;rJhaMu;eef; tac: oauFw international radio call sign
(often used as the unique primary key); a&,mOf ig;zrf;qD;cGifh vdkifpif odkUr[kwf
cGifhjyKrdefU trSwfpOf vessel fishing license or permit number; a&,mOfrSL;trnf
captain's name; a&vkyfom; rSwfyHkwiftrSwf fisher's license number
trsdK;tpm;rsm; Type a&,mOftrsdK;tpm;Vessel type ( Oyrm – w&GwfqGJa&,mOf? 0kdif;csLyfydkufa&,mOf?
ig;rSsm;wef;a&,mOf ESifh ig;rQm;csdwfjzifhig;zrf;a&,mOf? avSi,frsm; (e.g. trawler, purse
seiner, long liner; pole & liner, canoe)
puftiftm; Power puftm; 0rf;xdkifa&,mOf^yJhaxmifa&,mOf? &GufvGifhjcif;? puf^pufrsm;
jrif;aumifa&tiftm; ? rD;pufjrif;aumifa&tm;rsm; Inboard/outboard; sail; engine
(engines) horse power; generator *sifea&wm
t&G,ftpm; Size ,mOfwefcsdef? rSwfyHkwifxm;aom 0efqHUrIwefcsdef? ukefwifEdkiffpGrf;? tvSsm;? teH Gross
tonnage; net register tonnage; load capacity; length; breadth
oabFmom; Crew tqifh odkUr[kwf tvkyfwm0efcGJa0rI tvkduf ta&twGufrsm; Number by grade or job
description.
ig;zrf;ud&d,m
Gear
ig;zrf;ud&d,mtoHk;jyKrI oabmobm0t& oufaocHcsufrsm; (wpfcgwpf&HwGif
waeUwnf;wGif ig;zrf;ud&d,m trsdK;rsdK;tm; wjydKiffwnf;toHk;jyKjcif;) rsm;twGuf
tcuftcJ &SdEdkifaomfvnf;? ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; twdtusodvkdygu?
4if;tcsuftvufrsm;onf r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfygonf Identification of the nature of the
fishing gear used (sometimes several types within one fishing day) can be
difficulty, but is essential if accurate estimation of fishing effort is to be
undertaken).
vSKyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrIrsm;
Operations
c&D;pOftrSwf? c&D;pOfpwifcsdef? jyD;qHk;csdefwkdU aeU&uf ESifh tcsdefem&Drsm;?
qdyfurf;wGif&Sdaeonf? &GufvGifhoGm;vmaeonf? ig;zrf;aeonf? pufcsdKU,Gif;ojzifh
&yfem;jyifqifaeonf ponfh vSKyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrIrsm; Trip number; trip start/end date
and time; operations (in port, sailing, fishing, broken down).
taxmuftuljyKtiftm;rsm;
Support craft
&[wf,mOf? uif;axmufa&,mOf? avSi,frsm;? wGJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJzuf ig;zrf;a&,mOf (a&,mOf 2 pD; jzifh
w&GufqGJjcif;twGuf Helicopter; scout; dinghies; associated fishing vessel (pair
trawling).
odkavSmifrIStorage trsdK;tpm; (Oyrm – ig;xnfhukefaygufrsm;? qm;a&uef? at;cJtcef; ) 0ifqHUyrmP?
tylcsdef Type (e.g. dry hold, brine tank, freezer); capacity; temperature.
at;cJrIenf;pepfrsm;
Freezing method
qm;a&jzifhat;cJjcif; (Brine)? xduyfjym;jzifYat;cJjcif; (Plate) ? avrIwfíat;cJjcif;
(Blast)
qufoG,frIrsm;
Communications
trsdK;tpm; (Oyrm a&'D,dk? w,fvDzHk;? tifwmeuf)? qufoG,frI owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
- eHygwf? vdyfpm) Type (e.g. radio, telephone, Internet); contact information
(number, address).
tjcm;taxmuftuljyK
tDvufxa&mepffypönf;rsm;
Other electronics
trsdK;tpm; ( Oyrm – urÇmhwnfae&mjypepf? toHvdIif;jzifY&SmazGonfhud&d,m?
toHvdIif;jzifh a&teufwkdif;wmonfhud&d,m) Type (e.g. GPS systems, sonar, echo
sounders).
tcsdKUaom ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;wGif ig;zrf;jcif;qkdif&mvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuf
tvuf rsm;tm; a&,mOfukef;ywf&Sd ud&d,mrsm;u uGefjyLwmjzifh wdkuf&dkufrSwfwrf;wifEdkifMuygonf/
tDvufwa&mepfjzifh pkpnf;xm;aom vSKyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrI owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf;? j*dKvfwk
qufoG,fa&; odkUr[kwf ukef;ajr&Sd qufoG,fa&;pepfrsm;rSwqifh tcsuftvufbPf (databases) odkU

34
tvdktavSsmuf xkwfvTifh ul;ajymif;jyD; ay;ydkU Edkifygonf/
3-3-5/ jypfrIrsm; ESifh w&m;pGJqdkrIrsm; (Offences and prosecutions)
jypfrIrsm;ta&twGufESifhtrsdK;tpm;rsm;ajymif;vJjcif;onfav;pm;vdkufemjcif; pHerlemrsm;wGif ajymif;vJrI
rsm;jzpfay:jcif;udk az:nGef;aejyD;? yifr^aps;uGufqdkif&m tajctaersm;aMumifh ig;zrf;qD;rIpHerlemrsm; wGif
ajymif;vJjcif;rsm; jzpfay:apygonf/ vufawGUusaompDrHcefUcGJrIe,fy,fwGifrl0g'ESifh pDrHcefUcGJrIqdkif&m
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;xm;aom trsdK;rsdK;aom vdkufemusifhoHk;&ef Oya'rsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;
rsm;udk csrSwfxm;ygonf/ umuG,fwm;qD;xm;aom tm;aumif;aponfhvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;jzifh 4if;Oya'
ESifh pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm;tm; a&vkyfom;rsm;rS vkdufemapa&;twGuf wGef;tm;udkjzpfay:apjyD;? vlxk
w&yfvHk;tm; tusdK;&Sdapygonf/ rnfonfhtaMumif;jycsufjzifhjzpfap? vdkufemrIr&Sdjcif; onfrl0g' odkUr [kwf
pDrHcefUcGJrI qdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tm; jyefvnffpOf;pm;oHk;oyf&ef ESifh vdktyfovdk tavSsmhtwif; jyKvkyf
xdef;nSday;&ef vdktyfaeaMumif; tMuHjyKjcif;jzpfygonf/ vlrI"avh ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m owif;
tcsuftvufrsm;tm; tjyeftvSefudk;um;csufrsm;onf? xl;jcm;aom pD;yGm;a&; ESifh ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m
tajctaersm;u tm;ay; tm;ajrmufjyKaeaom? vdkufemaqmif&Guf&ef ysufuGufonfh jyoemrsm;jzpfay:
aeaom a&vkyfief;rsm;tm; az:xkwf&ef twGuf taxmuftul jzpfaprnfjzpfygonf/
rnfonfha&,mOfrsm;? rnfonfh ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsdK;tpm;rsm; ESifh rnfonfYa&vkyfom; rnfokdYaom
a&vkyfief;trdsK;tpm;wGif w&m;r0ifonfY tavhtxrsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;ESifh owfrSwfcsufrsm;ukd
vdkufemaqmif&Gufjcif;r&SdaMumif;udk qufpyfMunhf&eftwGuf tcsuftvufrsm;&&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf/
odkU&mwGif ta&twGufESifh jypfrItrsdK;tpm;tm; aumuf,lxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;onf
vdkufemaqmif&Gufjcif;tqifhwGif yxrOD;qHk; pHnTef;wpfckjzpfjyD;? w&m;a&;qkdif&mvkyfaqmifrIrsm;
tajzrsm;onf apmifhMunfhjcif;ESifh ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif; (Surveillance and enforcement)wkdUxda&mufrI
twGuf vrf;nTefay;yg onf/ odkUjzpf&m owday;jcif;ykHpHESifYtMudrf(Numbers and Types of Warning)?
w&m;pGJqdkjcif;(Prosecutions)? jypfrIxif&Sm;jcif;(Convictions)? owday;csufxkwfjyefjcif; (Warning)?
tjypf&SdaMumif;qHk;jzwfjcif;(Summary convictions)? vdkifpif odkUr[kwf ig;zrf;rItm;tqifhavsmhcsjcif;
(Suspensions)? 'gPfaiGaqmifapjcif;(Fines)? b@mawmftjzpf odrf;qnf;jcif; (Confiscation)?
axmifcsjcif;(Imprisonment) paom jypf'gPf (penalties)rsm;trsdL;tpm;ESifYtwdrfteuf wdkU
ta&twGufudk rSwfwrf;wif&efvdktyfygonf/ (Z,m; 10)/
jypfrIrsm;tm; pm&if;tif;ynmjzifh t"dyÜg,faz:Edkiff&eftwGuf? taxmuftuljyKtcsuftvufrsm;
Oyrmtm;jzifh uif;vSnfhjcif;ta&twGuf? ppfaq;cJhaom a&,mOfta&twGuf? &SmazGcJhaom {&d,m ponfh
tcsuftvufrsm;vnf; vdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh jypfrIrsm;avSsmheJjcif; qdkonfrSm Oya'udk
tm;aumif;ap&ef xdef;odrf;ay;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm; avSsmheJjcif;aMumifhxuf ig;zrf; vkyfom;rsm;
Oya'udk vkdufemrI ydkrdkwdk;wufvmjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf qdkonfhtcsufuJhodkUjzpfygonf/

35
Z,m; 10
jypfrI ESifh w&m;pGJqdkrIrsm; qkdif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif erlemrsm;
owif;tcsuftvuf
trsdK;tpm;
oufaocH
taxmuftxm;rsm;
Identifiers
a&,mOftrnf? rSwfyHkwiftrSwf? tjynfjynfqkdif&m MudK;rJhaMu;eef; tac:oauFw?
a&,mOf ig;zrf;cGifhvkdifpif odkUr[kwf cGifhjyKrdefUtrSwf? a&,mOfOD;pD;trnf?
oabFmom;trnfrsm;? a&vkyfom;rSwfyHkwiftrSwf? tvHwifxm;onfh jynfe,f? wkdif;? EdkifiH
Vessel name; registration number; international radio call sign (often used as the
unique primary key); vessel fishing license or permit number; captain name; crew
member names; fisher's license number; flag State
w&m;pGJqkdrI Prosecutions jypfrItrsdK;tpm;tvdkuf eHygwfrsm;ESifh w&m;a&;qkdif&m ta&;,laqmif&GufrSKtqifh
Number by type of offence and level of judicial proceeding.
jypfrIxif&Sm; pD&ifjcif;
Convictions
trsdK;tpm;tvkdfuf eHygwfrsm; Number by type
ta&;,laqmif&GufrI
Type of action taken
owday;jcif;? 'gPfaiG&dkufjcif;? axmifcsjcif;? vkdifpif&kwfodrf;jcif;? a&,mOf? ig;zrf;ud&d,m
zrf;qD;&rdonfhig;rsm; tm; EdkifiHb@mtjzpfodrf;qnf;jcif; Warning; fine; jail term;
revocation of license; confiscation of vessels/gear/catch.
xGufcGmjcif;ESifh c&D;qHk;yef;wkdif
Departure and destination
aeU&ufrsm;? qdyfurf;rsm; Dates; ports
jzwfoef;cGifhtwGuf
taMumif;jycsuf Reason for
passage request
ig;zrf;uGufokdUoGm;a&mufjcif;? c&D;o,fydkUaqmifjcif; Travelling to fishing ground;
ferrying passengers
Oya'tm;vdkufemap&ef
apgifhMuyfrIrsm; Enforcement
logistics
a&,mOftm;&SmazGjcif;qkdif&m owif;tcsuftvuftrSwf?
ig;zrf;aeonfha&,mOfta&twGuf? uif;vSnfhaepOfawGU&Sd&aom a&,mOfrsm;
ta&twGuf? aeUpGJ? tcsdef ESifh &SmazGcJhonfh {&d,m/
Data number of vessels searched; number of vessels fishing; number of vessels
observed on patrol; date, time and area searched.
w&m;r0ifaoma&,mOfrsm;? ig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyfudkifaerIrsm;ESifhoufqkdifaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
yifv,fjyifwGifMunfh&SK ppfaq;jcif; qdkif&m rSwfwrf;rsm;rS &,lod&SdEdkiffygonf/ ig;zrf;qD;rI
qdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm; Oyrm t&G,ftpm; ao;i,faom wm;jrpfxm;onfhig;rsm;zrf;qD;jcif; odkUr [kwf
ig;zrf;cGifhcGJwrf;xufausmfvGefzrf;qD;jcif;uJhodkUaom usL;vGefazgufzsufrIrsm;udk ig;ukefcsqdyfurf; rSwfwrf;
rsm;rS od&SdEdkiffygonf/ w&m;&ifqdkifae&aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk w&m;&Hk;rSwfwrf;rsm;rS &,lEdkifygonf/
yHkrSeftm;jzifh yifv,fjyifapmifhMunfhavhvmjcif;qkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk a0[if rS
uif;vSnfhjcif;rsm;rS &&SdjyD; wpfcgwpf&HwGifrl yifv,fjyifuif;vSnfha&,mOfrsm;rSvnf; &&Sdavh&Sdygonf/
av,mOf rsm;taejzifh owfrSwfxm;aom ZHkrsm;udk tcsdefrSef ysHoef;uif;vSnfhjyD; w&m;r0if usL;ausmf
0ifa&mufrI rsm;ESifh w&m;r0ifig;zrf;rIrsm;tm; ppfaq;apmifhMunfh&Hkomru? jynfwGif;a&,mOfrsm; taejzifh
owif;ydkUxm; aom wnfae&mrsm;wGif vkyfief;aqmif&GufaerI &Sd^r&Sd udkvnf; twnfjyK avh&Sdygonf/
aemufxyf tcsuftvufrsm;&&SdEIdfifaom owif;t&if;tjrpfrSm tul;tajymif;odkUr[kwf jzwfoef;
oGm;vmcGifh awmif;cHjcif;rSjzpfygonf/ ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;taejzifh urf;&dk;wef;EdkiffiH txl;pD;yGm;a&;ZHkrsm; odkU
ig;zrf;oGm;wkdif; odkUr[kwf jyefvnff0ifa&mufwkdif;wGif a&,mOfrSL;rsm;taejzifh urf;&dk;wef;
tmPmydkifrsm;xHodkU owif;ydkUjcif;onf omrefvkyf&dk;vkyfpOfvkyfief;wckjzpfygonf/ cGifhawmif;vTmrsm; wGif
ta&twGufESifh trsdK;tpm;ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;&Sdyguw&m;0if jzwfoef;oGm;vmjcif;[kwf^r[kwfudk

36
ppfaq;&ef apmifhMunfha&;ESifh vHkjcHKa&;rsm;rS tvSsiftjrefwHkUjyefaqmif&Gufavh&Sdygonf/ 4if;owif;rsm;
onf ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;ig;zrf;&ef rnfonfhae&mrsm;odkUoGm;a&mufaeonfudk od&Sd&onfh twGuf
EdkiffiHtwGuf tvGeftoHk;0ifygonf/ a&,mOfrsm;udk trsdK;trnfcGJjcm;&ef? rnfonfhae&mrS xGuf cGmjyD;?
rnfonfhae&modkU oGm;a&muf&ef pDpOfxm;onf? a'oyifv,fjyifwGif tcsdefrnfrSsMumjyD;? cGifhjyKjyD;aom
jzwfoef;oGm;vmjcif; odkUr[kwf w&m;0ifoGm;vmjcif;[kwfr[kwfudk cGJjcm;&eftwGuf tcsuftvufrsm;
vkdtyfygonf/
3-3-6/ vkdufem&rnfhowif;tcsuftvufrsm;jzefUa0jcif; (Dissemination of compliance information)
ig;zrf;qD;onfh tavhtxtm; rnfonfhtwdkif;twmtxdom cGifhjyKEdkiffonfqdkonfh tcsuftvuf rsm;
tm; od&Sdjcif;r&Sdygu? ig;zrf;olrsm;onf usefig;zrf;vkyfief;jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rI jyKaeMuaom
vlUtzGJU tpnf; w&yfvHk;udk ysufqD;apekdiffonfh ig;zrf;qD;rI tavhtxrsm;tm; trSwfrxif usifhoHk;rdMu
avh&Sdygonf/ ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrI vkdtyfcsufrsm;ay:rlwnfjyD;? 4if;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; ig;
vkyfief; wGif ywfoufyg0ifolrsm;(stakeholders)(a&vkyfom;rsm;? jyKjyifxkwfvkyfolrsm;? vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdaom
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;) odkU owif;tcsuftvuftm; jzefUa0a&muf&SdcsdefrSm tajymif;tvJ&SdEdkiygonf/ ig;vkyf
ief;qkdif&mcGJwrf; owfrSwfjcif;? ig;zrf;qD;rI tMudrfa& ESifh wpfMudrf ig;zrf;qD;&ef Mumjrifhcsdef uJhodkUaom
ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;ukduefUowfjcif;wdkUuJhodkU wpfESpfwpfMudrftcsuf tvufjzefUa0jcif; ESifh
EIdif;,SOfygu Oya't& owfrSwfjy|ef;xm;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;tm; jzefUa0today;jcif;udk
rMumcP qufoG,fjzefUa0aqmif&Gufay;oifhygonf/
xda&mufaomowif;tcsuftvufjzefUa0jcif;qkdif&m tnTef;udef;rsm;wGif? owif;tcsuftvuf jzefUa0
jcif; qkdif&m trdsK;tpm; ESifh tqifhrsm; ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;yg0ifjyD; (Z,m; 11)? wdk;csJynmay;rI^owif; jzefU
a0ay;onfh 0efaqmifrIrsm;rSwqifh wkduf&dkufjzefUa0jcif; odkUr[kwf owif;pm? pme,fZif;? a&'D,dk?
&kyfjrifoHMum; wkdUrSwqifh oG,f0kduf jzefUa0jcif;rsm;twGuf wdkif;wmrIrsm;yg0ifygonf/ 4if;tqifhrsm;tm;?
jypfrIrsm;ESifh w&m;pGJqdkrIrsm;wdkUESifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmoifhygonf/ vlrI"avhqkdif&m ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m
owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;jzifh tjyeftvSefudk;um;jcif;tm;jzifh? ,ckvuf&Sdaqmif&Gufaeaom owif;
jzefUa0rItqifhjzifh rvHkavmufaom? ig;vkyfief;u@rsm;tm; az:xkwfowfrSwfEdkijyD;? 4if;ig;vkyfief;
u@rsm; twGuf xda&mufrI&Sdaprnfh qufoG,fa&;enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazGEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/
avhvmapmifhMunfh&rnfU tcsuftvuftrsdK;tpm;rsm;wGif ta&twGufyrmPrsm;? trsdK;tpm;rsm;? ESifh
owif;ay;onfhvufurf;pmapmifrsm;jzefUa0cJhonfhae&mrsm; ESifh rnfonfholrsm;tm; &nf&G,fjzefUa0cJh
onfqdkonfhtcsufrsm;yg0ifygonf/ &nf&G,faom y&dowfrsm;xHrS wHkUjyefcsufrsm;udkvnf;rSwfwrf;wif&
rnfjzpfygonf/ owif;tm;jzefUa0ay;aom at*sifpDrsm;onf jzefUa0rItm;apmihfMunfhavhvm&mwGif t"du
usaom t&if;tjrpfjzpfoifhygonf/ a&vkyfom;rsm; ESifh jynfolvlxkrsm;jzifh tcgtm;avSsmfpGm jyKvkyfaom
jcHKiHkavhvmjcif;rsm;jzifh? tcsuftvufjzefUa0jcif; xda&mufrI udk wdkif;wmEkdiffrnf jzpfygonf/
Z,m; - 11/
owif;tcsuftvufjzefUa0rItay: pnf;urf;vdkufemrI qdkif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;
owif;tcsuftvufန ajymif;vJrIudkef;&sifrsm;
္ ွနည္ေေ္အေနမပုံညံ ္ေယဒီက႔ုမခ မမတ ေနင့္ သတေနမ္ ွနည္ေေ္အေနမ၊ ေါမအုပနေွနမစီမညီမ္ယ ယ႔မခ မ
သ္ မ္ေယ ်န္ေအင့္အ ္အေနမ
္ ွနည္ေေး မ္ေသ ္္ေယ္တ္်န ်႔ွနမဂဂွနမမခ ်ားေနင့္ည ယေနမပုံညံသ္ေနမ္အေနမ၊ ္ေွယ ္ေဒသ်ားေနင့္ ္ဓ႔်ပါတနသ်နသ္မခ မ
သတေနမ္ ွနည္ပီမ္ေသ ္ေွယ မခ မ ေါမ မနမသ္ေဘဘ မခ မ၊ ေါမပုည္ွန္ပ္ပေနးုတနအုပန္အေနမအုပနေွနမမခ မ၊ ေါမအုပနေွနမမခ မယုံမအွနမမခ မ၊
္ေဒသေါမအုပနေွနမမခ မ သမ၀ါကမ
သ်န္ေယ ်နမမယ႔္ေသ အ္တွနမည မမခ မ ္ေယအုပနသ မမခ မ၊ ္ပ္ပေနးုတနအုပနသ္မခ မ၊ ေါမ္ေယ ေနမ၀ကန္ေ ်န် မသ္မခ မ၊
တုွနည္ပွနအခ်န ္မခ႔မ္ည မ္အု႔်နတုွနည္ပွနသရနည္္ေယ္တ္်န၊ ္ေယအုပနသ မမ႔သ မညုမခ မ ္သ႔ပရ ၊
ေါမအုပနေွနမညီမံအွနညအ္ြဲမမ်ားေနည ပတနသတနသရနည အ္းု္ပႆန ာမ ်ား

37
3-3-7/ ig;yrmP wkd;yGm;atmif jrifhwifaqmif&Gufjcif; (stock enhancement)
ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfa&;qkdif&ma&vkyfief;rsm;? txl;ojzifh ukef;wGif;ydkif;a&jyifrsm;wGif ig;yrmP wdk;yGm;
&efESifh a&xGufukefypönf;rsm;wdk;jrifhxkwfvkyf&eftwGuf vufawGUususyHkaz:aqmif&GufvSsuf &Sdygonf/
4if;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;wGif? om;aygufpcef;rsm;rS ig;om;aygufrsm;tm; obm0a&jyifodkU vTwfay;jyD;?
rsdK;pdkufxnfhjcif;? uefrsm;ESifha&avSmifuefMuD;rsm;wGif ig;rsm;twGuf obm0tpmaygrsm;ap&ef
"gwfajrMoZmrsm; xnfhoGif;ay;jcif;? tom;pm;ig;rsm;tm; okwfoif&Sif;vif;ay;jcif;? a&owÇ0grsm;
cdkvSHKusufpm;&ef oEÅmausmufwef;twkrsm; wnfaqmufay;jcif;rsm;aqmif&Gufay;vSsuf &Sdygonf/
ig;o,HZmwwkd;jrSifYap&effaqmuf&Gufay;vSsuf&Sdaom pDrHudef;rS ueOD; &&SdEdkifaom ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sif
qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;rSm obm0a&jyiftwGif;odkU vTwfay;onfY rsdK;pdwfwckcsif;pDtvdkufESifh
touft&G,ftqifhtvkduf taumifta&twGuf yrmPrsm;? uefrsm;twGif; xnfhoGif;ay;
aom"gwfajrMoZm rsm; t&nftaoG;ESifh trsdK;tpm;rsm; yg0ifygonf (Z,m; 12)/ aemufydkif;tqifhrsm;
wGif vkdtyfaom ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; tcsuftvufrsm;wGif? uef ig;xkwfvkyfrItqifh ESifh
touf&SifvSsuf jyefvnfzrf;qD;&&Sdonfhtaumifta&twGufrsm;yg0ifjyD;? 4if;tcsuftvufrsm; tm;
wdk;wufyGm;rsm; ap&ef ig;rsdK;pkdufxkwfrI ZD0aA'qkdif&mxda&mufrI tm; jyefvnftuJjzwf&ef vkd
tyfrnfjzpfygonf/ ukefusp&dwf ESifh tusdK;tjrwf&&SdrIqkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;tm; 4if;pDrHudef;rsm;wGif
ukefusrItusdK;oufa&mufrIwkdUudk tuJjzwf&eftwGuf vdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/ tcsuftvuf t&if;
tjrpfrsm; taejzifh xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufonfh tzGJYtpnf;rsm;? Oyrmtm;jzifh ig;vkyfief; tmPmydkifrsm;?
a&tm;vSsyfppf ukrÜPDrsm;? taysmfwef; ig;zrf;toif;rsm; ponfwdkUjzpfygonf/
Z,m; 12
ig;yrmP wkd;wufyGm;rsm;atmifaqmif&Gufjcif;twGuf ajymif;vJrIudef;&SiferIemrsm;
3-4/ ZD0aA' qkdif&m tnTef;udef;rsm; (Biological Indicators)
ig;yrmPtwGuf ZD0aA'qdkif&mvkyfaqmifrI tnGef;udef;rsm;rSm ig;yrmP cefUrSef; avhvmrI
&v'frsm;tay:wGiftajccHavh&Sdonf/ aumif;rGefaom ig;yrmP cefUrSef;avhvmcsufwckwGif
ig;zrf;qD;&rdrIESifh ig;zrf;qD;&rdrIESKef;xm;udk ajymif;vJrIjzpfapEdkifaom toHk; jyKonfh ig;zrf;ud&d,m
trsdK;tpm;rsm;? a&vkyfom;tiftm; ESifh uGsrf;usifrIrsm;? wnfae&m? ig;yrmP? odkUr[kwf tjcm;aom
ig;vkyfief;qdkif&mESifh ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m tajymif;tvJrsm;jzpfapaom rwlnDonfhtcsufrsm;tvkduf
oD;jcm;pD cGJjcm;xm;oifhygonf/ ig;yrmPcefUrSef;avhvmjcif;rsm;onf ig;yrmPcefUrSef;rI? ig;zrf;qD;pOf
aoqHk;rIrsm;? jyefvnff jzefUoGif;jcif; wMudrfwGifxkwfvkyfEdkifaom ig;yrmP? jyefvnffjznfhoGif;jcif;^
aygufzGm;jcif;wMudrfwGif &SdEdkifaom ig;yrmP ESifh Oaqmifig;yrmP? ESifh tjcm;aom tnGef;udef; rsm;udk
္အခ်န္အ်န္မခ႔မ္ည မ ္္ေ္ပ ေနမ္အြဲမခ မ
ေါမးုတနအုပန်ား႔ုေနမမ္ ေနင့္ မခ႔မည႔တန္အ႔ု်န၊္သ်န္ယ္ကန္အ႔ု်န းရနညသ္ေနမမရနည္္ေယ္တ္်န
သ ဓါတနယယ႔မမ္ ေနင့္ ္ေယသ မ ္ေ်က္မအေန်ားေနင့္္ေ်က္မ္ပီမ ေါမတ႔ုမပ္ မမမ ္္ေ် ေန္္ေယ္တ္်န
်ုွန်ခညယ႔တနမခ မ သု္ေတသွ်ားေနင့္ ္ံည္ ႔မတ႔ုမတ်နမမ၊္္ေ် ေန္းရ္ေ န ္ေ ေနယ္်နယွန
္ေည ေနည်ပနညညန္ေ မ္အေနမတု႔ည္တ္်န ယံပုံ္ေေ္

38
azmfjyay;Edkiffygonf/ 4if;tnTef;udef;rsm;tm; jyefvnft"dyÜg,faumuf,l&eftwGuf rSDjirf;jyK&ef
tcsufrsm;vdktyfjyD;? 4if;wkdUudkvnf; ig;yrmPtm; avhvmcefUrSef;jcif;enf;pepfrsm;(stock assessment
methods) rSyif &&SdEkdiffygonf/
zrf;qD;&&Sdaomig;yrmPtajctae qdkif&m tajccH tnGef;udef;rsm; onf ig; pkpkaygif;tav;csdef
odkUr[kwf ig;ta&twGuf ESifh qufpyfaeaomfvnf; touft&G,f? txD;^tr ESifh t&G,ftpm; paom
rwlnDonf tcsufrsm; oufa&mufrIrsm;tm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;jcif;r&Sdyg/ 4if;tajccHtnGef; udef;
rsm;tm; tm;jznfhay;Edkif&eftwGuf ig;yrmP twGif;ydkif;usaom wnfaqmufyHktm; pOf;pm; oHk;
oyfjcif;? t&G,fa&mufig;rsm;ESifh t&G,fra&mufao;aomig;rsm;tm; cGJjcm;jcif;? txD; ESifhtr cGJjcm;jcif; ESifh
MuD;xGm;rItm; &Sif;vif;pGm cefUrSef;wGufcsufjcif; wdkUjzifh tm;jznfhay;Edkifygonf/ xkdUtjyif 4if;wckjcif;pDaom
ig;rdsK;pdwf tpkta0;rsm;onf oD;jcm;pD aexdkifMujcif;r[kwfbJ? tjcm;aom ig;rsdK;pkrsm;ESifh
tpmvkzufrsm;jzpfjcif;? zrf;qD;pm;aomufjcif;? zrf;qD;pm;aomufcH&jcif; ponfwdkUjzifh xdawGUqufqH vSsuf
,SOfwGJaexdkifvSsuf&SdMuygonf/
zrf;qD;&rdaom ig;rsm;ESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; udk tajccHaom tnGef;udef;rsm;t&?
&Sifoefusufpm;vSsuf&Sdaom ig;yrmPwpfckvHk; tajctae onf obm0twdkif; yif
&Sdaeao;aMumif;awGU&Sd&aomfvnf;? a*[aA'qdkif&m apmifhMunfhavhvma&; ESifh ig;rsdK;pdwfaygif;pHk
zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufEdkiffrnfh enf;pepfrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &,lEdkif&ef vdktyfaeqJ
yifjzpfygonf/ aemufqHk;taejzifh ig;yrmPrsm;onf &kyfydkif;qkdif&m ywf0ef;usif &dkuf
cwfrI'Pfudkvnf;cHpm;&ygonf/ ig;vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh vuf&Sdig;o,HZmw tajctaetm; em;vnf
oabmayguf&eftwGuf? ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;ESifhtwl aomhcsufus
aom ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm;vnf; ,SOfwGJrSwfwrf;wif&ef vkdtyfygonf/
ig;vkyfief;vkyfukdifolrsm;onf ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm; aexdkifyHkb0puf0dkif;taMumif;? aygrsm;MuG,f0yHk ESifh tcsdef
ESifh ae&ma'otvdkuf ysHUESHUyHk paom tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;tm; od&Sdem;vnfxm;olrsm; jzpfjyD;?
þa'oEÅ&A[kokwrsm;onf a'owGif; ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefUcGJ&mwGif rsm;pGm tudsK;oufa&muf ap
ygonf/🲕4if;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &SdESifhjyD;aomig;vkyfief;qkdif&mtcsuftvufrsm;ESifh aygif;pyfoifhygonf/
4if;a'oqdkif&m a*[aA' A[kokwrsm;ryg&Sdygu? ta&;MuD;aom owif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk
vufvTwfqHk;&IH;,HkwifrubJ? tjiif;yGm;zG,f&mrsm;udk jzpfay:apum? xda&mufaom pDrHcefUcGJrItm; [efUwm;
aESmifhaES;apygonf/
3-4-1/ ig;o,HZmaygMuG,f0rIyrmP (Stock size)
ig;yrmPtm;qef;ppfavhvmrIonf vuf&Sd ig;o,HZmaygMuG,f0rIyrmPtm; cefUrSef;&ef ESifh
wdk;wufvmEdkifrItvm;tvmtm; cefUrSef;&ef &nf&G,fygonf/ 4if;&vm'frsm; tm; toHk;jyKí? jzpff Edkifaom
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrIrsm; (cGJwrf;? ig;zrf;onfhtMudrfta&twGuf? wpfMudrfzrf;qD;&mwGif
cGifhjyKonfhtcsdefumv uefUowfjcif;) udk tajcjyKum tem*gwfumvwGif wnf&Sdaernfh ig;o,HZmw
t&G,fyrmP cefUrSef;ygonf/ t&dk;&Sif;qHk; udpö&yf wpfckwGif? ig;o,HZmwwGifyg0ifaom ig;tm;vHk;onf
wlnDMuonf[k,lqjyD;? txD;^tr? t&G,ftpm;? t&G,fa&mufrI ESifh tjcm;ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm;tm;vHk;tm;
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;rjyKyg/ rnfonfhtcsdefwGifrqdk? yifv,fork'´&m? jrpfacsmif;? a&uef twGif;&Sd ig;rsm;
ta&twGufonf ,cif&SdcJhaom ig;ta&twGuf ay:wGif vnf;aumif;? 4if;ta&twGuftm;
ajymif;vJapaomtaMumif;w&m;rsm; tay:wGifvnf;aumif; rlwnfaeygonf/
ta&twGuftm;ajymif;vJaprIrsm;rSm obm0twdkif; odkUr[kwf ig;zrf;qD;rIaMumifhaoqHk;jcif;? jyefvnff
tpm;xdk;jznfUoGif;jcif;? tjcm;rS vma&mufaexdkifusufpm;jcif; ESifh tjcm;a'oodkU ajymif;a&GUxGufcGmoGm;

39
jcif;rsm;aMumifh jzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif ig;yrmP tm; t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdk&mwGif tjcm;rS vm
a&mufaexdkifusufpm;jcif; ESifh tjcm;a'oodkU ajymif;a&TUxGufcGmoGm;aomig;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;owfrSwf
jcif;rjyKbJ csefvSyfxm;cJhygonf (4if;udk self-contained fish population [kac:qdkygonf)/ ig;zrf;qD;rI
aMumifhaoqHk;jcif;tm; ig;zrf;qD;&rdrIqkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;rS cefUrSef;Edkifaomfvnf;? jyefvnf
tpm;xdk;jznfhoGif;jcif;ESifh obm0tavSsmufaoqHk;jcif;udkrI ,lqcsufwckjzifh cefUrSef;wGufcsuf& rnfjzpf
ygonf/
ig;o,HZmw t&G,fyrmPqdkif&m tenf;i,frSsaomtnTef;rsm;tm; toHk;jyKí? ig; o,HZmw wck
tajctaeudkcefUrSef;owfrSwfjcif;ESifh 4if;tm;umuG,fxdef;odrf;a&;twGuf vkdtyfaom xdrf; cskKyf rIrsm;
csrSwfjcif;wdkUudk aqmif&GufMuygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh jyefvnfjznfhwif;aom ig;xkwfvkyfrI onf cefUrSef;ajc
vuf&SdwGif&Sdaeonfhig;yrmP MuD;xGm;rIjzpfygu? 4if;jyefvnffjznfhwif;aom ig;yrmP tm;vHk;
tm;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfvdkufygu? rlvig;o,HZmwwGif ajymif;vJjcif;vHk;0&Sdawmhrnfr[kwfyg/ 4if;tm;
pkpkaygif;ig;cGJwrf;tm;owfrSwf&mwGif toHk;jyKygonf/ vuf&Sdig;zrf;qD;jcif;aMumifhaoqHk;rI udk
pOfqufrjywftjrifYqkH;xkwf,lokH;pGJEdkiffrIyrmP- (Maximum Sustainable Yield – MSY) ESifhqufpyf cefU
rSef;jyD; 4if; udk ig;zrf;a&,mOftkyfpkrsm; wdk;yGm;vmrIqkdif&m tuefUtowf (limit) tm; owfrSwf &m wGif
toHk;jyK yg onf/ tvm;wlpGmyif tnTef;(indices) ESifh&nfnGef;csuftrSwf(reference points) rsm;udkvnf;
aygif;pyfcg ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;twGuf tuefUtowf? ig;zrf;vdkifpifxkwfay;rIta&twGuf ESifh
tjcm; aom pDrHcefUcGJrI qkdif&m &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifh xdrf;cskKyfrIrsm;udk csrSwfygonf/
ig;o,HZmw yrmP twkdif;twmtm; cefUrSef;&ef tcsdef umvwpfqufwpfpyfwnf; pkaqmif;xm;aom
(time series) pkpkaygif; ig;zrf;qD;&rdrIrsm; (pGeYfypfig;rsm;tygt0if) vkdtyfjyD;? ig;o,HZmw t&G,f
yrmP qdkif&m nGefjycsuf (index) rsm;vnf;vdktyfygonf/ tcsdef umvwpfqufwpfpyfwnf;
pkaqmif;xm;aom (time series) qdkonfrSm ig;vkyfief;pwifonfhtcsdefrS pwifjcif; jzpfonf[k,lqygonf/
tu,fítcsuftvufrsm; rjynfhpHkygu pkpkaygif;ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrIyrmP udkazmfjy&efvdktyfjyD;? odkUr[kwf
ig;zrf;qD;onfhtcsdeftm;vHk; twGuf cefUrSef;&efvkdtyfjyD;? 4if;tm; ig;taumifa&cefUrSef;pepf population
model wGif xnfhoGif;wGufcsufygu? &SdEdkifaom o,HZmw udk,fpm;jyK cefUrSef;ajc wefzdk; ESifh
ajymif;vJEdkifrIpGrf;tm;(proxy estimates for resource potential and variability ) udk&&Sdygrnf/ 4if;wkdUrSm
ig;vkyfief; ig;o,HZmw tay:&dkufcwfrI tm; wdkif;wmjcif;jzpfygonf/
ig;o,HZmw t&G,fyrmP qkdif&m t"dutnGef;udef; tjzpf wpfcgwpf&HwGif wpf,lepfig;txdtrd
CPUE tm;toHk;jyKavh &Sdygonf/ ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrIESifh ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; rSwfwrf;rsm;tm;
ig;vkyfief; oufwrf; wckvHk; twGuf &&Sd&ef rvdktyfawmhaomfvnf; ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI ESifh
ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;qkdif&m owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;? rsm;avav? cefUrSef;csufrSm ydkrdkí
aumif;avavjzpfygonf/ tb,fhaMumifqkdaom wpf,lepfig;txdtrd CPUE tm; nGefjycsufwcktae
jzifh aphpyfaocsmpGm rSwfom;rIrsm;udkjynfh0pHkvifaom ig;yrmPcefUrSef; Model tpm;
t&if;cHusaomig;yrmPcefUrSef; Model yHkpHi,fjzifhcsdwfqufay;&ef toHk;jyKonfh twGufjzpfyg onf/
tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m yifrig;o,HZmw t&G,fyrmP qdkif&m tnGef;udef;taejzifh ig;ZD0-xkxnf
(Biomass) tm; odyÜHenf;us okawoejyKrIrsm;(Oyrm-w&GwfqGJig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm; odkUr[kwf toHvdIiff;jzifh
wdkif;wmjcif;rsm;) rS&,lEdkifygonf/ odyÜHenf;us okawoejyKrI rsm;onf ig;vkyfief;rS vGwfvyfpGm
trSDtcdkuif; onfhtwGuf? wpf,lepfig;txdtrd CPUE tm; toHk;jyK &mwGifMuHKawGU&avh &Sdaom
bufvkdufrIqkdif&mjyóemrsm;tm; vnf;wm;qD;jyD;jzpfygonf/ odkUaomf 4if;odyÜHenf;us okawoejyKrIrsm;
onf ukefusp&dwf jrifhrm;onfhtwGuf tenf;i,frSsaom owif;tcsuftvuf rsm;udkom
xkwfay;avh&Sdygonf/ odyÜHenf;us okawoejyKrIrsm;&vg'frsm; ESifh pD;yGm;jzpf ig;zrf; a&,mOfrsm;

40
wpf,lepfig;txdtrd CPUE nGefjycsufqkdif&m&vm'frsm;udk aygif;pyftoHk;jyKygu taumif;qHk;jzpfygonf/
ig; o,HZmwt&G,fyrmPonf ESpfpOfjyefvnfaygufzGm;jznfhqnf;jcif; MuD;rm;aom oufa&mufrI
&Sdonfh twGuf jyefvnffaygufzGm;jznfhqnf;jcif;qdkif&m nGefjycsuf udk&&Sd&ef Orsm;? om;aygufrsm;?
om;avmif;rsm; tm; jcHKiHkavhvmjcif; (survey)odkUr[kwf ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m nGefjycsuf (Oyrm –
rdk;&GmoGef;rI? a&vSeftm; - upwelling strength) wkdUudk vdktyfaumif; vdktyfrnf jzpfygonf/
ig;o,HZmwyrmPtm; ig;taumifta&twGuf (odkU) ZD0xkxnf(Biomass)ukd cefUrSef;jcif; jzifY
aqmif&Gufekdifffygonf (ig;o,HZmwyrmPonf ig;ta&twGuftm; 4if;wkdUysrf;rSs
tav;csdefjzihfajrSmufxm;jcif; jzpfygonf)/ tu,fí? zrf;qD;&rdrIrsm;tm; rSwfwrf;wif&mwGif tav;csdef
jzifhomrSwfom;xm;cJhygu? vufcHEdkifavmufaom enf;pepfwckck tm;tajccHjyD; tav;csdefrS ig; taumif
ta&twGufudk &&Sdatmif ajymif;vJay;&rnf jzpfygonf/ rsm;pGmaom udpö&yfrsm;wGif yifrig;o,HZmw
vufusefyrmP tm; qef;ppfavhvm&ef twGuf yifryg0ifonfhig;taumifta&twGuf (self-contained
fish population) tm;owfrSwfaz:xkwfay;&ef vkdtyf vmavh&Sdygonf/ xkdodkUaomudpörsm; twGuf
txl;okawoepDrHcsuf rsm;jzifhaqmif&GufEdkif aomfvnf;? ZD0aA'qkdif&mtcsuftvuf rsm;
yHkrSefaumuf,ljcif;wGif xl;jcm; aom 0daoovu©Pmrsm; (meristic characters)&Sdonfhig;rsm;tm;
erIemaumuf,ljcif;? uyfyg;aumifrsm;? aoG;erIemrsm;? ausm&dk;ta&twGuf odkUr[kwf om;ayguf&moD?
tp&Sdaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf yifrtpkta0;wck ESifhwcktm; cGJjcm;&mwGif tultnD &&Sd
Edkifygonf (Z,m; 13) zrf;qD;&rdrI ESifh vHk;vpkdufxkwfrIqkdif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; a&,mOf
vSKyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrI rSwfwrf;rsm; ESifh qdyfurf;ukefcs rSwfwrf;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;rS &&SdEdkifygonf/
jyefvnfaygufzGm; jznfhqnf;rIqdkif&m nGefjycsuf(recruitment indices)tm; ig;zrf;qD;rItm;jcHKiHkavhvmjcif;
(fishing survey) ESifh om;aygufpkaqmif;jcif;rsm;rSaomfvnf;aumif; odkUr[kwf tjcm;aomjyify
t&if;tjrpfrsm;rS aomfvnf;aumif; &&SdEdkifygonf/ tjcm;aom odyÜHenf;us owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm;
erIem,lokawoejyKrIudk wm0efcHaqmif&Gufaeaom odyÜHausmif;rsm;? tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS pkaqmif;&&SdEdkif
ygonf/
Z,m; 13
yifrig;o,HZmwyrmPt&G,ftpm; qkdif&majymif;vJrIudef;&Sif erlemrsm;
tcsuftvuftrsdK;tpm; ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;
wpf,lepfig;txdtrd CPUE zrf;,l&&Sdaomig;yrmP? ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;
odyÜHenf;us uGif;qif;ppfwrf;aumuf,lrI ae&m – ig;zrf;qD;cJhaoma&xkxnf?
ig;zrf;&eftwGufig;tm;&SmazGcJhaoma&xkxnf (odkU) a&jyif{&d,m?
axmufvSrf;&&Sdaomig; ZD0xkxnf/
zrf;,l&&Sdjcif;/ zrf;,l&&Sdaomig;rsdK;pdwftvdkuf pkpkaygif;zrf;,lrI taumifta&twGuf ESifh
ig;xkxnf (4if;rSm – a*[pepfrS z,fxkwfvkdufaomig;yrmP)
aygufzGm;rI tnGef;udef; ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m ajymif;vJrInGef;udef;rsm;? om;aygufrsm;udk wkduf&dkufavhvmjcif;
tnGef;udef;/
ig;t&if;tjrpfowfrSwfaz:xkwfjcif; jyifyvu©Pmqkdif&majymif;vJjcif;tnTef;udef;? mDNA and electrophoresis jzifh
rsdK;&dk;ADZqkdif&m tcsuftvufuGJjym;rI udkwkdif;wmjcif;/
3-4-2/ ig;o,HZmw zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHk (stock structure)
yifrig;o,HZmwyrmP twdkif;twmonftxl;ta&;MuD;aomfvnf;? tu,fí? yifrig;o,HZmw
zGJpnf;wnfaqmufyHk udkod&Sd&ef Oyrm – touf? txD;^tr ESifh t&G,fa&mufrI rsm;tm; a&wGuf wkdif;
wm xm;ygu? yifrig;o,HZmw tajctaeudk ydkrdkwdusrSefuefpGm cefUrSef;Edkiffrnf jzpfygonf/ tay:
,Htm; jzifh yifrig;o,HZmw t&G,fyrmPonf MuD;rm;aeaomfvnf;? t&G,fa&muf ig;tr rsm;
yrmPonf vGefpGmavSsmhenf;usqif;aeygu? 4if;tcsufonf tem*wfumvwGif jyefvnffaygufzGm;

41
jznfhqnf;rI (Recruitment) ukd xdcdkufrI&Sdrnfjzpfygonf/ toHk;jyKvkyfaqmif&rnfh enf;pepfrsm;onf yifr
ig;o,HZmw yrmPt&G,ftpm; tm; avhvm&mwGif toHk;jyKonfh enf;pepfrsm;ESifh twlwl yif jzpf
aomfvnf;? ig;zrf;qD;&rdrI tm; xyfrHí rsdK;wlpk cGJjcm;ay;rnfh aemufqufwGJ ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sif rsm;tm;
xyfrH vkdtyfvmrnf jzpfygonf/
ig;taumifta&twGuftajctaetm;od&SdEdkiff&ef? ig;o,HZmwzGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHkESifh ywfouf
qufEG,f ae onfh ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;twGuf tnTef;udef;rsm;udktoHk;jyKEdkiffygonf/ tMurf;zsif; tm;
jzifh zrf;qD;xkwfvkyffrIEIef;(rate of exploitation) jrifhrm;vmvQif ig;taumifta&twGuf twGif;&Sd
ig;rsm;ysrf;rSst&G,ftpm;rSm ao;i,fvmjyD; zrf;qD;&rdaomqdyfurf;ukefcsyrmPrSm vnf; avSsmhenf;
vmygonf/ ,if;tcsufaMumifh tusdK;quf (2) ck jzpfay:vmEdkifygonf/ yxrtusdK;quf rSm tu,fí
ig;rsm;tm; taumif;qHk; aps;uGuf 0ift&G,ftpm; ra&mufrSD zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfcJhygu ig;MuD;xGm;rIaMumifU
jzpfEkdiffajc&Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mtusdK;tjrwf&&SdrIrsm; (potential economic gains)tm; qHk;&SH;jcif;
jzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh ig;t&G,ftpm; ydkrdkMuD;rm;ygu ydkrdkjrifhrm;aom aps;EIef; tm;&&Sdonfh
tajctaersdK;wGifjzpfygonf/ 4if;tajctaeukd MuD;xGm;rIysufokOf;jcif; (Growth Overfishing)
[kac:ygonf/ 'kwd,tusdK;qufrSm ig;o,HZmw odkU aygufzGm;jcif;jzifh jyefvnfjznfhwif;onfh
ig;rsm;teufrS ig;taumiftcsdKUomt&G,fa&mufjyD; om;aygufEdkifaom tqifhodkUa&muf&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf/
4if;tajctaeukd i,f&G,faomig;rsm;ysufokOf;jcif; (Recruitment Overfishing) [kac:ygonf/
,if;tusdK;qufaMumifh aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif jynfh0pGmjyefvnffjznfhwif; aygufzGm;jcif; rjyKEdkifawmhjcif;
jzpfygonf/
jyefvnfjznfhwif;rIwpfMudrftwGufxkwfvkyfrI(Yield per recruit) odkUr[kwf jyefvnfjznfhwif;rIwpfMudrf
twGuf Oaqmifig;trrsm;(spawners per recruit) paomtoHk;rsm;aom tnTef;udef;rsm;jzifh MuD;xGm;rI ESifh
jyefvnfjznfhwif;xkwfvkyfrIwdkUtygt0ifjzpfaom ig;o,HZmw vuf&SdxkwfvkyfrIEIIef;xm;tm;
nTef;jyEdkiffygonf/ 4if;tcsufonf pDrHcefUcGJa&;tm;udkifwG,faqmif&Gufrnfholrsm;twGuf- a& &SnfwnfwHU
ap&eftwGuf vuf&Sda&vkyfief; zdpD;rIonf tvGefMuD;rm;aejcif;&Sd^r&Sdudk qHk;jzwf&ef vrf; nGefay;Ekdiffyg
onf/ ydkrdkrsm;jym;aom erlemrsm;tm; cGJjcrf;pdyfjzmppfaq;jcif; (Analysis) jzifh om;ayguf&moD?
ig;om;ayguf rsm;aygufzGm;MuD;xGm;aomae&mrsm; ESifh ywfoufaom owif;rsm;tm; ydkrdk&&Sdvm aprnfjzpf
ygonf/
ig;o,HZmwzGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHk(stock structure) ESifh aygMuG,f0rIyrmP(stock size) tm;aygif;pyfjyD;
cGJjcrf;pdyfjzmppfaq;jcif;jyKvkyfjcif;? Oyrm – virtual population analysis (VPAs) jzifh obm0ig;o,HZmw
tajctaeudk xif[yf azmfjyay;Edkifaom jynfYpkHckdifvkHaom tnTef;udef;rsm;udk &&Sdrnfjzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif
4if;enf;pepfrsm;twGuf tcsuftvufvdktyfcsuf onf rsm;jym;jyD;? zrf;qD;&rdaomig;rsm;tm;vHk;wdkUtm;
touftykdif;tjcm; ESifh^odkUr[kwf t&G,ftpm; wdkUjzifh rsdK;wlpkrsm; (categories) rsm; tao;pdwf
xyfrHcGJjcm;ay;&ef vkdtyfygonf/
t&G,fyrmPESifh^ odkUr[kwf touftykdif;tjcm;tvdkuf zGJUpnf;wnfaqmifyHk onf r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfaom ig;
o,HZmw zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHktm; azmfjyay;ygonf/ (Z,m; 14)/ ig; touftm;od&SdEdkif&ef
oufwrf;jyuGif; (growth ring)rsm;tm; wdkuf&dkufa&wGufjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? odkUr[kwf
MuD;xm;EIef;&Smonfhenf;pepfykpH (growth model) tm; toHk;jyKjyD; t&G,ftpm;rStoufudkajymif;vJ
wGufcsufEkdiffygonf/ t&G,ftpm;rS toufudk taumif;qHk;ajymif;vJ&&Sd&eftwGuf touf-tvSsm;
qufEG,fcsuffrsm;udktoHk;jyKEdkifjyD;? 4if;qufEG,fcsufrsm;tm; t&G,ftpm;trsdK;rsdK;aom ig;rsm;ukderIem&,l

42
jyD;? touftm;&SmazG az:xkwf jcif;jzifh &&Sdygonf/ wpfESpftwGif;wGif ig;rsm; MuD;xGm;EIef;ESifh
om;aygufEIef;rsm;ajymif;vJaeonfhtwGuf jzpfEdkiffygu tvSsm;- tav; qufEG,fcsuff ESifh touf – tvSsm;
aomhcsufrsm;tm; wpfESpfvSsifwpfMudrf jyifqifowfrSwfoifhyg onf/
ig;o,HZmw trsdK;tpm;tvkduf ig;taumifta&twGufcGJjcm;jcif;rsm; (stock sub-populations)twGuf
jyefvnfjznfhwif;jcif; (recruits) ESifh MudKwifjyefvnfjznfhwif;jcif; (pre-recruits)rsm;? ig;o,HZmw twGif; rS
t&G,fa&mufaomig;rsm; (mature stock)? ESifh Ocsaomig;trrsm;tm;aocsmpGmapmifhMunfhavhvm&ef
vkdtyfygonf/ t&G,f a&mufrItm; wdkif;wm ppfaq;&mwGif tvSsm;udkyg wjydKifwnf; ppfaq;wdkif;wmjcif;
jzifh "yxrqHk;t&G,f a&mufcsdeftvSsm; - size at first maturity" udkaz:xkwf&&SdEdkifygonf/
odkU&mwGifig;txD; ^trcGJjcm;jcif; ESifh t&G,fa&mufrIudk od&Sd^&&Sd&efrSmrI tjrJwef;
vG,fulaevdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ tcsdKU aomig; trsdK;tpm; rsm;onf 4if;wkdUMuD;xGm; aepOfwGif vdifajymif;vJrI
jzpfay:avh&SdMujyD; tjcm;rsdK;pdyfrsm;pGmwGif yxrqHk; t&G,fa&mufcsdeftvSsm; onf ig;zrf;qD;rI qdkif&m
zdpD;rI rsm;vmonfESifhtrSs ydkrdk ajymif;vJvmMuavh&Sdygonf/ t&G,ftpm;tvdkufyg0ifrI owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;onf ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;rS erlem aumuf ,lEdkifonfhtwGuf vG,fulpGm aqmif&Guf Edkifygonf/
yHkrSef tm;jzifh pHowfrSwfxm;aom ig; tvSsm; rsm; tm; wdkif;wm rSwfwrf;jyKpkxm;Mu avh &Sdyg onf/
aumif;rGefaom ig;o,HZmwyrmP cefUrSef;jcif;twGuf rsm;jym;aom tvSsm; - tMudrfa& erlemrsm;
(Length-frequency samples)vkdtyfygonf/ waumifjcif;pDD cEÅmudk,ftav;csdefrsm;tm; erIemcGJ (sub-
sample)tjzpfpkaqmif;jcif;onf toHk;0ifygonf/ taMumif;rSm yHkrSefaumuf,lpkaqmif; xm;aom
ig;tvSsm;rsm;tm; zrf;qD;&rdonfh tav;csdefyrmP odkU ajymif;vJEdkifonfhtwGuf jzpfjyD;? ,if;
odkUajymif;vJEdkifrIonf jyefvnfjznfhwif;rIwpfMudrftwGufxkwfvkyfrI yield-per-recruit ESifh tjcm;aom
MuD;xGm;rItajcjyK cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmppfaq;jcif; (growth-base analysis) rsm;twGuf vkdtyfaom
aMumifhjzpfygonf/ tcsdKUaomudpö&yfrsm;wGif? pD;yGm;a&; qkdif&m vdktyfcsuft&? ig;rsm;tm; t&G,ftvdkuf
tqifhcGJjcm;&avh&Sd&m? qdyfurf;ukefcsrSwfwrf;rsm;ESifh aps;uGufrSwfwrf; rsm;onf 4if;tcsuftvufrsm;
twGuf ta&;MuD;aomyif&if;rsm;jzpfMuygonf/ tu,fí? ig;rsm;tm; qdyfurf;wGif ukefcs&mwGif
t&G,ftpm;tvdkufcGJjcm;xm;ygu? 4if;rsdK;wlpktm;vHk;tm; erlem&,l&ef vdktyfjyD;? zrf;qD;&rdrIwGif
ig;wdkUpkpkaygif;tvSsm;zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHkudk wdusaocsmpGm cefUrSef;&rnfjzpfygonf/ ,if;udk
jrSifhwifonfhenf;em raising procedure [kac:qdkMuygonf/ VPA (virtual population analysis) ESifh tjcm;
tvm;wlenf;pepfrsm;jzifh ig;cE¨mudk,fpkpkaygif;tvSsm; odkUr[kwf touft&G,fESifh oufqkdifonfh
tcsuftvuf rsm;udk pkpkaygif;ukefcsyrmPodkU ajymif;vJjrSifhwif raised vkyfumwGufcsufEdkifygonf/
Z,m; 14
ig;o,HZmw zGJpnf;wnfaqmufyHk qdkif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif erIemrsm;
tcsuftvuf
trsdK;tpm;
touft&G,f Age ig;toufudkcefUrSef;Edkifaom ig;acgif;twGif;&Sd ausmuf t&pf0kdif;rsm; (Otolith rings);
ig;taMu;cGH&Sd t0kdif;&pfrsm; (scale rings)
t&G,ftpm; Size ig;tav;csdef? ig;tvSsm; Fish weight; fish length
txD;^tr ESifh
t&G,fa&mufrI
Sex and maturity
jyify^udk,fwGif; vu©Pmrsm;ESifh rsKd;yGm;t*Fg zGHUjzdK;rI wdkUudktajccHí based on internal or
external characteristics; gonad stage.

43
3-4-3/ ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm; zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHk (Species community structure)
ig;trsdK;tpm;rsm;pGmyg0ifaomig;o,HZmw vufusefyrmPtm; cefUrSef;a&;twGuf? trsm;rS us,fjyefU
pGm oabmwlvufcHxm;aom enf;pepfr&Sdao;aomfvnf;? o,HZmwyrmPtm;cefUrSef;&mwGif wcg w&H
wGif ZD0aA'qkdfif&mwHkUjyefcsufrsm; (trsdK;tpm;rsm;wGif owfjzwfpm;aomufjcif; ESifh tpm;tpm twGuf
,mOfjydkifjcif;rsm;) eSifh enf;ynmqdkif&mwHkUjyefrI (ig;zrf;ud&d,mjzifh rwlnDaom ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm;tm; a&G;cs,f
zrf;qD;jcif;) rsm;twGufxnfhoGif;cefUrSef;Muygonf/ zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfjcif;cHxm;&aom ig;rsm; wGifyg0if aom
ig;trsdK;tpm;rsm;ajymif;vJjcif;onf a*[aA'pepf aumif;rGefaomtajctaeudkjcHKiHk azmfjyaom
tnTef;udef;wck jzpfygonf/ (Z,m; 15)/ 4if;ajymif;vJjcif;onf a*[aA' t& ta&;ygaom ig; rdsK;pdwf
rsm; (keystone species) aygMuG,f0rI? ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm; axGjym;pGm a&maESmaexdkifjcif; taetxm; ESifh mean
trophic level wGifajymif;vJjcif;rsm;udk 4if;wdkUtwGif; inter alia rSwqifh aESmuf,Sufjcif;cH&yg onf/
r&nf&G,fbJ trSwfrxifzrf;qD;&rd (incidental catch)onfh a&aeiSufrsm;? wGm;oGm;owÅ0grsm; ESifh EdkUwdkuf
owÅ0grsm;? a&vkyfom;rsm;u *&krjyKaomaomig;rsm; ESifhywfoufaomowif;rsm;onf ,if; rsdK;pdwfrsm;
aoqHk;rIudk nTefjyay;jyD; qdyfurf;ukefcspm&if;rsm;wGif r&&SdEdkifyg/ ,if;owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;onf
ig;zrf;vkyfief;u a*[aA'pepftay: xdcdkufapjcif;rsm;udk tuJjzwf&mwGif ta&;MuD; aom
tcsuftvufrsm;jzpfygonf/ ig;zrf;qD;&rdrIrsm;tm; oufqdkif&m ig;rsdK;pdwftvdkuf oD;jcm;pD rSwfwrf;
wifxm;oifhjyD;? vufawGUusus aqmif&Guf&mwGifrI rsdK;cGJynmt& tkyfpkcGJjcif; rsm;twdkif; aqmif&Guf
avh&Sdygonf/ 4if;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; ig;trsdK;tpm;tvdkuf yg0ifrIrsm;tm; erlem,ljcif; odkUr[kwf
jynfhpHkpGmpm&if;a&;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjyD; rsdK;pdwftvdkufcGJjcm;um aps;uGufodkU wifydkUaom tajctae
rsm;wGifvnf; tvG,fwul&,lpkaqmif;Edkifygonf/
Z,m; 15
ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm; zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHk qdkif&m ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sif erIemrsm;
tcsuftvuftrsdK;tpm; ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif
rsdK;pdwfcGJjcm;avhvma&; rsdK;pdwftrnf – pD;yGm;a&;t& rsdK;pdwftkyfpkzGJUjcif;/
rsdK;pdwfrsm; jzpfwnfvmyHk zrf;,l&&Sd ta&twGuf ESifh rsdK;pdwftvdkuf tav;csdef/
rsdK;pdwfrsm; tjyeftvSef tusdK;jyKrSK/ ig; tpmtdrftwGif; yg0ifaom t&mrsm;/
3-4-4/ ywf0ef;usif (Environment)
ig;o,HZmwtwGuf tjcm;aomowif;rsm; (zrf;qD;&rdrIESifh vHk;vpkdufxkwfrI) ESifh qufpyftoHk;jyK& rnfh
ywf0ef;usifqkdif&mowif;rsm;onf avhvmrItrsm;tjym;wGif ta&;MuD;jyD;? txl;ojzifh wkduf&dkuf qufpyfrI
&Sdaeonfh yifv,f? urf;&dk;wef;wavSsmuf a&vSefonfh ae&mrsm; wGif ig;zrf;qD;jcif;vkyfief; (upwelling
fisheries) ESifh a&csKdig;vkyfief; a&MuD; a&vSsHuGif;rsm;wGifig;zrf;qD;jcif;vkyfief; (floodplain fisheries)
rsm;wGif txl;ta&;yg ygonf/ ta&;MuD;aom a&csKdydkif;a&uefrsm; a&t&nftaoG;
qkdif&m(limnological)? tPÖ0gaA'(oceanographic) ESifh &moDOwk cefUrSef; jcif; qdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;
tjyif j*dKvfwkrS tm&HkcH axmufvSrf;aom owif; tcsuftvufrsm;tm; ajrjyiftwnfjyKcsuf&,l&ef
(groundtruthing of remote sensing data)rsm;wGif cGJjcrf;pdyfjzmrI (analysis) trsdK;rsdK; jzifh toHk;jyKygonf/
ig;zrf;qD;a&;onf ig; ayg MuG,f0rI tajctae tay:wGif t"duusaom aomfvnf; ig;ta&twGuf onf
zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfjcif; cH&rI^rcH&rI tay: rIwnfum ajymif;vJ aeygonf/ a*[pepfrsm; obm0twdkif;

44
ajymif;vJaejcif;rsm;udk okawoD rsm;taejzifhjynfhpHkpGm em;vnf oabmaygufrI r&Sdao; onfhtwGuf?
ig;o,HZmwrsm; twGif; yrmP tajymif;tvJrsm;tm; vkdtyfovdk wduspGm MudKwif cefUrSef;Edkifjcif;
r&Sdao;yg/ rwlnDaomtusdK; oufa&mufrIrsm; tm; cGJjcm;Edkif&eftwGuf umvMum&SnfpGm? tpOfvdkuf
aumuf,lxm;aom tcsuftvuf rsm; vdk tyfrnfjzpfjyD;? vufcH ,HkMunfavmufaom &vm'frsm;
&&Sd&eftwGuf toHk;jyKaom cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm ppfaq;onfh enf;pepf tay: rlwnfí? teJqHk; 15 ESpfumv
cefUtm; vTrf;jcHKrnfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; vkdtyfrnfjzpfygonf/
trsdK;rsdK;aom aexdkifusufpm;rIrsm;ESifh a*[pepfrsm;twGuf owif;rsm;udk&&SdapEdkifaom ta&twGufrsm;
jym;onfhajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; pm&if;jyKpkxm;Edkifygonf/ a,bl,soabmqefaomajymif;vJrIudef; &Sif
rsm;rSmjrpfacsmif; ESifh a&MuD;a&vSsHuGif;rsm;wGifig;zrf;qD;jcif; vkyfief;rsm; (riverine and floodplain fishing
)twGuf a&tjrifh? a&zHk;vTrf;aom{&d,m? ajrrsufESmoGifjyifqkdif&mowif;rsm;? 'Da&awm ESifh yifv,f
urf;ajc a'orsm;wGif a&tiefEIef; ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;? &moDtvkduftylcsdefajymif;vJjcif;rsm; ponfwdkU
jzpfMuygonf/ rSwfwrf; pmtkyfrsm; (logbook)wGifvJ tcsdKUaom ywf0ef;usif qkdif&m ajymif; vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;
yg0ifavh&Sdygonf/ rsm;pGmaom ywf0ef;usifqdkif&majymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; tpdk;&|me qdkif&m
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS yHkrSefaumuf,lpkaqmif;vSsuf&SdjyD;? ajrrsufESmjyifoGifjyifjyajryHkrsm;? j*dKvfwk"gwfyHk rsm;?
yifv,fjyifwGif tvdktavSsmufrSwfwrf;wifay;onfh ud&d,mwwfqifxm;aom a&aMumif;jyaAmf,m rsm;
ponfwkdUjzifhvnf; wkdif;wmpkaqmif; vSsuf&Sdygonf/
Z,m; (16)
ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif erIemrsm;
owif;tcsuftvuftrsdK;tpm; ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;
tPÖ0gaA'â&ESifh ywfoufaom
a&tylcsdef taetxm; (a&rsufESmjyif â&atmuf îg;zrf;ud&d,m)
a&pD;EIef; (pD;qif;EIef;? OD;wnf&m)? yifv,fjyiftajctae (vIdif;tjrifh )
yifv,fjyifta&mif? Ekdufx&dwfyg0ifrI? tufppf(odkU) t,fumvDyg0ifrI? qm;"mwfyg0ifrI
&moDOwk ESifh qkdifaom (rdk;av0o) rdk;a&csdef? avtylcsdef? av (wkdufcwfEIef;? OD;wnf&m)? a&cJjzpfay:rI
3-5/ pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mtnGef;udef; rsm; (Economic indicators)
pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m&nf&G,fcsufrsm;tm; jynfhrSDaprnfh a&vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrI vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk tuJjzwf&ef
ESifh trsdK;om;tqifh ESifh a'oqkdif&mtqifhpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif? ig;zrf;vkyfief; pD;yGm;a&; qkdif&m
ta&;yg rIudk wdkif;wm&eftwGuf rsm;pGmaom at*sifpDrsm; vuf&SdtoHk;jyKaeaom wkdif;wmenf;pepf tcsdKU
&SdjyD; jzpfygonf/ tMuD;pm; pD;yGm;a&; (macroeconomic) qdkif&maomhcsufusaomtnTef;udef;rsm;wGif
xkwfvkyfrItMurf;zsif;wefzdk;? tMurf;zsif;wefzdk;jrSifhvkyfaqmifrIrsm;? edrfhusrItqifh? tvkyform;iSm;&rf;rI
tqifh? bufnDukefoG,frI (balance of trade) ESifh EdkifiHjcm;aiGvJvS,fEIef;rsm; yg0ifygonf/
yxrydkif; tnTef;udef; 4 ck tm; a'oqkdif&m odkUr[kwfig;vkyfief;tqifh wGifvnf; toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
zrf;qD;cGifhjyKonfh avvHwefbdk;? tao;pm;pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m (microeconomic) aomhcsufusaom
tnTef;udef;rsm;wGif? obm0o,HZmwiSm;&rf;crsm;? a&vkyfom;rsm; pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mvkyfaqmifrI ESifh
&if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrItqifhwGif ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;yg0ifygonf/ 4if;tnTef;udef; rsm;tm; a&vkyfief;

45
tqifhrsm;wGif4if;? odkUr[kwf a&vkyfief;twGif;&Sd wOD;csif;pDaom ig;zrf;a&,mOftkyfpk tpdwftydkif;rsm;
wGif4if; pDppftuJjzwf (evaluate) &eftwGuf toHk;jyKyg onf/ rl0g'csrSwfolrsm;taejzifh pD;yGm;a&;wGif
pm;oHk;olrsm; 0,fvdktm; ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk owdjyK&ef vdktyfygonf/ 0,fvdktm; ajymif;vJ jcif;rsm;onf
a&vkyfom;rsm; &&Sdaomaps;EHI;tm; oufa&mufrI&SdjyD;? (pm;oHk;olrsm;onfh a&vkyfom;rsm;xHrS
wkduf&dkuf0,f,ljcif; r[kwfaomfvnf;) us,fjyefUaom vlxkrsm;twGuf a&vkyfief; wefzdk;ESifh
vkyfaqmifEdkifrIrsm;tay:wGifvnf; oufa&mufrI&Sdygonf/ tcdsKUaom EdkifiHrsm;wGif ig;jyKjyif
xkwfvkyfrIu@ pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mvkyfaqmifEdkifrI (economic performance) onfvnf; ta&;ygEdkifyg
onf/
tcsdKUaom a&vkyfom;rsm; pOfqufrjywf wnf&SdaeEdkifrI(continuous existence) onf jyKjyifxkwfvkyfrI
qkdif&mpuf&Hkrsm; tvm;tvmaumif;rGefrItay:wGif rlwnfaeygonf/ jyKjyifxkwfvkyfrIu@twGuf
tuJjzwfjcif;udk ig;zrf;qD; xkwfvkyfrItm; tuJjzwfjcif;wGif toHk;jyKonfh wkdif;wmjcif;rsm;twkdif;yif
toHk;jyK tuJ jzwfEdkifygonf/
3-5-1/ aps;uGufaygufaps; (Market price)
rsm;pGmaom aps;uGuftqifhrsm;wGif? aps;uGufaygufaps;rsm;onf a&xGufukefypönf;rsm; 0,fvdktm;
twGuf umvwdk ESifh umvtv,ftvwfydkif; qdkif&mtnTef;udef;rsm; jzpfMuygonf/ 4if;wdkUonf
aps;uGufwGif tajymif; tvJ jzpf&ef tcsufjyrsm;jzpfjyD;? tu,fí? rSefuefpGmt"dyÜg,f aumuf,lEdkifygu
vkyfief;u@ tem*gwf umv pD;yGm;a&; qkdif&mvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk nGefjyay;Edkifygonf/ rsm;pGmaom
tjcm; pD;yGm; a&; qkdif&m tnTef;udef;rsm;tm; wGufcsuf&mwGifvnf; aps;EIef;rsm;tm; vkdtyfygonf/
ig;vkyfief; qkdif&m rl0g'rsm; csrSwf&ef aqmif&GufaepOfwGif aps;EIef; rsm;tm; xdcdkufrI&Sdaponfh
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk cGJjcrf; pdwfjzm &ef vdktyfygonf/ ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm;pGmtwGuf? 4if;aps;EIef;rsm;onf
qdyfurf;wGif ig;ukef&&SdrI ESifh tjcm;rsdK;pdwf rsm; eD;uyfpGm tpm;xkd;EdkifrI tay:wGif rIwnfygonf/
rl0g'qkdif&m pDrHcefUcGJrIrsm;onf qdyfurf;rsm;wGif ig;rsdK;pdwftvdkuf ig;ukefcsrI (ig;trsdK;tpm;tvkduf
pkpkaygif; cGifhjyKEdkifonfh zrf;qD;EkdifrI – total allowable catch [TAC] )ukd ajymif;vJapEdkifjyD;
aps;EIef;udktajymif;tvJjzpfaponfh twGuf? ig;vkyfief;u@ pkpkaygif;0ifaiG ESifh tjrwftpGef; &aprI
udkjzpfapygonf/ ig;ukefcsrIrsm;tay:rIwnfí aps;EIef; ajymif;vJjcif;udk jzpfay:apum
qdyfurf;ukefcsrIrsm;udk oufa&mufrI&SdapjyD;? pDrHcefUcGJrI qdkif&mxdrf;csKyfrIrsm;tusdK;oufa&mufrI udk
Munfh&SK&mwGif toHk;0ifygonf/ ay;oGif;rI^axmufyHhrI (supply) udkowfrSwfaom aps;EIef;onf &&SdcJhaom
aps;EIef;rsm;rSaomf4if;? jynfwGif;ESifh^odkUr[kwf jynfyaps;uGufrsm;twGuf qdyfurf;ukefcsrIrsm;rSaomf4if;
cefUrSef; Edkifygonf/ odkU&mwGif tjcm;aomtaMumif;t&m rsm; (Oyrm- ,SOfjydKifaeaom tpm;tpm
trsdK;tpm;rsm; aps;EIef;rsm; ESifh oGif;ukefrsm; tqifh) tay:wGif vnf;rlwnfqufEG,faeygonf/
tm;vHk;aom aps;uGufqkdif&majymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;onf tjcm;aom MuD;rm;aom pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m
(macroeconomic) ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;aMumifhvnf; oufa&mufrI(Oyrmtm;jzifh aiGaMu;azgif;yGjcif;
odkUr[kwf EdkifiHjcm;aiGvJvS,fEIef;) udkcH&EdkifonfhtwGuf aps;EIef;qdkif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk þenf;
vrf;jzifh toHk; jyK&mwGif pD;yGm;a&; oabmobm0udk jcHKiHkem;vnf&ef vdktyfygonf/ aps;uGuf wnf
aqmufyHktay: tajccHaom aps;EIef;rsm;onf rI0g' a&;qGJ&eftwGuf toHk;0ifygonf/ a'owGif;
aps;uGuf rsm;twGif; odom aomaps;EIef; uGmjcm;rI onf ukefpnf 0ifa&muf&ef tcuftcJrsm; (Oyrm –
o,f,l ydkU aqmifa&; tcuftcJ) &Sdae aMumif;udk azmfjyaeygonf/ tvm;wlyif a&vkyfom;
rsm;odkUay;aom aps;EIef; ESifh pm;oHk;olrsm;odkU a&mif;cs aomaps;EIef;rsm;wGif MuD;rm;aom
uGmjcm;csufrsm;&Sdaeygu? 4if; tajctaeonf aps;uGuf rjynfhpHkjcif;? wenf;tm;jzifh
aps;uGufwGiftm;enf;csufrsm; (Oyrm – a&vkyfom;rsm;xHrS 0,f,lol – ig;'dkifrsm; yl;aygif;MuHpnfjcif;)

46
&SdaeaMumif;udk azmfjyygonf/ jyóemrsm;tm; az:xkwf&&SdjyD;ygu? 4if;jyóemrsm;tm; &nfnTef;aom
rl0g'qkdif&m ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfygonf/
a'owGif;? trsdK;om;tqifhESifh a'oqkdif&maps;uGufaygufaps;rsm;tm; (Z,m; 17) oifhawmfaom tpdk;&
at*sifpDwpfckrS aumufcHpkaqmif;oifhygonf/ tjynfjynfqkdif&maps;uGufrsm;twGuf owif;rsm;tm;FAO
rS xkwfa0aom Globe fish pmapmifwGifvnf;aumif;? tifwmeufrSaomfvnf;aumif; aumuf,lpkaqmif;
Edkifygonf/
Z,m; 17
aps;uGufaygufaps;qkdif&majymif;vJrIudef;&SiferIemrsm;/
tcsuftvuftrsdK;tpm; ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;
ukefypönf;rsm;aps;EIef;
aps;EIef;rsm; owfrSwf&mwGif rsdK;pdwfwpfckcsif; (rsdK;wltkyfpk)?
aps;uGuf0iftrsdK;tpm;owfrSwfcsuf? aps;uGuftqifhtwef; (zrf;qD;jyD;?
jyKjyifxkwfvkyfjyD;) ig;xkwfvkyfrI? vufvD? vufum;? a'owGif;? jynfwGif;? jynfy/
3-5-2/ pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfrIwefzdk; ESifh jyKjyifxkwfvkyfjyD;ukefacsmrsm; (Gross value of production and of
processed products)
pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfrIwefzdk; - Gross value of production – GVP tm;wdkif;wm&mwGif pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfrI
rsm;tm; &&Sdaom aps;EIef;jzifh ajrSmufjcif;jzifh &&Sdygonf/ GVP onf a'owGif; odkUr[kwf jynfe,fwck
tjcm;aom a&vkyfief;rsm; odkUr[kwf tjcm;aom pufrIvkyfief;rsm;ESifh qufEG,fjyD; a&vkyfief;wck
tvm;tvm&Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mta&;ygrIudk azmfjyonfh tnGef;udef;wck jzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif GVP
jrifhrm;jcif;onf ig;vkyfief; a&&SnfumvwGif ydkrdkqdk;0g;vmjcif; odkUr[kwf wdk;wufvmjcif;udk
udk,fpm;jyKygonf/ þjzpfysufyHkudk rlwnfíajymif;vJoGm;aomwefzdk;tm; ig;yrmPtm; wGufcsuf&&Sdaom
GVP wefzdk;rS EIwf&efvdktyfygonf/ (vufusefyrmP wkd;vmygu aygif;ay;&efjzpfonf)/ GVP tm;
jyKjyifjyD;ukefacsm tMurf;zsif; wefzdk; odkUa&mufonftxd tqifhqifh ydkif;jcm; (Breaken down) Edkifygonf/
(Z,m; 18)/ þodkU aqmif &Gufjcif;jzifh tjcm;aom a&vkyfief;qkdif&mu@i,frsm;ESifh usef&Sdaom
tpm;tpmjyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&; u@i,fwdkU pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk owif; tcsuf
tvuf&&Sdapygonf/ 4if;rSm owfrSwfcsdeftcktwGif; oufqdkif&m xkwfvkyfrI trsdK;tpm;tvdkuf
xkwfukefwckjcif; wefzdk;tm; xkwfvkyfrI yrmP ESifh ajrSmufjcif; &vm'frsm; jzpfygonf/
3-5-2-1/ ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sif rsm;ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; (Variables and sources)
zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfonfhu@(harvest sector)twGuf? xkwfvkyfrIyrmP ESifh wefzdk;rsm;udk qdyfurf;ukefcs
pm&if;rSwfwrf;rsm; (ukefcsqdyfurf;ta&mif;ajypmrsm;? log book rSwfwrf;rsm;) rS&&SdEdkifygonf/ puf&Hk
aemufqHk; xkwfvkyfrI yrmPtm; ta&mif;pm&if; ESifh xkwfvkyfrIrSwfwrf;rsm;rS &&SdEdkifygonf/
tajctaersm; tay: rlwnfí tjcm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; rwlnDaom
t&if;tjrpfrsm;(zrf;qD;jyD;aemuf jyKjyifxkwfvkyf&mwGif taxmuftuljyK ud&d,mrsm;- post harvest
facilities? trsdK;om;pm&if;tif; tmPmydkiftzGJU ESifh taumufcGefrSwfwrf;rsm;) rS &&SdEdkifygonf/

47
Z,m; 18
tMurf;zsif;xkwfvkyfrIwefzdk; qkdif&m ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sif erlemrsm;/
tcsuftvuf
trsdK;tpm;rsm;
xkwfvkyfrI xkwfvkyfrItrsdK;tpm;tvdkuf ukefcstav;csdef? ukefacsmtrsdK;tpm;tvkduf xkwfvkyfjyD; tav;csdef
aps;EIef; ESifh ,lepfwefzdk; xkwfukeftrsdK;tpm;tvkduf xkwfukefwefzdk;
3-5-3/ ukefuspm;&dwfrsm; ESifh 0ifaiGrsm; (Costs and earnings)
tudsK;tjrwfjzpfEdkifpGrf; (Profibility) (Z,m; 19) onf ig;vkyfief; vkyfaqmifEdkifrIESifhywfoufaom
tvGefta&;MuD;onfhtao;pm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;(microeconomic)qkdif&mtnTef;udef;jzpfygonf/
ig;vkyfief; wck 0ifaiGwkd;wuf&&Sda&;onf ta&;MuD;aom ig;vkyfief; &nf&G,fcsufjzpfygonf/
ig;zrf;a&,mOf tusdK;tjrwfjzpfEdkifpGrf; onf ig;vkyfief; &nf&G,fcsuftm; jynfhrSDap&ef vkyfaqmifrItm;
wkdif;wm jcif; jzpfjyD;? wcsdefwnf;wGif pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m a&&SnfwnfwHUa&;twGuf tnTef;udef;
vnf;jzpfygonf/ tvm;wl tnTef;udef;rsm;tm; jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;u@twGufvnf; wGufcsuf
&&SdEdkifygonf/ odkU&mwGif ukefxkwf vkyfa&;ESifh jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;wdkUonf ydkrdk&SKyfaxG;vm&m? 4if;u@&yf ESpf
cktm; vHk;0 oD;jcm;pD jzpfatmif ydkif;jcm;cGJxkwf&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhyg/ tcsdefwdkumvtwGuf a&vkyfom; rsm;?
jyKjyifxkwfvkyfolrsm;ESifh tjcm;oufqdkifolwdkUtaejzifh 4if;wkdU aiGaMu;jzifh ukefusrI rsm;tm;vHk;tm;
jyefvnf&&Sd&ef vkdtyfygonf/ odkUjzpf&m oD;jcm;a&,mOf rsm;ESifh taxmuftuljyK ypönf;rsm;twGuf
pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mtjrwftpGef;&&SdaprItm; wkdif;wmjcif;onf tcsdefwdk-a& &SnfwnfwHUa&; twGuf
tnTef;udef;wcktjzpftoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ a&&SnfumvtwGuf ig;vkyfief;wGif qufvuf&yf wnfEdkif&efrSm?
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufolrsm;taejzifh ukefusp&dwftm;vHk;tm; jynfhrSDpGm jyefvnf&&Sd&ef vkdtyfonfhtwGuf?
pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tusdK;tjrwf&&SdEdkifpGrf;onf toifhavSsmfqHk;aom wkdif;wmrI wpfck jzpfygonf/ 4if;wGif
aiGom;r[kwfaomukefusrI (Non-catch costs) (Oyrm- 4if;wdkUtydkiftvkyform; rsm;wefzdk; ESifh
aiGvHk;aiG&if;rS wefzdk;avSsmhyrmP) yg0ifygonf/ xdkUtjyif pD;yGm;a&;wGif rnfonfhae&mrS jzpfap? 4if;wdkU
&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIrsm;twGuf? &if;ESD;xm;oavmuftm; jyefvnf&&Sd&efvkdtyfygonf/ odkUr[kwfygu
&if;ESD;jrKwfESHrIrsm;onf ydkrdkuGufajcudkufaom tjcm; u@rsm;odkU ajymif;a&GUoGm;rnf jzpfyg onf/ odkU&mwGif
wdkawmif;aomtcsdefydkif;twGif;wGif vuf&SdaiGvHk;aiG&if;tm; a&,mOfrsm; ESifh taxmuf tuljyKypönf;tjzpf
xda&mufpGm &if;EID;jrKyfESHxm; jyD;jzpfonfhtwGuf? tu,fí4if;&if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrItwGuf jyefv,f&&SdrIonf
enf;yg;aeaomfvnf;? 4if;wdkU vkyfief;rsm;udk tusdK;tjrwf &&Sdonftxd? qufvufaqmif
&GufoTm;&rnfomjzpfygonf/
pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mtusdK;tjrwfjzpfEdkifpGrf;tm; wkdif;wm&mwGif? aiGaMu;jzifh ukefusrIrsm; (cash cost) tay:
jyKrIqufqHyHkrSm wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD; wlnDrI&SdEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/ aiGom;jzifh ay;ajcjcif; (Pecuniary payments)
(Oyrm- tifwmeuf? iSm;&rf;jcif; ESifhacs;,ljcif;wdkUtwGufay;ajcrIrsm;) rsm;yg0ifrnfr[kwfyg/ tb,fh
aMumifhqdkaomf? 4if;udpö&yfrsm;onf trSefwu,fwGif t&if;tjrpfiSm;&rf;c twGif;yg0ifrI r&SdbJ vTJajymif;
jcif; (transfer) wGif udk,fpm;jyKyg0ifaeonfhtwGufjzpfygonf/ acs;aiGjyefvnfay;qyfjcif;(ta&;MuD; aom
aiGa&;aMu;a&; ukefuspm;&dwf jzpfaomfvnf;) rSmvnf; tusdK;tjrwfjzpfEdkifpGrf;wGufcsuf&mwGif yg0if jcif;
r&Sdyg/ 4if;wkdUrSm "ig;zrf;qD;jcif;wGifaiGvHk;aiG&if;oHk;pGJjcif; " wGifpm&if;0ifjyD;? wefzdk;avSsmh ukefusp&dwfrsm;
wGif yg0ifjcif;twGuf ygpkdufxkwfay;&jcif; jzpfygonf/

48
Z,m; 19
tusdK;tjrwf jzpfEdkifpGrf; qkdif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif erIemrsm;
tcsuftvuftrsdK;tpm; tajymif;tvJrsm;
tcGef^0ifaiG a&mif;&ta&twGuf ESifh aps;EIef;wkdUudk aps;tqifhtwef; (odkU) xkwfvkyfrI tqifhtwef;ESifh jyonf/
yHkkaotoHk;p&dwf (a&,mOf)
tmrcH (oabFmudk,fxnf? ypönf;Opöm? vkyfom;epfemaMu;? usrf;rma&;? umuG,fay;a&; ESifh
xdcdkufepfemrIavsmfaMu;) uGsrf;usiftwwfynm&Sif (aiGpm&if;? Oya'qdkif&m? pm&if;udkif? tcGefyHkpHxdef;)?
acs;aiGay;acsjcif; (aiG&if; ESifh twkd;)? bPÖma&; ^ 0efaqmifrI tzdk;tcrsm;? a&,mOfwefzdk;avsmhusjcif;?
tjcm;aom wefqmyvm wefzdk;avsmhusjcif; (ig;zrf;wefqmyvm? vSsyfppfypönf;rsm;)? odkavSmifjcif;?
oabFmusif;wGif oabFmae&m? a&,mOfoGm;vmcGifh 0efaqmifc? ig;zrf;vdkifpif ESifh 0efaqmifc? &Hk;vkyfief;
toHk;pm;&dwfrsm;? toif;aMu;? tat;cef;iSm;&rf;c? urf;ajcpm;&dwfrsm; (xkwfvkyfrI tqifhqifh?
tiSm;csxm;aomajr)? tiSm;pmcsKyf? urf;ajcwGif vkdtyfaom taxmuftyHUrsm;tiSm;pmcsKyf (odkU)
iSm;&rf;c/
yHkaotoHk;p&dwf
(jyKjyifxkwfvkyfolrsm;)
tmrcH (ypönf;Opöm ESifh rawmfwq xdcdkufysufpD;qHk;&IH;rI? pD;yGm;a&;tqufjywfjcif;? vkyfom;epfemaMu;?
usrf;rma&;? xdcdkufepfemrIavsmfaMu;tp&Sdonfrsm;)? uGsrf;usiftwwfynm (aiGpm&if;? Oya'qdkif&m?
pm&if;udkif? tcGefyHkpHxdef; tp&Sdonfrsm;)? acs;aiGay;acsrIrsm; (aiG&if; ESifh twkd;? bPÖma&; ^ 0efaqmif
rI tzdk;tcrsm;? wefzdk;avsmhusjcif;? tkyfcsKyfrIvpm)? tcGeftcrsm; (0ifaiG? ydkifqkdifrI ypönf; Opömrsm;)?
puf&Hkwkd;wufaumif;rGefa&;pm;&dwfrsm;? aMumfjimrsm;? cGifhjyKcsufrsm;? qHk;&IH;aomaMuG;jrSD? axmufyHUaMu;?
odkavSmifrI tiSm;pmcsKyfrsm;? pufjyKjyifrIrsm;? jyKjyifxdef;odrf;jcif;? &Hk;? &Hk;pm;&dwf? toif;aMu;?
tat;cef;iSm;&rf;crsm;/
ajymif;vJaeaom
ukefuspm;&dwfrsm;
(a&,mOf)
pufoHk;qD? pufqD? ig;pm? a&cJ? a&? pkpkaygif;&du©mpm;&dwf? c&D;pm;&dwf? ukefwifudkifwG,f ESifh
a&mif;0,fpm;&dwf? ukef;ywfay: jyKjyifxkwfvkyfrIpm;&dwfrsm;? xkwfydk;ypönf;? a'owGif;o,f,lydkUaqmifa&;
pm;&dwfrsm;? axmufyHUa&;ypönf;rsm;? tvkyform;pm;&dwfrsm; (oabFmom; ta&twGuf? oabFmom;
a0pkrSsyHkaoenf;? pkpkaygif;oabFmom;pm;&dwf? a&,mOfrI;pm;&dwfpkpkaygif;? aiGaMu;rJhepfemaMu;cefUrSef;
wefzdk;? aiGaMu;rJhepfemaMu; jzefUa0rIyHkaoenf;? oabFmom; ESifh a&,mOfrI; qkaMu;?
ukef;ay:vkyfom;vpmrsm;/
ajymif;vJaeaom
ukefuspm;&dwfrsm;
vkyfom; (tcsdefjynfh ESifh tcsdefydkif; 0efxrf;ta&twGuf ESifh ukefuspm;&dwf)? toHk;cs ESifh
o,f,lydkUaqmifa&;? ukefMurf;xkwfvkyfrI pm;&dwfrsm;? xkwfydk;ypönf;rsm;?
xkwfvkyfrItqifhqifhwGiftoHk;jyKonfh jynfhpGufypönf;rsm; (additives) tavtvGifhavsmhenf;apjcif;? a&
(yrmP ESifh pm;&dwf) a'owGif;o,f,lydkUaqmifa&;pm;&dwfrsm;? axmufyHUa&;ypönf;rsm;/
ypönf;rsm;ESifh b@ma&;qkdif&m
pD;0ifrI(flows) rsm;/
(a&,mOf )
&&efydkifcGifh^omrefypönf;rsm; (pm&if;ESifhwefzdk;)? a&&Snf&&efydkifcGifhrsm; (pm&if;ESifhcefUrSef;aygufaps;wefzdk;)?
vuf&Sday;&efwm0efrsm; (pm&if;ESifhwefzdk;)? a&&Snfay;&efwm0efrsm; (pm&if;ESifhwefzdk;)? ig;zrf;qD;rItm;vHk;rS
ESpfywfvnf 0ifaiG&&SdrI? jyD;qHk;jyD;vkyfief;tm;vHk;rS ESpfywfvnfaiGaMu;pD;qif;rI? b@ma&;qkdif&m yif&if;
rsm;? a&,mOftoHk;jyKonfh tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;rS ESpfywfvnf 0ifaiG&&SdrIyrmP? a0pk odkU ig;zrf;qD; xkwf
vkyfrIpGrf;tm;wdkUudk 0,f,ljcif;ESifh a&mif;csjcif;rsm; t&nftwGuf ESifh wefzdk;? jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;
puf&Hk aps;uGufaygufaps;? ukef;ajr ESifh ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;/
ypönf;rsm;ESifh b@ma&;qkdif&m
pD;0ifrI(flows) rsm;/
a&&Snfay;&efwm0efrsm; (pm&if;ESifhwefzdk;)? yif&if;tm;vHk;rS 0ifaiGrsm;? jyD;qHk;jyD;vkyfief;tm;vHk;rS
aiGaMu;pD;qif;rrsm;? vufusefukefypönf;wefzdk;? puf&Hk aps;uGufaygufaps;? ukef;ajr ESifh
ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;/
enf;ynmqkdif&m
tcsuftvufrsm; (a&,mOf)
a&,mOftrsdK;tpm;? t&Snf? pkpkaygif;ESifh tom;wifwefcsdef? udk,fxnfwnfaqmufxm;aomypönf;
trsdK;tpm;? wifaqmifEkdifonfhwefcsdefyrmP? puf (oufwrf;? pGrf;tm;? toHk;jyKonfh avmifpmqD
trsdK;tpm;)? ig;zrf;u&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;? ukef;ywfay:&Sd u&d,mrsm;? *D,mwGifwwfqifxm;aom
tDvufxa&mepfypönf;rsm;/ a&,mOfay:wGif jyKjyifxkwfvkyfjcif; ^ tat;ay;jcif; (yrmP ESifh
trsdK;tpm;)/ wnfaqmufaomckESpf? 0,f,lonfhckESpf ESifh aps;EIef;? ypönf;tjynfhtpHkyg0ifaom a&,mOf
aps;uGufaygufaps;? &&Sdxm;aomvkyfief;vdkifpif-vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; aps;uGufaygufaps;? tkyfpktwGif;&Sd
a&,mOfta&twGuf/ ukef;ay:&if;ESD;jrSyfESHrIrsm; aps;uGufaygufaps; (Oyrm – odkavSmif&Hkrsm;? ,mOfrsm;?
tvkyf&Hkrsm;)/

49
enf;ynmqkdif&m
tcsuftvufrsm;
puf&HktodtrSwfjyKjcif;ESifh vkyfief;rsm;/ tajccHaps;uGufrsm;/ puf&HkyrmP/ jyKjyifxkwfvkyfrIwGif
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI yrmP/ wwfqifxm;aom wnfaeypönf;u&d,mrsm;/
tavtvGifhxdrf;odrf;a&;qkdif&m trsdK;tpm;rsm;/ pkpkaygif;vkyfom;ta&twGuf/ taxmuftuljyK
vkyfom; ta&twGuf/ jynfwGif;ig;0,f,lrI/ jynfwGif;ig;wifoGif;rI? xkwfvkyfaomem&Daygif;/
wnfaeypönf;rsm;/ pm;oHk;olrsm;rS &&SdrI ESifh trsdK;tpm;tvkduf xkwfukefyrmP ESifh wefzdk;?
tusdK;tjrwfjzpfEdkifpGrf; udkrSefuefpGm t"dyÜg,faumuf,lEdkif&efrSm ig;o,HZmw yrmP cefUrSef; jcif; (stock
assessment) ESifh vlrI"avhtm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmppfaq;jcif; (socio-cultural analysis) rsm; vnf; vkdtyfrnf
jzpfygonf/ pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfrIwefzdk; - Gross value of production – GVP ESifh obm0o,HZmw
iSm;&rf;crsm; (resource rent) wdkUtm;wdkif;wmjcif;ESifhtwl? a&,mOf tusdK;tjrwfjzpfEdkifpGrf; udk pD;yGm;a&;
qkdif&m vkyfaqmifjcif; (economic performance) twGuf tnTef;udef;wcktjzpftoHk;jyK&efrSm ig;o,HZmw
ZD0aA'qdkif&mtajctaetm; pdwfwkdif;usrSwfwrf;wif&ef vdktyfygonf/ tvm;wl yif
aiGa&;aMu;a&;qdkif&m tjrwftpGef;rsm;onf vlrI"avhqkdif&mtaMumif;t&mrsm;aMumifhvJ yHkpHrusjzpfapEdkif
yg onf/ Oyrm ig;vkyfief;wckwGif a&,mOfrI; ESifh a&vkyfom;rsm;onf aqGrsdK;rsm; jzpfaeygu?
tcsdKUaomaiGaMu;ukefusrIrsm; onfyHkrSefarSsmfvifhxm;onfxufydkíMumjrifhpGma&TUqkdif;xm;wwfygonf/
3-5-3-1/ ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sifrsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; (Variables and sources)
t"duusaom owif;t&if;tjrpfrsm;rSm ig;zrf;olwOD;jcif; zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrI(harvesting (individual
fishers)) ESifh jyKjyifxkwfvkyfjcif;u@rsm;jzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif taxmuftuljyKvkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom
pufoHk;qD ESifh ig;zrf;ud&d,m jzefUjzL;olrsm;xHrSvnf; toHk;0ifaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &&SdEdkif
ygonf/ rsm;pGmaom 4if;ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;onf tMurf;zsif;xkwfvkyfrIp&dwf wGufcsuf&mwGif (pkpkaygif;
xyfqifhwkd; wefzdk;– gross value added (GVA); obm0o,HZmwiSm;&rf;crsm;- resource rent ESifh pD;yGm;a&;
qkdif&mtusdK;tjrwf- economic profits rsm;wGif Munfhyg) yg0ifaom tjcm;aom tnTef;udef;rsm; tm;
wGufcsuf&mwGifvnf; vdktyfygonf/
3-5-4/ &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrI (Investment)
ig;vkyfief; ESifh jyKjyifxkwfvkyfEdkifrIyrmP rsm;wGif ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;twGuf &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrIyrmP onf
taumif;qHk; tnGef;udef;wck jzpfygonf/ &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrI(Z,m; 20) wGifzrf;qD;xkwfvkyfjcif; (harvesting)?
jykjyifxkwfvkyfjcif;(processing) ESifh aps;uGufqkdif&m rsm;wGif vuf&SdvkyfaqmifrIyrmP tm;
tqifhjrifhwifjcif; odkUr[kwf yrmPtopftm;xdrf;odrf;&,ljcif;(acquisition) rsm;yg0ifygonf/ &if;EID;
jrSKyfEHSrIwrsdK;jcif; pDonf ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrI tm; rwlnDaom &SKyfaxG;jcif;rsm;udk jzpfay:apavh&Sdygonf/
urÇmho,HZmw rsm;tm; toHk;csrItajctae? ESifh a&&SnfwnfwHUa&;twGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;? ig;zrf;
a&,mOftkyfpkrsm; wGif &if;ESD;jrSKyfEHSjcif;wdkUonf tpdk;&rsm;twGuf txl;ta&;ygaom udpö&yfrsm; jzpfygonf/
3-5-4-1/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; (variables and resources)
pD;yGm;a&;0efMuD;|me (odkUr[kwf tvm;wltmPmydkiftzGJU) wGif &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrItm; w&m;0if rSwfyHkwif
jcif;onf t"duusaom owif;t&if;tjrpfjzpfygonf/ 'kwd,tqifh owif;t&if;tjrpfrsm;wGif
'kkwd,axmufyHUa&; u@rsm; - Oyrmtm;jzifh ig;zrf;ud&d,mjzefUjzL;a&mif;csolrsm;ESifh xkwfvkyfolrsm;?
a&,mOfrSwfyHkwifjcif;qkdif&m enf;pepfrsm; yg0ifygonf/

50
Z,m; 20
&if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrIqkdif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif erlemrsm;
tcsuftvuf
trsdK;tpg;
b@ma&;qkdif&m
&if;ESD;jrSKwfESHrIrsm;
u@tvdkuf&if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrIrsm;? pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m,lepf trsdK;tpm;rsm;?
rl&if;ESifhwkd;jrifhjcif;rsm;
vuf&Sd rufvHk;rsm; b@ma&;qkdif&mjyefv,f&&SdrIrsm;^a&vkyfief; ESifh ig;zrf;a&,mOftkyfpk tvdkfuf
tudsK;tjrwfjzpfxGef;EdkifpGrf;
3-5-5/ pDrHcefUcGJrI ukefusp&dwfrsm; (Management costs)
pDrHcefUcGJrIp&dwf (Z,m; 21) onf tpkd;& ESifh vkyfief;qkdif&mpuf&HkwdkUrS a&vkyfief;qkdif&m tkyfcsKyfa&; ESifh
apmifhMunfhavhvmtuJjzwfa&;wdkUtwGuf ukefusonfhaiGrsm;jzpfygonf/ rwlnDaom rl0g'rsm; ESifh pDrH cefUcGJ
rIenf;vrf;rsm;tay:wGifrIwnfjyD;? 0efxrf;rsm;? ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;? tjcm;aom okawoe&HyHkaiGrsm;?
taumiftxnf az:aqmif&Gufjcif;? apmifhMunfhtuJjzwfjcif; ESifh Oya'rsm;tm; vkdufemapa&;
(enforcement) paom vkdtyfcsufrsm; uGmjcm;rnfjzpfygonf/ aiGaMu;ukefusrIrsm;jym;aomrl0g'ESifh pnf;rsOf;
pnf;urf;rsm; tm;azmfaqmifcJhjyD;jzpf&m 4if;rl0g' ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udkaz:aqmif&mwGif oHk;pGJcJh&
aomaiGaMu;rsm;rSwqifh tusdK;tjrwfrsm; &&Sd&ef vkdtyfygonf/ odkUjzpf&m? pDrHcefUcGJrI pm;&dwf
rnfrSsusoifhcJhonfudk jyefvnf ppfaq;&efvdktyfygonf/ tvm;wlyif? udk,fydkif tpDtpOf rsm; jzifh
pDppfwnfhrwfa&;aqmif&GufcJh(evaluated)&mwGif pDrHcefUcGJrItoHk;pm;&dwfwGiftjcm;aom tnGef;udef;rsm;
twGufvnf; (Oyrm- pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&miSm;&rf;okH;pGJrI – economic rent) yg0if&ygrnf/
3-5-5-1/ ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sifrsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; (variables and sources)
rI&if;tajccHusaom tcsuftvuft&if;tjrpfonf a&vkyfief;qkdif&m pDrHcefUcGJrIjzpfjyD;? tjcm;aom
ukefuspm;&dwfrsm;udk puf&Hk^ vkyfief;rsm;rS tcsuftvufrsm;rSwqifhaumufcsufcsEdkifygonf/ (Oyrm –
tvkyfcefUxm;rI)/
Z,m; 21
pDrHcefUcGJrIukefuspm;&dwf qkdif&majymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;
tcsuftvuf
trsdK;tpg;
tpkd;&rSukefusrIrsm; apmifhMuyfMunfh&SKrIpm;&dwf? Oya'tm;vkdufemapa&; ukefuspm;&dwf? oifwef; pm;&dwf?
pDrHcefUcGJrIpm;&dwf? odyÜHqkdif&mokawoepm;&dwf
vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ukefusrIrsm; pDrHcefUcGJrIpm;&dwf
3-5-6/ pkpkaygif; xyfqifhwkd; wefzdk; (Gross value added - GVA)
pkpkaygif; xyfqifhwkd; wefzdk; (Gross value added - GVA) qdkonfrSm tvkyform;iSm;&rf;c? aiGvHk;aiG&if;
&if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrI pkpkaygif; jzpfonf/ 4if;onf xkwfvkyfrItcktwGif;wGif Mum;cHtaejzifh
xnfhoGif;ay;onfhoGif;tm;pkrsm; tzdk;tcrsm;udk xkwfESKwfjyD;aemuf 0ifaiGwkd;wufvmrIudk wkdif;wmjcif;
&vm'fjzpfygonf/ (aiGvHk;aiG&if;- &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIrsm; wefzdk;avSsmhyrmPrsm; yg0ifjcif;r&Sdyg)/ 4if;onf
pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfrIwefzdk; (gross value of production- GVP) tay:wGif tvkyform;crsm;ESifh aiGvHk;

51
aiG&if;- &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrItcrsm;ryg0ifaom tm;vHk;aomukefuspm;&dwfrsm;tm; xyfqifhxnfhoGif;
jcif;jzpfygonf/ 4if;onf trsdK;om;tqifhpD;yGm;a&; (national economy) wGif ig;vkyfief;u@ pD;yGm;a&;
qdkif&mta&;ygrIudk od&SdEdkifonfh wkdif;wmrIwpfck jzpfygonf/ toHk;jyKonfhenf;pepfESifh vTrf;jcHKrIrsm; tay:
rIwnfí? 4if;onf ig;vkyfief;u@ MuG,f0rIudk tjcm;aomu@rsm;ESifh ESdkif;,SOfí nTefjyEdkifygonf/
EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif GVA udk uGsrf;usifaom tpkd;&at*sifpDrsm;u pdkufydsK;a&;qdkif&m tMurf;zsif; xkwf
vkyfrI tpdwftydkif;wcktjzpf cefUrSef;MujyD;? pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;xkwfukef Gross domestic product- GDP
tm;cefUrSef;&mwGif wGJzuftoHk;jyKygonf/ GVA tm; oD;jcm;cGJíwkdif;wm MujyD; zrf;qD;jcif;u@ twGufom
owfrSwfjyD; trsdK;om;tqifh GDP wGif yl;wGJyg0ifaom jyKjyif xkwfvkyfa&;rS
xkwfvkyfaomwefzdk;jrSifhxkwfukefrsm; (Z,m;-22) eSifh aps;uGufqkdif&mu@ rsm;wGif oD;jcm;wkdif;wmrIjzifh
rowfrSwfEdkifyg/ rsm;pGmaom EdIifiHrsm;onf GVA cefUrSef;jcif;tm; ydkrdkwdusatmif
MudK;pm;aeMujyD;4if;onfvkyfaqmifrI (performance) twGuf taumif;qHk; tnTef;udef; wpfck jzpfyg onf/
3-5-6-1/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; (variables and sources)
vuf&SdwGif? rsm;pGmaomEdkifiHrsm;onf GVA tm; GDP cefUrSef; wGufcsufonfh tcsuftvufrllMurf;rsm;rS
xkwfEIwfjcif; odkUr[kwf ukefusp&dwfESifh 0ifaiGqdkif&m tcsuftvufrSwfwrf;rsm;rS cefUrSef;vmMuygonf/
tjcm;tcsuftvufrsm; Oyrm vkdifpif ESifh tcGeftcrsm;onf ig;vkyfief;OD;pD;XmerS&&SdEdkifygonf/
vkyfief;qkdif&m axmufyHUrIrsm;twGuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkrl b@ma&;0efMuD;|me ESifh^odkUr[kwf
ig;vkyfief;OD;pD;Xme rS &&SdEdkifygonf/
Z,m; 22
wefzdk;jrSifhqdkif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif erlemrsm;
owif;tcsuftvuf
trsdK;tpm;
xkwfvkyfrI^jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;
twGuftcGefrsm;
xkwfvkyfrIwefzdk;? aps;EIef;?? xkwfukefyrP? qdyfurf;ukefcs tav;csdef
ukefxkwfvkyfrI p&dwfrsm; avmifpmqD? a&cJ? qm;? ig;pm? jyifqifp&dwf? tmrcH
jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&; ukefusp&dwfrsm; ukefMurf;wefzdk;? avmifpmqD? vSsyfppf? yg0gESifh a&? xkwfydk;rI? oabFmwifp&dwf
3-5-7/ trawmfaMu; odkUr[kwf yHUydk;axmufyHUrIrsm; (subsidies)
a&vkyfief;u@zGHUjzdK;wkd;wufa&;twGuf aiGaMu;^ypönf;?yHhydk;ay;jcif;udk EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif usifhoHk;
Muygonf/ odkU&mwGif 4if;udpö&yfwGif tEIwfvu©Pmaqmifaomoufa&mufrIrsm; (Oyrm – tvGeftuGsH
&if;ESD;jrKwfESHjcif;(Overcapitalization)? tvGeftuGsH ig;zrf;qD;jcif; (Over fishing))vnf;&Sdygonf/ trsdK;om;
ig;vkyfief;u@wGif aqmif&GufusifhoHk;aeaom trsdK;tpm;pHkvifaom aiGaMu;^ypönf;?yHhydk;ay;jcif;tm;
owfrSwfazmfxkwfjcif; ESifh pDppfwnfhrwfjcif;(evaluation) onf rl0g'a&;qGJ&mwGif taxmuftul
jzpfapygonf/ ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefUcGJrIpm;&dwfrsm;onf a&vkyfief;rsm;rS pdkufxkwfoHk;pGJjcif; r[kwfygu?
4if;pm;&dwfudkvnf; ig;vkyfief;u@odkU tpdk;&rSaxmufyHUay;aom trawmfaMu;aiG tjzpf rSwf,lEdkifygonf/
4if;udpö&yftm; pDppfwnfhrwf &ef twGuf pDrHcefUcGJa&; pm;&dwfrsm;ESifh tpdk;& ig;vkyfief;xHrS &&Sdaom
tcGefb@maiGrsm;tm; cefUrSeff;xm;&ef vdktyfygonf/

52
Z,m; 23
trawmfaMu; qkdif&majymif;vJrIudef;&Sif erlem rsm;
tcsuftvuf
trsdK;ttpm;rsm;
aiGaMu;^ypönf;?yHhydk;ay;jcif; avmifpmqDwefzdk;ay:wGifjyeftrf;aiG? b@a&;qkdif&mjyeftrf;aiGrsm;? a&,mOfjyefvnf
0,f,la&;tpDtpOf? oGif;ukeftay:tcGefaiGrsm;? ydkUukefaxmufyHUaMu;rsm;? twdk;EIef;enf;aom
acs;aiGrsm;/
tpdk;&tcGefb@mrsm; a&vkyfief;twGuf 0ifaiGcGef? ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;wifoGif;cGef? ig;ukefacsmtwGuftcGef?
vkdifpifaMu;rsm;
tpkd;& ukefuspm;&dwfrsm; Z,m; 21 wGifMunhfyg/
3-5-7-1/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; eSifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; (Variables and sources)
4if;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; b@ma&;0efMuD;|me ESifh^odkUr[kwf ig;vkyfief;OD;pD; |merS &&Sd Edkifyg
onf/
3-5-8/ obm0o,HZmwiSm;&rf;crsm; ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m tusdK;tjrwf (Resource rent and economic
profits)
pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm; txl;pdwf0ifpm;jcif;cH&aom obm0o,HZmwiSm;&rf;crsm; (resource rent) onf
a& vkyfief;tvTmwckjcif;tvkdufwdkif;wmjcif;jzpfygonf/ o,HZmwiSm;&rf;okH;pGJjcif;onf &if;ESD;jrSKwfESHrI
oGif;tm;pkrsm;tm; o,HZmwrsm;udk toHk;cs xkwfvkyf&mrS axmufyHU&&SdapjyD; o,HZmu udk,fwkdifu
jyefvnfay;tyfjcif; jzpfygonf/ tu,fío,HZmwonf ydkifqkdif jcif;r&Sdygu? 4if;jyefvnfay;tyfjcif;rsm;
onf jzKef;wD;jcif; udkjzpfapjyD;? &vm'ftaejzifh ig;tvGeftuGsHzrf;qD;cH&jcif;? (over fishing) udkjzpfap
ygonf/ ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrItaejzifh o,HZmwiSm;&rf;okH;pGJjcif; udk jzpfay:ap &ef twGuf ig;zrf;jcif;
qkdif&m vkyfaqmifcsuf rsm; tm; wm;jrpfydwfyifjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfygonf/ o,HZmwiSm;&rf;okH;pGJjcif;
jzpfpOfjzpfay:apjcif;onf pDrHcefUcGJrItaejzifh t"duusaom b@ma&; qkdif&m &nf rSef;csufjzpfjyD;?
vlom;t&if;tjrpf twGuf toHk;jyK&ef a&vkyfief;rS tcGefb@mrsm;&&Sdapa&; udkudk,fpm;jyK ygonf/
odkU&mwGif obm0o,HZmwrsm; wl;az:rI (rent extracted) tm; qHk;jzwfjcif;onf rl0g'qkdif&mtjiif;yGm;zG,f
udpö&yfwck (issue) jzpfjyD;? oufqkdkif&mtpdk;&tzGJUrsm;rS qHk;jzwf&ygonf/ odkUjzpf&m iSm;&rf;okH;pGJjcif;qkdif&m
tnTef;udef;rsm; (rant-related indicators) onf ig;vkyfief;pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;? rl0g'csrSwfjcif; ESifh
pDrHcefUcGJjcif;wkdUtwGufcdkifrmaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk &&Sdapygonf/ a&&SnfumvtwGuf tjrifhqHk;
xkwf,lcGifhjyKEdkifaom iSm;&rf;rI tqifh ESifh 4if;ESifh qufpyfaeaom ig;vkyfief;wpfcktwGuf jzpfay:aponfh
iSm;&rf;rItqifhonf ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrIqkdif&m b@ma&; aqmif&GufcsuftwGuf oifhwifhavSsmufywf aom
tnTef;udef; jzpfyg onf/
ig;vkyfief;wcktwGuf tvm;tvm&Sdaom o,HZmwiSm;&rf;okH;pGJjcif;tqifhtm; cefUrSef;&eftwGuf?
o,HZmwyrmPcefUrSef;jcif; (stock assessment)? ukefuspm;&dwfrsm;eSifh 0ifaiGrsm;tay:tajccH wnfaqmuf
xm;aom ZD0pD;yGm;a&;enf;pepfarmf',frsm; (bio-economic models)udktoHk;jyKygonf/ ukefusp&dwf ESifh
0ifaiGrsm;tm; avhvm&mwGif pwifaqmif&GufcsdefwGif aiGaMu;ukefusrI rsm;jym; Edkifaomfvnf;?
pOfqufrjywf tcsuftvufrsm; jznfhqnf;ay;jcif; (update) vkyfay;jcif;jzifh ukefusp&dwf
oufomEdkifygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mtusdK;tjrwfrsm;(economic profits)rSm ig;zrf;qD;aqmif&GufrI (fishery
operation) wGifyg0ifukefusaomtcGeftcrsm; (revenues) ESifh tm;vHk;aomukefusrIrsm; (tcGifh

53
tvrf;qkdif&mukefusrI – opportunity costs rsm;tygt0if) wkdU jcm;em;jcif; jzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif pD;yGm;
a&;qkdif&mtusdK;tjrwfrsm; (economic profits)wGif obm0o,HZmwiSm;&rf;crsm; (resource rent) ESifh
xkwfvkyfol ydkvSsHaiG (producer surplus) (a&vkyfom;rsm; wOD;jcif; pDrHcefUcGJrI ESifh uGsrf;usifrI rsm;
twGuf xd a&mufpGm jyefvnf&&Sdjcif;) 2 rsdK;vHk; yg0ifygonf/
4if;tpdwftydkif; 2 rsdK;tm; cGJjcm;jcif;rSm yHkrSeftm;jzifh cGJjcm;&ef cufcJavh&Sdygonf/ odkU&mwGif tMurf;tm;
jzifh vufcHxm;MuonfrSm? pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mtudsK;tjrwfrsm; (economic profits) wGif ajymif;vJjcif;rsm; onf
ig;vkyfief;wcktwGuf obm0o,HZmwiSm;&rf;crsm; (resource rent) wGif ajymif;vJrIrsm;jzpfay:apaMumif;
nTefjy(indicative)ygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mtusdK;tjrwfrsm;(gross economic profits) tm; cefUrSef;&mwGif
pkpkaygif; xyfqifhwkd; wefzdk; (GVA) rS axmufyHUaMu;rsm;(subsidies)? pDrHcefUcGJrI? vkyftm;crsm;ESifh
aiGvHk;aiG&if;rsm;tm; xkwfEkwfjcif;jzifh&&Sdygonf/ ig;vkyfief;wck obm0o,HZmwiSm;&rf;c tqifh (level
of resource rent) tm; ukefusp&dwfoufomaom tnTef;udef;rSm – vkdifpif odkUr[kwf cGJwef;wefzdk; (quota
value) jzpfygonf/ uefUowfxm; onfh yrmPom &Sdaom vdkifpif odkUr[kwf cGJwrf;rsm; tm;vGwfvyfpGm
a&mif;csEdkifygonf/ vkdifpif odkUr[kwf cGJwrf;wefzdk;rsm; onftem*wfumvwGif &&SdEdkifaom
tusdK;tjrwf&&SdEdkifpGrf;tm;cefUrSef;í? ajymif;vJaeygonf/ odkUjzpf&m? tem*wfumvwGif tusdK;tjrwf
taejzifhjrifhwufrnf odkUr[kwf edrfhusrnf qkdaomarSsmfvifhcsuf&vm'f &Sdonfh ig;vkyfief;wckwGif
ajymif;vJjcif;wck onf arQmfvifhcsufudk xif[yfjyD;? 4if;wefzdk;rsm;udk vdkufyg ajymif;vJapygonf/
vkdifpifESifhcGJwrf;wefzdk;rsm; onf obm0o,HZmwiSm;&rf;crsm; (resource rent) tjyif
aiGaMu;^ypönf;axmufyHhay;jcif; (subsidies) ? tcGeftc (taxes) ESifh vkdifpif odkUr[kwf cGJwrf;aps;uGufwGif
rjynhfpHkjcif; paomtcsufrsm; tay:wGifvnf; rlwnfaeygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mvkyfaqmifrI (economic
performance)twGuf 4if;wkdUtm; tnTef;udef;tjzpftoHk;0ifrIonf tuefUtowfjzifhom
toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
pGrf;tm;wck vuf&Sdae&mwGif jyef&csuf ESifh ,if; tedrfhqHk; ae&mwGif jyef&csuf jcm;em;rI (economic
rent) twGuf ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;wGif tjcm;aom tnGef;udef; rsm;jzpfaom? a&,mOf^jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;
qkdif&mtusdK;tjrwf &&SdEdkifpGrf; (vessel/processor profitability)? axmufyHUaMu;(subsidies)? tkyfcsKyfrIukefus
p&dwf? aps;EIef; eSifh pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfrIwefzdk; (gross value of production- GVP) wdkUyg0ifygonf/ (Z,m;
24) / tu,fí? vkdifpifESifh cGJwrf;wefzdk;rsm;tm; pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m iSm;&rf;jcif;wGif toHk;jyK rnf[k qHk;jzwf
ygu? ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUonf wefbdk;rsm;udk az:jyay;&ef vkdtyffygonf/
vkyftm;ctcGifhtvrf; (opportunity cost of labor) udk tuJjzwf&eftwGuf? vkyfctcsuftvufrsm;tm;
aumuf,lpkaqmif;&ef vkdtyfjyD;? a&vkyfief;u@ jyify&Sd u@rsm; tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ESifh
tvkyfvufrJhtqifhtwef;tm;vnf; aumuf,l pk aqmif;& rnf jzpfygonf/ tvkyfvufrJhenf;yg;aom
(tvkyfvufrJhEIef; 5%atmuf) a'orsm;twGuf ig;zrf;a&,mOfrS oabFmom; a&vkyfom;rsm;
vpm0ifaiGonf vkyftm;c tcGifhtvrf; (opportunity cost of labor) twGuf oifhavSsmfaom
a&mifjyef[yfrIjzpfygonf? ysrf;rSsig;zrf;oabFmom;rsm; 0ifaiGonf ynmt&nftcsif;ESifh
uGsrf;usifrItaetxm; wGif wlnDaom tjcm;aom pufrIvkyfief;rsm;rS tvkyform; rsm; vpm0ifaiGxuf
ydkrdkrsm;jym;avh&Sdygonf/ taMumif;rSm ig;zrf;vkyfief; pGefUpm;&rI? qif;&J'ku©ESifh tcuftcJrsm;&Sdonfh
oabmobm0aMumifh jzpfygonf/
tvkyfvufrJhEIef; jrifhrm;aom a'orsm;wGif? xkwfvkyfrIqdkif&mig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyfudkifol a&vkyfom;rsm;
twGuf tjcm;aomtvkyftudkifrsm;wGif vkyfudkif&ef tcGifhtvrf;rSm eJyg;rnfjzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh

54
zGHUjzdK;qJ EdkifiHrsm;wGifjzpfygonf/ odkUjzpf&m? 4if;tajctaewGif vkyftm;ctcGifhtvrf;onf tvGefenf;yg;
rnf jzpfaomfvnf; oHkn txufwefzdk;wGifom&Sdrnfjzpfygonf/ tusdK;tjrwfr&Sdaom vkyftm;c
tcGifhtvrf; (zero opportunity wage) onf wefzdk;r&SdbJ? 4if;t,ltqonf trSefwu,ftm;jzifh
vufawGUESifh udkuf nDrIr&Sdyg/ tb,fh aMumifhqdkaomf? rsm;pGmaom tvkyftudkifr&Sdolrsm;onf xkwfvkyfrI
vkyfief; wckck wGif tvkyftudkif &&SdoGm; EdkifjyD;? xkwfvkyfrIvkyfaqmifcsufrsm; (productive activity)
r&Sdonfh wdkif atmif (Oyrm-cav;xdef;? tdrfaxmifxdef;? ESifhtjcm;tvkyftudkifrsm; &&SdoGm;EdkifonfhtwGuf)
tusdK;tjrwfr&Sdaom vkyftm;c tcGifhtvrf; (zero opportunity wage) t,ltqonf oifhavSsmfrIr&Sdyg/
tb,faMumifhqkdaomf tem; ,ljcif; (leisure) udk,fwkdif yifvSsif wefzdk;owfrSwfí&aom vIyf&Sm;rI
jzpfonfhtwGufjzpfygonf/
aiGvHk;aiG&if;wefzdk;(cost of capital) wGif pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mwefzdk;avsmhusjcif; (economic depreciation) ESifh
t&if;tESD; tcGifhtvrf; p&dwf (opportunity cost of capital) wkdUyg0ifygonf/ wefzdk;avsmhusjcif;
(depreciation) onf aiGaMu;r[kwfaom ukefusrI (non-cash cost) jzpfjyD;? tcsdefMumonfESifhtrSs
avSsmhusvmaom wefzdk;udk qdkvkdygonf/ t&if;tESD;tcGifhtvrf; p&dwf (opportunity cost of capital)onf
&if;ESD; jrKyfESHrI rS jyefvnf&&Sdjcif;jzpfjyD;? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&yfrsm;teufrS pGefUpm;rIwlnDjyD;? ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom
vkyfief;aemufwckwGif jyefvnf&if;ESD; jrKyfESHEdkifjcif; udk qkdvkdygonf/ pGefUpm;rIenf;yg;aom twkdif;twm
onf tpdk;& aiGacs;pmcsKyf rsm;rS jyefvnf&&Sdjcif;jzpfjyD;? jcm;em;aom pGefUpm;rI tqifhtvdkuf jyefvnf&&SdrI
EIef;xm;rsm;tm; pawmhaps;uGuf (stock market) rsm;wGif &,lEdkifygonf/ ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIu@twGuf
4if; ESifh EIdif;,SOf&ef oifhavSsmfaom vkyfief;u@rSm pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;jzpfjyD;? wlnDaom &if;ESD;jrSKwfESHrI
yrmPrS jyefv,f&&SdrIEIef;xm;rsm; wlnDEdkifyg onf/
Z,m; 24
pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&miSm;&rf;tokH;jyKjcif;twGuf ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;
tcsuftvuf
trsKd;tpm;
xkwfvkyfa&; xkwfvkyfonfhig;trsdK;tpm;tvkduf qdyfurf;ukefcstav;csdefrsm;? xkwfukefukefacsm
trsdK;tpm;tvdkuf jyKjyifxkwfvkyfonfhukefacsmtav;csdefrsm;
aps;EIef;ESifh wpf,lepf wefzdk;rsm; xkwfvkyfonfhig;trsdK;tpm;tvkduf xkwfvkyfrIwefzdk;
zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIwefzdk;rsm; avmifpmqD? a&cJ? qm;? ig;pm? jyifqifpm;&dwf? jyKjyifp&dwfESifh tmrcH
jyKjyifxkwfvkyfrIukefusp&dwf ukefMurf;? pGrf;tm;? a&? xkwfydk;jcif;? ukefpnfydkUaqmifrI
tcGifhtvrf;qdkif&mukefusp&dwf twdk;EIef;? tjcm;u@rsm; jrKwfESHrIrS t&if;jyef&EIef;rsm;? a&G;cs,fp&m vkyfcEIef;xm;rsm;
axmufyHUaMu;rsm;ESifh pDrHcefUcGJrI
ukefuspm;&dwfrsm;
trawmfaMu;taxmuftyHUrsm;? tkyfcsKyfrI? apmifhMunfhtuJcwfjcif;? xdrf;csKyfjcif;ESifh
Oya'tm;vkdufemapjcif; (MCS)
vkdifpifodkUr[kwf cGJwrf;wefzdk;rsm; vdkifpifwefzdk;rsm;? cGJwrf;wefzdk;rsm;? trsdK;tpm;tvkduf vdkifpifta&twGuf?
trsdK;tpm;tvdkuf cGJwrf;ta&twGuf ESifh yrmP? trsdK;tpm;tvkdufjyKjyifxkwfvkyfrI
vdkifpifta&twGuf ESifh wefzdk;? ig;zrf;cGifh vdkifpifavvHrS 0ifaiGrsm;? txl;ig;zrf;qD;a&;
oabmwlnDcsufrS 0ifaiGrsm;? (pmcsKyfESifh jynfyodkUiSm;&rf;jcif; rsm;)
3-5-9/ jynfwGif;pm;oHk;rItwGuf tpm;tpmaxmufyHUrI ESifh ig;pm;oHk;rI (Domestic food supply and fish
consumption)
EdkifiHtwGuf ig;&du©maxmufyHUrI ESifh ysrf;rSswOD;jcif;ig;pm;oHk;rI (average per capita consumption) qdkif&m
OD;wnfcsufvm;&m(trends)rsm;tm; rwlnDaomEdkifiH? a'oqkdif&mESifh vlOD;a&qkdif&m tqifhrsm; tvkduf
ig;udk tpm;tpmyif&if;taejzifh rSDcdkpm;oHk;aom pm;oHk;olyrmPtm; tuJjzwfjcif;jzifh od&Sdygonf/ (Z,m;
25)/ 4if;onf ig;vkyfief;ukefoG,frI ESifh pm;eyf&du©mzlvHka&; aocsmap&ef rl0g' csrSwf&mwGif tvGef

55
ta&;MuD; ygonf/
Z,m; 25
wOD;jcif;tvkduf tpg;tpm axmufyHUrI qkdif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif erlemrsm;
tcsuftvuf
trsdK;tpm;rsm;
qdyfurf;ukefcsig;rsm; toHk;jyKrIyrmP (pm;oHk;&ef ^pm;oHk;&ef r[kwfaomig;)
ig;vkyfief;oGif;ukef^ydkUukefrsm; toHk;jyKrIyrmP (pm;oHk;&ef ^pm;oHk;&ef r[kwfaomig;)
ajymif;vJjcif;ajrSmufaz:udef;rsm; xkwfukefig;tav;csdefyrPESifh tom;"gwftav;csdefyrmP wkdU tcsdK;
trsdK;om;tqifh vlOD;a& vlta&twGuf? ig;pm;oHk;rI? tpm;tpmtrsdK;tpm;tvkduf ysrf;rSstpm;tpm pm;oHk;rI
yrmP
tcsuftvufrsm;tm; zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfa&; (harvest)? jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&; (processing) ESifh aps;uGuf
(marketing) u@rsm;rS &&SdEdkifygonf/ trsdK;om;tqifhtwGuf ig;vkyfief; tkyfcsKyfa&;|mersm; eSihfh b@a&;
0efMuD;|mewdkUrS yl;aygif;ulnDjyD; owif;tcsuftvufaumufcHa&;ESifh owi;ftcsuftvuf rsm; tm;
uGefjyLwmjzifh ppfaq;Edkif&ef jyifqifay;&ef vkdtyfygonf/ tjynfjynfqkdif&mtqifhwGifrI owif;
tcsuftvufrsm;tm; vufcHjcif;? uGefjyLwmjzifh ppfaq;Edkif&ef jyifqifjcif;ESifh xkwfa0jcif;udk FAO rS
aqmif&Guf ygonf/
3-5-10/ ig;vkyfief;u@ tvkyftudkif tqifhtwef; (Employment level in the fishery sector)
tvkyftudkift&if;tjrpfwcktaejzifh a&vkyfief;u@ ESdKif;,SOfta&;ygyHkudk odxm;jcif;onf rl0g' csrSwf
&mwGif toHk;0ifygonf/ ig;zrf;qD;a&;? jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;ESifh a&mif;0,fa&;rsm;wGif vlOD;a& rnfrSs onf
yg0ifvkyfudkifvSsuf&SdaMumif;od&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh a'oqkdif&mESifh trsdK;om;tqifh pD;yGm;a&;wGif 4if;u@
ta&; ygyHkudk od&Sd^owif;&&Sdapygonf/ a&vkyfief;u@ tvkyftudkifrsm;tay: oufa&mufrI &Sdaom
taMumif; t&mrsm;udkod&Sd&ef tnGef;udef;vdktyfygonf/ (Z,m; 26)/
ig;tvGeftuGsHzrf;qD;aeaom a& vkyfief;rsm;wGif? aumif;rGefpGm pDrHcefUcGJxm;aom a&vkyfief;xuf
tvkyftudkif ydkrdkjrifhrm;ygonf/ tvm; wlyif? tvkyftudkif usqif;jcif;onf vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif;u
ig;tvGeftuGsH zrf;qD;cJhjcif; &vm'ftjzpf ,cktcsdefwGif zrf;qD;&rdrIusqif;vmonfhtwGufjzpfjyD;? ig;
vkyfief; umv&SnfwGif tajc tae aumif;rGef vmap&ef twGufig;zrf;qD;rI udkxdrf;csKyfavSsmhcs&ef udk
&nfrSef;onfh pDrHcefUcGJrI rl0g'rsm; csrSwfjcif; odkUr[kwf a'o pD;yGm;a&; wkd;wufvmapjyD; a&vkyfom; rsm;
tm; tjcm;aomvkyfief;rsm;qDodkU ajymif;a&TUvkyfudkifapjcif; rsm;udk aqmif&Guf&efvdktyfvmygonf/
3-5-10-1/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; (Variables and Sources)
tvkyftudkif ESifhywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;tm; oef;acgifpm&if;? tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;
(survey)? ESifh tcsdKUaom udpö&yfrsm;twGuf zrf;qD;ukefxkwfjcif;(harvest)? jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&; ESifh
aps;uGufqkdif&mu@rsm;rS erIemrsm;aumuf,ljcif;jzifh &&SdEdkifygonf/ 4if;tcsuftvufrsm;tm;
trsm;tm;jzifh A[kdtpdk;& &Hk;rsm;ESifh ig;vkyfief; pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;|mersm;rS aumuf,lavh&Sdygonf/

56
Z,m; 26
tvkyftudkifESifhywfoufaom ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif erlemrsm;
tcsuftvuf
trsdK;tpm;
a&vkyfief;wGif yg0ifvkyf
udkifaeolOD;a&
yxr? 'kwd,ESifhwwd,tqifh u@rsm;tvkduf? touf? usm;^r ESifh tvkyftudkif
trsdK;tpm;tvkduf vkyfom;OD;a& (a&vkyfom;rsm;? ig;zrf;a&,mOfvkyfom;rsm;?
puf&Hkvkyfom;rsm;? Mum;cHrsm;? o,f,lydkUaqmifa&;? 0efaqmifrI ponfjzifh)? tvkyftwGuf
ay;&onfhtvkyfcsdef
ig;vkyfief;r[kwfaom vkyf
ief;rsm;&Sdtvkyftudkif
tajctae
yxr? 'kwd, ESifh wwd,tqifh u@rsm;tvdkuf tvkyftudkif trsdK;tpm; ESifh touf?
usm;^r tvdkuf vkyfom;OD;a&/
tvkyfvufrJh tajctae EdkifiH a'otvdkufESifh ig;vkyfief;twGif; &SdtvkyfvufrJh tajctae
3-5-11/ ig;ESifh a&xGufukefypönf;rsm; bufnDukefoG,frI (Balance of trade of fish and fishery
products)
bufnDukefoG,frI (balance of trade) qkdonfrSm oGif;ukefwefzdk;rsm;ESifh xkwfukefwefzdk;rsm; jcm;em;jcif;
jzpfygonf/ (Z,m; 27)/ 4if;onf tjynfjynfqkdif&m ig;ukefoG,fa&;wGif EdkifiHjcm;aiG &SmazGpkaqmif;jcif; ESifh
qHk;&SH;jcif;rsm;udk azmfjyygonf/ xkdUtjyif yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;(participation)? wnfaqmufyHk ESifh
tjynfjynfqdkif&mig;ukefoG,frI tqifh ESifh qufEG,faeaom trsdK;om; ig;vkyfief; vuf&SdOD;wnfcsufudk
cGJjcm;pdyfjzmoHk;oyf (analysis) Edkifygonf/4if;tnTef;udef; qufEG,faeaomowif;rsm;udk owfrSwf
az:xkwfjyD;? ueOD; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmppfaq;jcif; (preliminary analysis)jzifh ig;ukefoG,frIudk tao;pdwf avhvm
Edkifaponfhtjyif? aemufqHk;wGif ukefoG,fa&;qkdif&m rl0g' rsm;tm; csrSwfaz:xkwfEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
ig;rsm;tm; jynfyodkUwifydkUjcif; ESifh jynfwGif;odkUwifoGif;aom oGif;ukefyrmP ESifh wefzdk;rsm;ESifh ywfouf
aom owif;rsm;tm; tjynfjynfqkdif&m ukwfoG,fa&;tm; apmifhMunhfavhvm&ef wm0ef&Sdaom trsdK;om;
b@ma&;tmPmydkiftzGJU xHrS &&SdEdkifygonf/ a&xGufypönf;rsm; jynfyukefoG,fa&;qkdif&mowif;rsm; tm;
oufqdkif&mEdkifiHrsm;rSay;ydkUaom pm&if;tif;rsm;ESifh UN statistical Office rSpm&if;tif;rsm;udk tajccHí?
jyKpkxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;tm; FAO ESifh Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) wdkUxHrS &&SdEdkifygonf/
Z,m; 27
ukefoG,frIcsdefnSdjcif; qdkif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif erIemrsm;
tcsuftvuf
trsdK;tpm;rsm;
ukefoG,frI twdkif;twm
yrmP
xkwfvkyfrItrsdK;tpm;tvkduf jynfyodkUwifydkUaomyrmP/
xkwfvkyfrItrsdK;tpm;tvdkuf jynfwGif;odkUwifoGif;aom yrmP/
ukefoG,frI twdkif;twm
yrmP
xkwfvkyfrItrsdK;tpm;tvdkuf jynfyodkUwifydkUaom wefzdk;/
xkwfvkyfrItrsdK;tpm;tvdkuf jynfwGif;odkU wifoGif;aom wefzdk;?

57
3-5-12/ a&vkyfief;u@ tom;wif EdkifiHjcm;aiG tqifhtwef; (Net foreign currency position
of the fisheries sector)
a&vkyfief;u@ aqmif&GufrIrsm;aMumifh pkaqmif;&&Sdaom EdkifiHjcm;aiG tom;wifajymif;vJrI tm;
tjcm;aom u@rsm;ESifh EIdif;,mOfjcif;jzifh EdkifiHjcm;oHk;aiG pkaqmif;&&SdrI ESifh aiGvJvS,fEIef;tm; xdrf;odrf; &ef
twGufa&vkyfief; ta&;ygrIudk wdkif;wmEdkifygonf/ tnTef;udef;wGif a&xGufukefypönf;rsm; jynfyokdU
wifydkUrIaMumifh &&Sdaom EdkifiHjcm;aiG wdk;yGm;rI - gain ESifh ig;vkyfief; xkwfvkyfrIvkyfief;pOfwGif toHk;jyK &ef
wifoGif;aom vkyfief;oHk;oGif;ukefrsm;aMumifh EdkifiHjcm;aiG ukefqHk;rI – loss rsm;yg0ifygonf/
xyfrHí? qufpyfaeaom tnTef;udef;rsm;rSm? jynfywifydkUaomtMurf;zsif;xkwfukefwefzdk; (GVP)
tpdwftydkif; ESifh oGif;ukefypönf;rsm;udktoHk;jyKonfh &vm'fjzpfaom zrf;qD;ukefxkwfvkyfrI ESifh jyKjyif
xkwfvkyfa&;u@rsm; pkpkaygif;ukefuspm;&dwf tpdyfftydkif;rsm; jzpfygonf/ 4if;wkdUtm; toHk;jyKí?
aiGvJvS,fEIef; tay:wGif tvHk;pHktusdK;tjrwf&EdkifpGrf; wkHUjyefajymif;vJrI (Sensitivity of overall
profitability to exchange rate) qkdif&mtnTef;udef;udk az:xkwf &&Sdygonf/
ydkUukefESifhoGif;ukefqkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; tjynfjynfqkdif&mukefoG,fa&;tm; apmifhMunfh
avhvm&ef wm0ef&Sdonfh trsdK;om; b@ma&; tmPmydkiftzGJUxHrS &&SdEdkifygonf/ (Z,m; 28)/ ukefus
pm;&dwfqkdif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrI ESifh jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;u@rsm; (harvest and
processing sections) rS &&SdEdkifygonf/
Z,m; 28
EdkifiHjcm;aiG tqifhtwef;qkdif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif erlemrsm;
tcsuftvuf
trdsK;tpm;rsm;
jynfyydkUukefwefzdk;rsm; ig;trsdK;tpm;tvdkufwefzdk;
ukefusp&dwfrsm; wifoGif;aom u@rsm;tvdkuf wifoGif;rI wefzdk;rsm;/ u@rsm;tm;vHk;rS pkpkaygif; wifoGif;rI
wefzdk;rsm;
3-6/ vlrI"avhqkdif&m tnTef;udef;rsm; (SOCIOCULTURAL INDICATORS)
vlrI"avhqkdif&mtnTef;udef;rsm;onf rl0g'rsm; ESifh pDrHcefUcGJrIqkdif&m aqmif&GufrIrsm;tm; pDppfwnfhrwfa&;
(evaluate) aqmif&GufaepOfwGif r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfygonf/ odkU&mwGif vlrI"avhqdkif&mtnTef;udef;rsm;udk
yHkrSeftcsuftvufpm&if;aumuf,l&mwGif vpfvSL&Ijcif;cH&avh&Sdygonf/ vufawGUwGif 4if;wdkUonf
&nf&G,fxm;aom vkyfaqmifrI rsm;udk tuJrjzwfEkdifonfhtwGuf? vlrI"avhqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;tm;
ZD0aA'ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m owif;rsm;ESifhtwl ,SOfwGJí? yHkrSefpm&if;aumuf,lrIwGif xnfhoGif;yg0if
oifhygonf/
rsm;pGmaom vlrI"avhqkdif&mtjiif;yGm;zG,fudpö&yfrsm; (issues) tm; vkyfaqmifrItnTef;udef;rsm;
(performance indicators) toHk;jyKí? tuJjzwfEdkifygonf/ odkU&mwGif vlrI"avhqkdif&m tnTef;udef;rsm;tm;
ZD0aA' ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mtnTef;udef;rsm; ESifh EIdif;,SOfygu? OD;wnf&nfrSef;xm;aom ypfrSwf&nfrSef;csuf
rsm;onf vHkavmuf aocsmpGm? owfrSwfxm;Edkifjcif;r&Sdao;jcif;? (Oyrm- ocsFmqkdif&mnDrSsjcif;rsm; rSwqifh –

58
through mathematic formulations) odkUr[kwf us,fjyefUpGm vufcHjyD;vdkufemusifhoHk;jcif; r&Sdao;
onfhtwGuf oifhavSsmfaom OD;wnf&nf&G,fonfh &nfrSef;csuffrsm;ESifh uefUowfcsuf (limits) rsm;rSm a'o
qkdif&m ig;vkyfief;rl0g' ESifh tavhtxrsm;tay:wGifom rIwnfaeyg onf/
3-6-1/ ig;zrf;vkyfief; rS0ifaiGcGJa0 jzefUjzL;rII (Distribution of fishing income)
0ifaiGcGJa0 jzefUjzL;rI (distribution of income) qkdonfrSm? ig;zrf;oltpktzGJUrsm;twGif; ESifh ig;zrf;oltpktzGJU
rsm;ESifh us,fjyefUaomvlUtzGJUtpnf;w&yfvHk;twGif; rSswjcif;(equity) udkwkdif;wmjcif;jzpfygonf/
refae*smrsm;onf? pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; toHk;jyKjcif;jzifhvlrI"avhtrsdK;tpm;
tvdkuf (catagories) ig;zrf;vkyfief;0ifaiG &&Sdaom0ifaiGtydkif;tjcm;rsm;udk Munfh&SKjcif;jzifh? rnfonfh
tzGJUi,f (sub - group) onf tjcm;olrsm;xuf tm;omcsuf (advantaged) &&SdaeaMumif;ESifh rnfonfhpDrH
cefUcGJrIqkdif&m tykdif;onf vlUtzGJUtpnf; rnfonfhtpdwftydkif;tm; oufa&mufrI(impact) MuD;rm;pGm
jzpfay:aeaMumif; udk az:xkwf Edkifygonf/ (Z,m; 29)/ tvHk;pHk0ifaiGrsm;ESifh csdwfquftoHk;jyKygu?
0ifaiGjyefUESHUrIonf ig;zrf;vkyfief; rSDcdkrIrsm;udk tjcm;aom vSKyf&Sm;rIrsm;jzifh ESdKif;,SOfnTefjyEdkifjyd;?
ysrf;rSstrsdK;om;0ifaiGrsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfvSsuf ig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyfudkifolrsm;onf rnfrSs aumif;rGefpGm
aqmif&GufEdkifaMumif; udk nGefjyEdkifygonf/
Z,m; 29
0ifaiGjyefUESHUjcif; qkdif&majymif;vJrI udef;&SiferIemrsm;
tcsuftvuf
trsdK;tpm;rsm;
0ifaiG a&,mOfvkyfom;wOD;jcif;tvdkuf0ifaiG (aiGom;wefzdk;aygif;xnfhjcif;? &S,f,m pepf odkUr[kwf
vkyftm;c EIef;xm;rsm;) ig;zrf;vkyfom; tdrfaxmifpkwpkjcif;pDtvkduf0ifaiG (ig;zrf;jcif;rS?
ig;vkyfief;ESifhywfoufaom vkyfief;rsm;rS? tjcm;tvkyfrsm;rS)
vlOD;a&pm&if;qdkif&m
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
tdrfaxmifpk0ifOD;a&? touf? usm;^r? vlrsdK;? OD;wnfaqmif&Gufaom ig;zrf;vkyfief; odkUr[kwf
ig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm;? a'ocH vlUtokdif;t0ef;
tcsuftvufrsm;tm; tvkyform;rsm;ESifh vlawGUar;jref;jcif;? zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrI (harvest) ESifh
aps;uGufu@ rS pufrIqkdif&mrSwfwrf;rsm;rS4if;? ig;zrf;vkyfief; todkif;t0ef;rS vlrsm;tm; vlawGUar;jref;
jcif;jzifh4if;? &&SdEdkifygonf/ tpkd;&at*sifpDrsm;wGifvnf;? trsdK;om;tqifh ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif; (national
surveys) rsm;rS? ywfoufqufpyfaeaom vlOD;a&qkdif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &&SdEdkifygonf/
3-6-2/ ig;pm;oHk;rIqkdif&m jyefUESHUjcif; (Distribution of fish consumption)
ig;pg;oHk;rIqkdif&m jyefUESHUjcif; onf tpm;tpmzlvHka&;ESifh ig;zrf;oltodkif;t0kdif;twGif; vlrIqkdif&m
wnfjidrfa&;udk wkdif;wmjcif;jzpfygonf/ trsdK;om;tqifh wOD;jcif;ysrf;rSsqdkfif&mwdkif;wmjcif; rsm;ESifh aygif;pyf
jcif;jzifh 4if;tnTef;udef;onf rl0g' a&;qGJolrsm;tm; ig;xkwfvkyfrI ESifh pyfvsOf;aom tpm;tpm zlvHkrIudk
tuJjzwf&ef ESifh wrsdK;om;vHk;tqifhwGifomru? tarrsm;? cav;rsm;? oufMuD; &G,ftdkrsm;ESifh
qif;&JEGrf;yg;ol rsm; tp&Sdaom csdKUwJhonfh tpktzGJUi,frsm; (sub-groups) twGufudkyg tuJjzwfEdkif&ef
taxmuftulay;ygonf/ zrf;qD;&rdrI ESifh ig;zrf;qD;&rdrItcsdK;tpm; qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm; ESifh
aygif;pyfí? rnfonfh ig;trsdK;tpm;ESifh t&G,ftpm;rsm;onf 4if; csdKUwJhxdcdkufvG,f onfh tkyfpk rsm;twGuf
r&Sdrjzpf ta&;ygaMumif; nGefjyEdkifygonf/

59
3-6-2-1/ ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sif rsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; (variables and sources)
ta&;MuD;aom tpktzGJUi,frsm;twGif; jyefUESHUrIqkdif&m wOD;jcif; pm;oHk;rI tm;wdkif;wm&eftwGuf r&Sdrjzpf
ta&;ygaom ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;rSm vlOD;a&qkdif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;ESifh yx0D0ifqkdif&m
a'otvkduf? ig;trsdK;tpm;tvdkuf qdyfurf;ukefcsjcif;ESifh pm;oHk;rIrsm;? jzpfygonf (Z,m; 30)/ rdom;pk
b@maiGpm&if; rsm;? tpm;tpm pm;oHk;jcif;uJhodkUaom tjcm;aomtaxGaxGrdom;pkowif; tcsuftvuf
rsm; onf oifhavSsmfaom rSDjirf;jyK&ef tcsuftvufrsm;udk tao;pdwfjyifqif&ef twGufvdktyfrnf jzpf
ygonf/ xdkUtjyif rsm;pGmaom "avhxHk;pHrsm;wGif? ig;zrf;qD;ol odkUr[kwf v,f,mvkyfom;rsm;onf 4if;
wkdU&&Sdaom ypönf;rsm;tm; aqGrsdK;om;jcif;rsm; odkUr[kwf tdrfeD;em;jcif;rsm;tm;rSsa0jzefUjzL;ay;jcif;onf t
a&;MuD;aom "avhxHk;pHjzpfygonf/ þuJhodkUzrf;qD;xkwfvkyf&&Sdonfhtpm;tpmodkUr[kwf 0ifaiGudk jzefUa0
ay;jcif;onf vlrIzGJUpnf;yHktwGuf? r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyfaom atmufajcckdifrmaponfh yHUydk;rIrsm; jzpfouJhodkU?
touft&G,f MuD;&ifhjcif; odkUr[kwf cdseJUjcif;rsm;aMumifh tpm;tpmtm; udk,fwkdifodkrSD;jcif; rjyKEdkifolrsm;
twGuf tpm;tpm &&Sdap&ef aocsmonfh rd&dk;zvm enf;vrf;jzpfygonf/ xdkUtjyif &dk;&m"avh t&
odkUr[kwf ,HkMunfudk;uG,frI t& tcsdKUaom tcsdeftcgwGif ig;trsdK;tpm; wpfrsdK;tm; pm;aomuf&ef
vdktyfrIrsm;vnf; &SdEdkifygonf/ zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIu@ ESifh ig;zrf;qD;rIrjyKonfh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;xHrS
tdrfaxmifpkESifh vlUtodkif;t0kdif; qkdif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tpdk;&at*sifpDrsm;xHrSvnf; &&SdEdkif
ygonf/
Z,m; 30
ig;pm;oHk;rIqkdif&m jzefUjzL;jyefUESHUjcif; twGuf ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif erIemrsm;
tcsuftvuf
trsdK;tpm;rsm;
qdyfurf;ukefcsjcif;rsm; toHkk;jyKrItvdkuf yrmP (pm;oHk;&ef? pm;oHk;&ef r[kwfaom)
a&vkyfief;qdkif&m
oGif;ukef
ESifh xkwfukefrsm;
toHk;jyKrItvdkuf yrmP (pm;oHk;&ef ? pm;oHk;&ef r[kwfaom)
t[m&wefzdk;ajymif;vJrI
ajrSmufaz:udef;rsm;
xkwfvkyfrItrsdK;tpm; eSifh ig;trdsK;tpm;tvkduf xkwfvkyfaomig;tav;csdefrS tom;"gwf
*&rftav;csdefodkU ajymif;vJjcif;udef;
trsdK;om;vlOD;a& a'owGifaexdkifolvlOD;a&? vlUtodkif;t0dkif;? a&,mOftkyfpkrsm;ESifh vlOD;a&qkdif&m ajymif;vJrI
udef;&Sifrsm; (touf? vlrsdK; ponfrsm;)
tpm;tpmrSsa0rI yHkpH tpm;tpmrSsa0jzefUjzL;jcif;twGuf a,bk,s,Ofaus;rI pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; ?
&dk;&m"avhyGJrsm;twGuf twdtus vkdtyfaom tpm;tpmrsm;/
3-6-3/ a&vkyfief;odkU0ifa&mufcGifhjyKjcif;qkdif&m oabmobm0rsm; (Nature of access to the fishery)
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrIodkU0ifa&mufcGifhjyK&ef? ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrItpDtpOfrsm;onfig;vkyfief;odkU0ifa&mufcGifh
qkdif&m oabmobm0 ESifh pDrHcefUcGJrIwGif a'ocHrsm; yl;aygif;yg0ifrI tqifhudk&nfpl;aqmif&Guf&ef (must
address) vkdtyfygonf/ a&vkyfom;rsm;ESifh refae*smrsm; Mum;wGif&Sdaom ,HkMunfrItqifh ESifh yl;wGJ pDrH
cefUcGJrItqifhtwef; (degree of co-management)udk wdkif;wm&eftwGuf? 0ifa&mufcGifhjyKjcif; oabm
obm0 qkdif&m tnGef;udef;wck tm; toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ vHk;vpdkufxkwfrIqkdif&m? rlvig;o,HZmw vuf
usef yrmP cefUrSef;jcif;qkdif&mESifh &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIqkdif&mtnTef;udef;rsm;tm; aygif;pyfjcif;jzifh 4if;owif;
rsm;tm; zrf;qD;&rdrI ESifh vHkYvpdkufxkwf rIwGif tajymif;tvJrsm;udk tuJjzwf&ef toHk;jyKEdkifonfhtjyif?
tjcm;aom xdef;csKyfrI rsm;udk vkdufemonfh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;udk cefUrSef;&ef toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ ig;vkyfief;

60
pDrHcefUcGJrI tpDtpOftopf tm; a&;qGJ&mwGif vuf&SdusifhoHk;aeaom pDrHcefUcGJrI pepfrsm;udkvnf; xnfh oGif;
pOf;pm;&ef vkdtyfygonf/ xkdodkUaqmif&Guf&ef twGuf? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; pm&Gufpmwrf; jzifh
rSwfwrf;wif&ef (need to documented) ESifh vuf&Sd usifhoHk;aeaom pepfrsm;tm;vnf; tuJjzwf&ef
vkdtyfjyD;? jyoemrsm;twGuf vufawGUusaom ajz&Sif;rIrsm; qkdif&mtqkdjyKcsufrsm;? tm;omcsuf ESifh
tm;enf;csufrsm;udk owfrSwfaz:xkwf&efvnf;vdktyfygonf/
txl;ta&;MuD;aom ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sifrsm;rSm atmufyg trsdK;tpm; (4) rsdK;twGif;usa&mufygonf/
 w&m;0ifjzpfap? w&m;r0ifjzpfap? o,HZmwtm; csOf;uyf0ifa&muf&ef ESifh xkwf,loHk;pGJ&ef udpö&yf
rsm;tm; tkyfcsKyfonfh tzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m tao;pdwf tpDtpOfrsm;/
 vlOD;a&qkdif&m oD;jcm;vu©Pm&yfrsm;odkUr[kwf a'ocHaexkdifoltodkif;t0kdif;tm; tajccHxm;aom
tzGJUtpnf; odkUtoif;0iftjzpf 0ifa&mufcGifhjyK&ef csrSwfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;/
 ,SOfjydKifaeonfh pifjydKifpepfrsm;twGif; (Oyrm – w&m;0ifESifhw&m;0ifr[kwfaom wae&mwnf;wGif
wnf&Sdaeonfhpepf (2) rsdK;) odkUr[kwf csOf;uyf0ifa&mufrIoabmobm0 aMumifh oabmxm;uGJrI
(Oyrm – vGwfvyfpGm 0ifcGifhjyKxm;jcif;aMumifh w[kefxdk; wdk;yGm;vmonfh ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;aMumifh
ig;zrf;ud&d,mqdkif&m oabmxm; uGJvGJjcif;)
a'ocHrsm; A[kokwt& yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrItqifhwGif yg0ifjcif;rsm;wGif tpkd;&ig;vkyfief;OD;pD;|mersm;?
ig;vkyfief;aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;ESifh aumifpDtzGJUrsm;yg0ifygonf/ &,l0ifa&mufjcif;oabmobm0 (nature of
access)rSmvGwfvyfpGm&,l0ifa&mufjcif; (open access)rSonf o,HZmwtm;rSsa0cHpm;cGifh&Sdonfh wOD;jcif;
tvdkuf ydkifqdkifrItcGifhta&;&Sdonfh o,HZmwtm; cGJa0rItxd (individual property right in share of the
resource) trsdK;rsdK; &SdEdkifygonf/
a'ocHESifh trsdK;om;tqifh pDrHcefUcGJrIwkdU csdwfqufrIrsm;ESifh a'ocHwdkU yg0ifrI trsdK;tpm; ESifh yrmP
wkdUtygt0ifjzpfaom? ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrI tzGJUtpnf;qdkif&m ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;qkdif&m (w&m;0if ESifh
w&m;r0ifjcif; (2) rsdK;vHk; yg0ifaom) tcsuftvufrsm;tm; &&Sd&efvkdtyfygonf/ (Z,m;-31)/ Oyrm
tm;jzifh o,HZmwpDrHcefUcGJa&;twGuf a'ocHtzGJUtpnf;rsm; (Oyrm – or0g,rrsm;? twlae tkyfpk
aumifpDrsm; odkUr[kwf ig;zrf;olrsm;toif;) ywfoufrIcdkifrmrIrsm;(strength of involvement ) udk
wdkif;wm&ef wGufcsufwkdif;wmrItcsdKUvkdtyfygonf/ tvm;wlyif rnfonfha'ocH udk,fxl udk,fx-
apmifhMunfhavhvm a&;tzGJUrsm;wnf&SdaeaMumif;ESifh ig;zrf;qD;olrsm; ZD0aA'qkdif&mESifh a*[aA'qkdif&m
A[kokwrsm;tm; odyÜHenf;us tuJjzwfrIwGifyl;wGJvkyfaqmif&eftwGuf pDrHcefUcGJrIpDrHcsuf rsm; (management
plans)twGif; jyKvkyfaeusjzpfaom a'ocHpDrHcefUcGJrIenf;pepf (customary local management regimes)
rsm; ta&;ygrIudk tuJjzwf&ef vkdtyfvmygonf/
pDrHcefUcGJrIqkdif&mqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tm;csrSwf&eftwGuf? tqifhqifhvkyfaqmif&rnfhtcsuftvufrsm;tm;
jynfhpHkpGm a&;om;xkwfjyefxm;&Sd&ef vkdtyfygonf/ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf Oyrmtm;jzifh wnfqJOya'rsm; ?
0efMuD;rsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;aomrI0g'qkdif&m&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh enf;ynmqkdif&m tMuHay;rIrsm;wkdU MoZm
vTrf;rdk;rIudk cH&avh&Sdygonf/ a,bl,stm;jzifh tm;vHk;aomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh4if;tzGJUtpnf;wGif yg0ifol
rsm;tm;vHk;? ESifh qHk;jzwfcsuftm;csrSwfap&ef vSHKUaqmfrIjzpfay:vmaom tqifhrsm;tm;vHk;wdkUudk rSwfom;
xm; &efvkdtyfygonf/ xdkUtjyif? qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfjcif;tm; oufa&mufrI&Sdaom axmufyHha&;udpö&yfrsm;?
Oyrm tm;jzifh ig;vkyfief;&Hk;rsm;wnfae&mrsm;ESifh 4if;&Hk;rsm;odkUtpnf;ta0;wufa&muf&ef odkUr[kwf
t&m&Sdtm; awGUqHk&ef oGm;a&muf&rnfh ysrf;rSsa&vkyfom;wOD;twGuf c&D;tuGmta0;wdkUtm;vnf; tuJ
jzwf&ef ta&; MuD;ygonf/ owif;tcsuftvuft&if;tjrpfrsm;rSm zrf;qD;ukefxkwfvkyfrI(harvest) ESifh

61
vlrItodkif;t0dkif; u@rsm;rS t"du&&SdjyD;? tpdk;&ig;vkyfief;at*sifpDrsm; udk,fwkdifonfvnf; owif;
tcsuftvuf t&if;tjrpf jzpfygonf/
Z,m; 31
a&vkyfief;tm; tuJjzwfjcif;qkdif&m ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sif erIemrsm;
tcsuftvuf
trsdK;tpm;rsm;
0ifa&mufcGifhtm;xdrf;csKyfaom
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;
trdsK;tpm;? w&m;pD&ifydkifcGifh? wnfae&m? 0ifa&mufcGifhjyKjcif;oabmobm0
toif;0if&eftwGuf pnf;rsOf;
pnf;urf;rsm;
tzGJUtpnf;wckjcif;pD pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;
oabmxm;uGJvTJrI ESifh yl;wGJ
pDrHcefUcGJrI
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;twGif;qufoG,frIrsm;? tzGJUtpnf;wckjcif;tvkduf? tzGJU0if tcsif;csif;
qufoG,frIrsm;
a'oqkdif&m A[kokwrsm;tm;
aygif;pyfjcif;
a'oqkdif&m,HkMunfrIrsm;tm; aygif;pyf&eftwGufenf;vrf;rsm;?
owif;tcsuftvufrsm; aygif;pyfjcif;trsdK;tpm;rsm;/
3-6-4/ zrf;qD;ukefxkwfvkyfrIu@ twGif;&Sd vlOD;a&qdkif&mESifh ig;zrf;qD;rI yHkpHrsm; (Demographic and
fishing patterns in the harvesting sector)
ig;zrf;qD;olrsm; vlOD;a&qkdif&mESifh ig;zrf;qD;rIyHkpHrsm; qdkif&mtnTef;udef;rsm;udk nDrSsapjcif;(equity)tm;
tuJjzwf&ef? ig;zrf;vkyfief;tm; rSDcdkrIrsm;ESifh ig;vkyfief;jyKjyifajymif;vJrItay: ig;zrf;qD;olrsm;wHkUjyefrI
rsm;tm; tuJjzwf&ef toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ tdrfaxmifpkt&G,ftpm;? 0ifaiG? tawGUtMuHK ESifh b@ma&;
qkdif&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;? paom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf? o,HZmwtay: rSDcdkrIudk tMuHjyKay;yg
onf/ (Z,m; 32)/ vlOD;a&qkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf a&vkyfom;rsm;tm; tjcm;aom vlU
tokdif;t0dkif;ESifh qufEG,fí ae&mcsxm;ay;&ef (to place) ulnDonfhtjyif? ig;zrf;qD;olrsm;taejzifh
vkyftm;vdktyfcsuft& ig;zrf;qD;rIvkyfief;wGifryg0ifaomvkyfom;rsm;tm; iSm;&rf;&ef vkdtyfvmonfhtcg
rnfodkU &,lodkrSD;onfudk nTefjyEdkifygonf/ o,HZmwtajctaeESifh 0ifa&mufcGifhjyKjcif; oabmobm0rsm;
qkdif&m owif;rsm;jzifh? 4if;tnTef;udef;rsm;onf refae*smrsm;tm; tem*gwfumvtwGuf oufqkdif&m a&
vkyfief; wck 0ifa&muf jcif; odkUr[kwf xGufcGmjcif;? vHkYvpkdufxkwfrIjrifhwufjcif; odkUr[kwf edrfhusjcif;?
wkdUudkcefUrSef;Edkif&ef twGuf taxmuftulay;ygonf/ tzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh
toif;0if&ef pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;paom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;jzifh aygif;pyfí ydkifqkdifrIyHkpH odkUr[kwf
zrf;qD;cGifhjyK&ef vrf;aMumif; rsm;udk ajc&mcHEdkifygonf/ þtcsufonf txl;ojzifh tao;pm;-
ig;vkyfief;i,frsm; ydkif&Sif^vkyfudkifaeol rsm; t&nftcsif;&SdrItm; pDrHcefUcGJ&efpOf;pm; onfhtcsdefESifh
ydkifqkdifrItcGifhta&;tm; zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufatmifaqmif&Gufaecsdefrsm;wGif toHk;0ifygonf/ ig; zrf;qD;olrsm;
OD;pm;ay;rItwGuf? odkUr[kwf tawGUtMuHK&SdrI ESifh uGJjym;aomig;zrf;onfhtrsdK;tpm;rsm; ponfwdkUonf
rl0g'ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;tay:wGif4if;wkdU wHkUjyefrIrsm; tm; vTrf;rdk;rI&Sdygonf/
3-6-4-1/ ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sifrsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; (variables and resources)
ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; a&vkyfief;wckcsif;pDtwGuf oD;jcm;pD wkdif;wm&ef vkdtyfygonf/ owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh zrf;qD;ukefxkwfvkyfrIu@ (harvest sector) ESifh ig;zrf;qD;olrsm; todkif;
t0dkif; rsm;rS &&Sdavh&Sdygonf/

62
Z,m; 32
a&vkyfom;OD;a&pm&if;ESifh ig;zrf;rIyHkpHrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sif erIemrsm;/
tcsuftvuf
trsdK;tpm;rsm;
ig;zrf;qD;rI tavhtx &moDOwktvdkuf? ig;zrf;ud&d,mtvkduf? zrf;qD;onfhig;trsdK;tpm;tvkduf ESifh
ig;zrf;uGuftvkduf ig;vkyfief;rsm;
ig;zrf;olrsm;qkdif&mvlOD;a&
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
touf? vlrsdK;? aexdkifonfhvlrItodkif;t0dkif;? ig;zrf;tawGUtMuKH (ESpf)? a&,mOfvkyfom;
tqifh
ig;zrf;a&,mOf oD;jcm;
vu©Pmrsm;
tvSsm;? wefcsdef? jrif;aumifa&? wyfqifxm;aom tDvufxa&mepfypönf; rsm;/
a&,mOfoabFmom; zGJUpnf;yHk a&,mOfoabFmom;ta&twGuf? tvkyfwm0efcsxm;jcif;? oabFmom; a&G;cs,f&mwGif
tajccHonfhtcsufrsm;? ig;zrf;jcif;tjyif tjcm;aom uGsrf;usifonfh tvkyfrsm;/
qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfjcif; oabFmom;a&G;cs,fjcif;? aps;uGuftm;a&G;cs,fjcif;? ig;zrf;qD;onfhtavh tx?
aiGay;ajcrIpepf/
3-6-5/ jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;ESifh a&mif;0,fa&;u@rsm;twGuf vlOD;a&pm&if;qkdif&m ESifh tvkyfcefUtyfjcif;
yHkpHrsm; (Demographic and employment patterns in the processing and marketing sectors)
jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;? a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh taxmuftuljyKpufrIvkyfief;rsm;&Sd vlOD;a&qkdif&m owif;rsm; ESifh
tvkyfcefUtyfjcif;yHkpHrsm; (employment patterns) tm;? a&vkyfief;rsm;tay:vlUtokdif;t0dkif; rSDcdkrItm;
aemufqufwGJtaejzifh qufvufwdkif;wm&eftwGuf toHk;jyKygonf (Z,m;-33)/ bufnDukefoG,frI
(balance of trade) qdkif&mtnGef;udef;rsm;ESihf wGJzufí toHkk;jyKjcif;jzifh jynfwGif;pm;oHk;&eftwGuf zrf;qD;
xkwfvkyfrI (domestic harvest) wGif ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;onf? jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;u@wGifvkyfudkifaeaom
vlrItodkif;t0dkif;tay: wGif &dkufcwfcH&rIrsm; (impacts)tm; tuJjzwfEdkifygonf/ aps;uGufqkdif&m
oabmobm0rsm;onfvnf; a&vkyfief;wGiftajymif;tvJjzpfap&eftwGuf tvm;tvm&Sdaom
aps;uGuffwHkUjyefrIrsm; tnTef;udef; tjzpftoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ r&Sdrjzpfta&;ygaom ajymif;vJrI
udef;&Sifrsm;wGif? zrf;qD;ukefxkwfvkyfrI (harvesting)rS pm;oHk;rI (jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;tygt0if) twGif;&Sd
jyefUESHUrIuGif;qufwGif yg0ifaom tv,ftvwfMum;cHtqifhrsm; jyKrIvkyfaqmifyHkrsm;yg0ifygonf/
xdkUtwl a&mif;0,fa&;u@wGif pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m jyefUESHUrIrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf/ t"duvkdtyfonfh
tcsufrSm a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rsm; vGwfvyfrI&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf/ 4if;tcsufonf vkyfief;rsm;ESifh
pyfvsOf;í? qHk;jzwfcsuftm; rnfodkUcsrSwfonfqdkonfhtay:wGif rlwnfaeygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh
vkyfief;rsm;onf aqGrsdK;om;jcif;qufqHrItay: tajcwnfxm;jcif; odkUr[kwf ig;zrf;olrsm;twGuf
MudKwifaiG xkwfay;&ef oabmwlxm;jcif; ponfwkdUonf aps;EIef;tay:wGif oufa&mufrI udkjzpfay:
apygonf/
tcsuftvuft&if;tjrpfrsm;rSm zrf;qD;ukefxkwfvkyfa&;? jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;ESifh a&mif;0,fa&;u@ rsm;
jzpfjyD;? tpkd;&at*sifpDrsm;rSvnf; &&SdEdkifygonf/
tcsuftvuf
trsdK;tpm;rsm;
tvkyfcefUtyfjcif;yHkpHrsm; &moDtvdkufESifh tvkyftrsdK;tpm;tvkduf tvkyform;ta&twGuf/
tvkyform;OD;a&qkdif&m
tcsuftvufrsm;
touf? vlrsdK;? aexdkifonfh ae&m? a'ocH odkUr[kwf a&GUajymif;tajccHol/
yHUydk;rIqkdif&m vu©Pm&yf rsm; aps;uGufodkUr[kwf puf&Hkwnfae&m? xkwfvkyfrItrsdK;tpm;ESifh yrmP/
qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfjcif; tvkyform;iSm;&rf;jcif;? rnfonfha&,mOfrS0,f,lrnfudk a&G;cs,fjcif;?
tjcm;a&mif;0,folrsm; odkUr[kwf a&mif;csrnfh jyKjyifxkwfvkyfoIrsm;tm; a&G;cs,fjcif;/

63
3-6-6/ vlrItodkif;t0dkif; rSDcdkrI (Community dependence)
vlrItodkif;t0dkif; a&vkyfief;tay:rSDckdrIonf pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrI"avhrsm;qufoG,frIESifh ig;vkyfief;wGif
uefUowfcsKyfjc,fjcif; qkdif&mtnTef;udef;wckjzpfygonf/ 4if;tnTef;udef;tm; tjcm;aom vkyfaqmifrIESifh
pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mtnGef;udef;rsm;ESifh aygif;pyftoHk;jyKjyD;? ig;vkyfief;odkU ajymif;a&TU0ifa&mufvmjcif; odkUr[kwf
xGufcGmoGm;jcif;rsm;udk &Sif;jyEdkifygonf/ vlrI"avhqkdif&m a&vkyfief;tm;rSDcdkjcif; (4if;rSm a&vkyfief;rS oDcsif;
rsm;? yGJawmfrsm;ponfwdkUwGif yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufrnfhenf;vrf;rsm;) rsm;onf a&vkyfief;rS a'ocH vlrI
todkif;t0dkif; odkU pD;yGm;a&;ESifh roufqkdifaomwefzdk;rsm;udk wkdif;wmEdkifygonf/ a'ocH vlrItokdif;t0dkif;
rSDcdkrIonf ig;vkyfief; tpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh qufpyfcsdwfqufaeonfh tm;avSsmfpGm? 4if;onf
wpfcgwpf&HwGif &IyfaxG;ae EdkifonfhtwGuf? us,fjyefUaom yrmPrsm;jym;onfh ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;udk
pOf;pm;jyD;? xnfhoGif; &ef vdktyfygonf/ (Z,m;-34)/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ig;zrf;qD;a&;vkyfief; tm; &dkufcwfrI
(impacts) rsm;onf pufrI vufrIvkyfief;rsm; odkUr[kwf tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;tay:rlwnfaejyD;?
vkyfief;u@wckvHk; zGHUjzdK; wdk;wufrI tm; csKyfjc,fjcif;rsm; (constrains)udkjzpfapygonf/ odkUjzpf&m?
tu,fí zrf;qD;&rdaom ig;rsm;tm; aps;uGuf odkUwifydkU&ef twGuf vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;raumif;jcif;
odkUr[kwf ukefjzefUjzL;ol (ig;'dkif) rsm;wGif ig;rsm;udk aps;uGufodkU o,f,lydkUaqmif&ef pDpOfxm;rIr&Sdygu?
tjcm;a'orsm;twGuf tpm;tpm ydkrdk&&Sdap rnfr[kwfouJhodkU? a'ocHvlrItodkif;t0kdif;twGufvJ
aiGydkrdk&&Sdapvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/
Z,m; 34
vlrItodkif;t0kdif; rSDcdkrIqkdif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif erlemrsm;
tcsuftvuf
trsdK;tpm;rsm;
tvkyfcefUtyfjcif;rsm; a'ocHvlrItodkif;t0kdif;rS ig;zrf;vkyfief;ESifh qufpyfvkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufaeaom
vlOD;a&/
ig;vkyfief; tpdyf
tydkif; rsm;
a&vkyfom; ta&twGuf? 0ifaiGtwGufaomf4if;? tpm;tpmtwGufaomf4if;? ig;zrf;vkyfief;tm;
rSDcdkaeonfh tdrfaxmifpkta&twGuf? avSrsm;? jyKjyifxkwfvkyf a&;puf&Hkrsm;?
vuúm;'kdifMuD;rsm;(wholesalers)? ig;'dkifrsm;(rerailers)? ig;vkyfief;tm; rSDcdkaeaompuf&Hkrsm;?
(qdyfurf;i,frsm; (marinas)? ig;pm^ig;zrf; ud&d,mqkdifrsm;(bait/tackle shops)?
a&,mOfoHk;ypönf;ukefonfrsm;(chandlers)? avmifpmqD jzefUjzL;a&mif;csa&; ponfrsm;)?
tajccHtaqmufttHkqdkif&mtpdwf tydkif;rsm;? (Oyrm- o,f,lydkUaqmifa&;? qufoG,fa&;)?
a&vkyfief;tm; MoZmvTrf; rdk;rI&Sdaom tpkd;& ESifh tpkd;&r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;?
0ifaiG ESifh ig;pm;oHk;rI tpm;tpmtwGuf ig;tm; rSDcdkaeolrsm; &mcdkifEHI;? ig;zrf;vkyfief;ESifh 4if;ESifh qufpyfywfouf
aeaom puf&Hkrsm;wGif 0ifaiGtwGuf rSDckdaeaom tdrfaxmifpk ESifh a&,mOftkyfpkrsm; &mckdifEHI;/
ordkif;aMumif;ESifh
,Ofaus;rI yif&if;
(capital)
ig;zrf;vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIrsm;ESifh qufEG,faeaom vlrItodkif;t0kdif;rS toif; tzGJUrsm;? yGJawmfrsm;?
&kyfxkrsm;? ig;zrf;vkyfief;qkdif&mvlrItodkif;t0kdif; tzGJUtpnf; rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom
ig;zrf;vkyfief;tm; trSwfoauFwjyKonfhyHkpHrsm;/
pMum0VmaA'
(eu©wÅaA') -
Cosmology
,Ofaus;rIqkdif&mt&vkdtyfaomoD;oefUig;xGufukefypönf;rsm;? wm;jrpfxm;aom{&d,mrsm;?
tcsdefumv ESifh ig;trsdK;tpm;rsm;? tjcm;oD;oefU,HkMunfrIrsm;ESifh^odkUr[kwf
ig;zrf;qD;jcif;ESifhqufEG,faomwm;jrpfcsufrsm; odkUr[kwf ig;zrf;qD;rItrsdK;tpm; rsm;/
ig;zrf;qD;rIqkdif&mtavhtxrsm;tm; oufa&mufrI&Sdonfh ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m ESifh udk;uG,frIqkdif&m ,HkMunf rI
rsm;tm; aumif;pGm em;vnfoabmaygufrItm; zGHUjzdK;wkd;wufatmifaqmif&Gufa&;rSm ta&;MuD;aom tcsuf
jzpfygonf/ tcsdKUaomaeU&ufrsm;? &moDOwk odkUr[kwf vajymif;vJrI tqifh rsm;rStcsdKUwGif em; ae&ef
owfrSwfxm;onfhtwGuf tvdktavSsmufig;zrf;vkyfief;ydwfodrf;onfhtcsdefumvrsm;vnf; &Sdyg onf/
tm;vyf&ufrsm;tygt0if tcsdKUaomaeUxl;aejrwfrsm;wGif usif;yaompm;yGJaomufyGJrsm;wGif? oD;oefUig;
odkUr[kwf tjcm;a&xGufypönf;rsm;tm; pm;yGJaomufyGJwGif t"du tpm;tpmtjzpf xnfhoGif;
jyifqifaomaMumifh 4if; trsdK;tpm;rsm; tcsdefydkif;0,fvdktm;rSm 4if;yGJawmfrsm;usif;yonfh umvrsm; wGif

64
jrifhwufavh&Sdygonf/ urÇmhaps;uGufwGif 0,fvdktm;jrifhwufaeaomfjim;vnf;? ,HkMunfrIrsm;aMumifh tcsdKU
aoma&vkyfief;rsm; a'oqkdif&mzGHUjzdK;wkd;wufa&;udk t[efUtwm; jzpfapygonf/ a'oqkdif&m ,HkMunf
rIrsm; ESifh "avhxHk;pHrsm; ESihf 0da,m"d jzpfapaom odkUr[kwf a&Smifwdrf;&ef MuKd;pm;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;
rsm; ESihftrdefUrsm;tm; xyfrHusifhoHk;jcif; enf;vrf;rsm;onf odomxif&Sm;pGm qefUusifrIrsm;ESifh
&ifqkdifMuHKawGU&avh&Sdygonf/ tjcm;tzufwGifrI 4if;tavhtxrsm;udk wdk;csJUjcif; odkUr[kwf
xyfrHwnfaqmuffjcif;enf;vrf;tm; &SmazGaom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf; ESifh trdefUrsm;onf atmifjrifrIrsm;
&&Sdavh&Sdygonf/ odkUjzpf&m 4if;,HkMunfrIrsm;tm; okawoejyKvkyfjyD;? ig;vkyfief;tm; rdrdwdkU
oGm;a&mufvdkaom OD;wnfvrf;aMumif;twkdif;a&TUvSsm;ap&ef yJhudkifay;rnfh enf;vrf;rsm;tm; &SmazG&ef rSm
r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyfaom tcsufjzpfygonf/
ig;vkyfie;ftay:wpkdufrwfrwf ulnD vkyfudkif ay;avh&SdMuaom tpdk;& tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; rSwfwrf;wif
(documented) xm;&efvdktyfjyD;? ig;vkyfief;tay: t&Sdeft0goHk;aomtjcm;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm;vnf;
rSwfwrf;wif&ef vkdtyfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh arG;jrLa&;ESifhig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;wGuf acs;aiGxkwfay;aom
tpkd;& aiGacs; tzGJUtpnf;rsm; jzpfygonf/ jrdKUaumifpD odkUr[kwf touft&G,fMuD;&ifholrsm; aumifpD
odkUr[kwf tjcm;aomtzGJUtpnf;wpfckckwGif rxGef,uf&ao;aom pkdufysdK;ajrrsm;ESifh yifv,fjyif&Sd
xdrf;odrf;a&;{&d,m rsm;tm; zGifhcGifh odkUr[kwf ydwfodrf;cGifh ay;Edkifaom tcGifhta&;tmPm &Sdygonf/
a'ocH at*sifpDrsm; onf a&,mOfvkdifpifrsm;tm;vnf; vkdtyfrnfjzpfygonf/
bk&m;ausmif; odkUr[kwf pmoifausmif;tkyfpkrsm;onf a&vkyfief;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí? vl
trsm;tm; MudKwif&Sif;vif;ay;aom (lobbying) yHkkpHaqmif&Gufay;jcif;ESifh 4if;wkdUonf tcsdefMumjrifhpGm c&D;
xGufMu&aom a&vkyfom;rsm; ZeD;r,m;rsm;tm; yHUydk;ulnDrIay;&ef r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfaom uGef,uf csdwf
qufay;olrsm; jzpfvmMuygonf/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk trsm;tm;jzifh a&vkyfom;rsm; todkif;
t0kdif; rsm;? ig;zrf;qD;olrsm;? ig;vkyfief; qdkif&mat*sifpD rsm;ESifh ywfoufqufpyfaeaom tpdk;&at*sifpD
rsm;rS &&Sdygonf/
3-6-7/ ig;zrf;qD;jcif;vkyfief; vlrIa&; taetxm; (Social status of fishing)
ig;zrf;qD;olrsm; vlrIa&;taetxm; ESifh tvkyftudkifwcktjzpf ig;zrf;qD;jcif;tm;odem;vnfjcif;onf
ig;vkyfief;odkU 0ifa&mufjcif;ESifh ig;vkyfief;rS xGufcGmjcif;jyKMuonfh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay: MoZmouf
a&mufrI &Sdygonf/ 4if;onf ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;? ig;zrf;a&,mOfftkyfpkrsm;ESifh zrf;qD;jyD;aemuf
jyKjyifxkwfvkyf&mwGif toHk;jyKaom ud&d,m rsm; tusdK;tjrwf jzpfxGef;EdkifpGrf; (post-harvest facility
profitability) ESifhvnf; yl;wGJaeavh&Sdygonf/
r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfaom ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm;? ig;vkyfief;rS b@a&;qkdif&m tcaMu;aiG &&Sdaom tkyfpk ESifh
,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m wefzdk;rsm;wGif yg0ifaom tkyfpk [lí? (2) rsdK;cGJjcm;Edkifygonf (Z,m;-35)/
yxrtkyfpktwGuf r&Sdrjzpfta&;ygaom ajymifvJrIudef;&Sifrsm;rSm? ig;zrf;vkyfief;u@ 0ifaiG rsm;ESifh
tjcm;vkyfief;u@wkdU 0ifaiGrsm;jzpfygonf/ 'kwd,tkyfpktwGuf ta&;ygaom ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif rsm;rSm
ydkrdkrsm;jym;ygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tvkyftudkifwcktaejzifh ig;zrf;qD;jcif;aMumifh &&Sdvmaom atmifjrif
MuG,f0rItqifhonfh ig;vkyfief;taejzifh tvkyform;topfrsm;tm; qGJaqmif odrf;oGif;&mwGif
MoZmoufa&mufrI &Sdygonf/ a&vkyfom;rsm;onf olwkdU b0vrf;aMumif;(way of life)onf olwdkU
t"duwefzdk;rsm; (core values) tm;xdrf;odrf;xm;Edkifrnf[kk ,HkMunfMujyD;? ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefUcGJrI pepfonf
olwdkU b0vrf;aMumif;tm; qufvufavSsmufvSrf;&ef twGuf 4if;wkdU pGrf;aqmif&nf tm;
oufa&mufrI &Sdrnf[kcdkifrmaomtjrifrsm; &SdMuygonf/ a&vkyfom;rsm; MuD;pdk; aomig;zrf;vkyfief;qkdif&m

65
tzGJUtpnf;ESifh toif;tzGJUrsm;tm; qefUusifum? vlrItodkif;t0kdif;qkdif&m tzGJUtpnf; ESifh toif;tzGJU
rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufaom a&vkyfom;rdom;pkrsm; tqifh(level) onf 4if;ig;zrf;vkyfief;
todkif;t0kdif; oD;jcm;jzpfaerItm; nTefjyaeaom tnTef;udef; jzpfygonf/
ig;zrf;qD;rIvkyfief;tm; vlrIa&;todkif;t0kdif;u jcHKiHk&SKjrifaom tjrifrsm;tm; ppfaq;oHk;oyfjcif;onf
ta&;ygaom udpö&yfjzpfygonf/ ig;zrf;qD;jcif;vkyfief;tm; tvkyfvkyfudkif&eftwGuf aemufqHk;xm;
pOf;pm;aom em;cdk&mtjzpf4if;? rd&dk;zvmvkyfief;taejzifhom yg0ifywfoufonfhvkyfief;taejzifh4if;?
rvkyfoifh rvkyftyf[k wm;jrpfxm;aom vkyfief;tjzpf4if;? roefU&Sif;aomolrsm;tjzpf4if;? vlrIa&;
todkif;t0dkif; rS trsm;pku&IUjrifavh&SdMuygonf/ tvGeftuGsHig;zrf;qD;rItm;qefUusifvSsuf&Sdaom
urÇmt0Srf; vSKyf&Sm;rIrsm;u ig;zrf;vkyfief;tm; xdcdkufa0'emcHpm;apvSsuf&Sdonfhtjyif? tcsdKUu ig; zrf;qD;
olrsm;tm; yifv,fjyifrS t"r®vk,uf,laeolrsm;tjzpfyHkaz:vSsuf&SdMuaomfvnf;? tcsdKUaom vlrsm;u
ig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm;tm; &J&ifhaom MuD;us,fjrifhjrwfolrsm; vkyfaqmifrIrsm;tjzpf,lqMujyD;?
vlom;rsm;wnf&Sd? &yfwnfaeap&ef twGuf obm0w&m;udk&ifqkdifwkdufcdkufjyD;? yifv,fjyiftm; eyef;
owfvSsuf yifv,fjyifrS tpg;tpgrsm;tm; vlom;rsm;twGuf &,lay;aeMuolrsm;tjzpfvnf; &SKjrifMu
ygonf/ a&vkyfom;rsm; a,bl,s yHk&dyfrSm- ig;zrf;qD;jcif; vkyfaqmifrIrsm;wGif vHk;vpkdufxkwfrI
udkjrSifhwif&ef odkUr[kwf avSsmhcs&ef twGuf &dkufcwfrI tiftm;MuD;rm;aom tjcm; vkyfief;rsm; ESifh
,mOfjydKifum ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;rS &&Sdaom ysrf;rSsvkyftm;c udkzufwG,fxm;&onfh taetxm;
jzpfygonf/owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; yHkrSeftm;jzifh ig;zrf;qD;olrsm;? ig;zrf;olrsm;todkif;t0kdif;rsm;?
tpkd;&at*sifpD rsm; ESifh a&vkyfief;at*sifpDrsm;rS &&Sdavh&Sdygonf/
Z,m; 35
ig;zrf;qD;olrsm; vlrIa&;taetxm; qkdif&m ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sif erIemrsm;/
owif;tcsuftvuf
trsdK;tpg;rsm;
b@a&;qkdif&m
tcaMu;aiG
ig;zrf;vkyfief;u@ 0ifaiGrsm;? tjcm;u@rsm; 0ifaiGrsm;/ a&vkyfom; rdom;pkrsm; 4if;wdkU
ynma&;ESifh uGsrf;usifrIrsm;udk ay;tyfvSsuftjcm; u@ rsm;rS tvkyftudkifrsm;tm;
&SmazGjcif;rsm;/
,Ofaus;rIqkdif&mwefzdk;rsm; ig;zrf;vkyfief;aMumifhatmifjrif<u,f0rItm; tjcm;aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; ESifhEIdif,SOfjcif;?
vkdcsifaom vlaerIyHkpH(life style)tm; ig;zrf;vkyfief;jzifh xdrf;odrf;EdkifrItwkdif;twm- 'Du&D/
(Oyrm-vGwfvyfrI? pGefUpg;rI)/ a&vkyfom; rsm;onf4if;wkdU om;^orD;rsm;tm;a&vkyfief;odkU
0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&ef tg;ay;ygovm;/ vli,fav;rsm;onf
ig;zrf;vkyfief;odkU0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&ef eufeufeJeJ pOf;pm;ygovm;/
ig;zrf;orm;rsm;0ifa&mufEdkifonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESihftoif;tzGJUrsm;/
3-7/ avhusifhcef;rsm; (Exercises)
 rnfonfhtnGef;udef;rsm;onf yHkrSefapgifhMunfhavhvmjcif;rS &&SdEdkifjyD;? rnfonfwdkUonf oD;jcm;
apgifhMunfhjcif;rS &&SdEdkifonfudk yHkpHwck (model) jzifh nGefjyyg/
 oifhwdkif;jynfwGif aumuf,lpkaqmif;vSsuf&Sdaom ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sifrsm; ESifh tnGef;udef;rsm;tm;
pm&if;jyKpkay;jyD;? owif;tcsuftvuf aumuf,ljcif;udk atmifjrifpGm vkyfudkifEdkifpGrf;&SdyHkudk
azmfjyyg/

66
4/ oif&dk; (3) owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm;rnfuJhodkUaumuf,lrnfenf;? tcsuf tvuf
aumuf,la&;r[mAsL[mrsm;ESifh enf;pepfrsm; (HOW TO COLLECT DATA – DATA
COLLECTION STRATEGIES AND METHODS)
oifwef;oif&dk; (3) &nf&G,fcsuf
tcsuftvufaumuf,la&;tm; oef;acgifpm&if; yHkpHrsdK;jzifh 100 &mcdkifEIef;tjynfht0
aumuf,ljcif;tm; b,ftcsdefwGifaqmif&GufoifhovJ? odkUr[kwf erIemrsm;a&G;cs,f&,laumufcHjcif;ESifh
tcsuftvuf aumuf,l jcif;qkdif&m uGJjym;aomenf;pepfrsm;taMumif;wkdUtm; em;vnfoabmayguf
ap&ef/
4-1/ ed'gef; ( INTRODUCTION)
ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mtcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,la&;twGuf yHkpHcsvkyfaqmif&mwGif tajccHaom r[mAsL[m
rsm;rSm ig;vkyfief;wpfckwpfckwGifwlnDrIr&SdMuyg/ EdkifiHwpfck odkUr[kwf a'owckwGif pufrSKvkyfief;qdkif&m?
tao;pm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;? rd&dk;zvm wpfEdkifwpfydkifig;zrf;vkyfief;aqmif&GufaerIESifh tyef;ajz ig;zrf;
vkyfief; ponfwdkUonf a&maxG;yg0ifaeygonf/ 4if;trsdK;tpm;wckcsif;pDwGif udk,fydkif oD;oefUvu©Pm
&yfrsm; yg&SdaejyD; 4if;wdkUESifh qufpyfta&;ygonfhtcsufrsm;&SdMujyD;? tcsuftvuf aumuf,lrIrsm;tm;
taxmuftuljyKEdkifonfh udk,fydkif pGrf;&nfrsm;vJ &SdMuygonf/ xdkUtjyif tcsdKUaom tcsuftvufrsm; onf
jyifyowif;t&if;tjrpfrsm;rS &,l&efvdktyfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh EdkifiHwum aps;uGufqkdif&m
tcsuftvufrsm; odkUr[kwf oufqkdif&mqdyfurf;rsm;odkU r0ifa&mufaom EdkifiHwumig;zrf; a&,mOfrsm;
zrf;qD;&rdrIponfwkdUjzpfygonf/ ig;vkyfief;wkdif;onf 4if;wkdU udk,fydkifr[mAsL[mrsm; &Sd&efvdktyfjyD;?
vkdtyfaom jynfhpHkonfhrSwfwrf;rsm; a&;oGif;jcif;ESifh erlemaumuf,ljcif;wdkUjzifh jynfhpHk&ef vkdtyfygonf/
tcsdefMumvmonfESifhtrSs? pm&if;aumuf,ljcif;qdkif&m r[mAsL[monf jynfhpHkpGm pm&if;rSwfwrf;
a&;oGif;jcif;rS erlemtoHk;jyKpm&if;aumuf,ljcif;odkU ajymif;vJvmEdkifygonf (odkUr[kwf tjyeftvSef
vnf;jzpfEdkifygonf)/ txl;ojzifh od&Sdem;vnfrI wkd;wufvmaomtcgESifh vdktyfcsuf (odkUr[kwf)
t&if;tjrpfrsm; ajymif;vJvmonfhtcgrsm;wGif jzpfygonf/
erlemaumuf,la&;r[mAsL[mrsm;onf? tajccHpm&if;Z,m;rsm;tm; jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef twGufjynfhpHkaom
pm&if;rSwfwrf;rsm;tm;tMudrfMudrfjyKvkyfjcif;rsm;jzifh tqHk;owfoGm;avh&Sdygonf/ a&vkyfief;wpfcktwGuf
odkUr[kwf u@i,f wpfcktwGuf tcsdefwkdif; vdktyfcsuf tm;vHk;ESihf udkufnDaomjyD;jynfhpHkonfh r[m AsL[m
wpfcktm; wnfaqmufcsrSwfa&;rSmrjzpfEdkifyg/ ajymif;vG,f jyifvG,f &SdjyD;? oifhawmfaom tjcm; enf;vrf;
wckjzifh csOf;uyfjcif;onf ig;yrmPcefUrSef;jcif;? aps;uGufudk jyefvnf oHk;oyfjcif;odkUr[kwf a'ocHrsm;
ig;vkyfief; tay:rSDcdkrIponfwkdUtm; tuJjzwfEdkifatmif yHkpHcsa&;qGJxm; aomrnfonfh r[mAsL[m
twGufrqdk aomhcsufusaomtpdwftydkif;wpfck jzpfygonf/
rnfonfhowif;tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;qkdif&mr[mAsL[mwGifrqdk atmufyg tqifhrsm; yg0if&ef
vkdtyfygonf/
 tpDtpOf &nf&G,fcsufrsm;tay:rlwnfí? &SdjyD;aomowif;tcsuftvuftpHktviftm;
pDppfjcif;ESifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm;tuJjzwfEdkiffpGrf;&SdrItm; pDppfjcif; (Oyrm –
pm&Gufay:wGif? uGefjyLwmjzifh ponfrsm;)/
 u@odkUr[kwfu@i,fwck vkyfief;ydkif;qdkif&moD;oefUvu©Pmrsm; (Oyrm – a&vkyfief;?
aps;uGuf? ig;zrf;a&,mOftkyfpk? a'ocHvlxk? tzGJUtpnf;qkdif&mywf0ef;usif ponfrsm;) udkazmfjyyg/
wenf;tm;jzifh OD;a&pm&if;(oef;acgifpm&if;) odkUr[kwf rlabmifjzifhjcHKiHkavhvmjcif; (the census of
frame survey) [kvnf;ac:qdkEdkiffygonf/

67
 toHk;jyKrnfhcsOf;uyfyHkenf;vrf;tm;qHk;jzwfyg/ tm;vHk;tm;jynfhpHkpGmpm&if;a&;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;
odkUr[kwferlemjzifhaumuf,ljcif;enf;vrf;? ukefusp&dwf – tusdK;tjrwf? ukefusrIoufomrnfh
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmpDppfjcif;(cost effentiveness analysis)? vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIqkdif&m pOf;pm;qifjcifjcif;
rsm;tay: pDppfwnfhrwfjcif;rsm; (tzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m? aiGaMu;qkdif&m ESifh vltrSm;t,Gif;rsm;)/
 twnfjyKcJhjyD;aom csOf;uyfrIenf;vrf;t& erlemaumuf,l&mwGiftoHk;jyKrnfh tvTmvdkufcGJjcm;
xm;aomyHkpHrsm; (forms) tygt0if enf;pepfrsm;tm; yHkpHxkwfyg/
 tjcm;aomywfoufyg0ifolrsm; yl;aygif;yg0ifrIjzifh (other stakeholder participation) prf;oyfrI
tm;aqmif&GufjyD;? enf;pepfonf usdK;aMumif;qDavSsmfudkufnDrI&SdaMumif; oufaojy&ef prf;oyfyg/
 ar;cGef;rsm;wGifyg0ifrnfh aqmif&GufrIqkdif&mtnGef;udef;rsm; (performance indicator) jzifhwkdif;wm
jcif;rsm;onf tcsuftvuftrsdK;tpm;? t&nftaoG;? ta&twGuf ESifh yif&if; (origin) qkdif&m
vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnDrI&SdaMumif; aocsmap&eftwGuf? tcsuftvufyif&if;rsm; (data source)
ESifh tcsuftvuftoHk;jyKolrsm; (data users) Mum;wGif? tqufrjywfaqmif &GufaernfhwHkUjyefrI
qkdif&mvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;^tpDtpOf (feedback mechanism) wpfcktm;a&;qGJ xlaxmifyg/
4-2/ pepfyHkpHtwGuf tcsuftvufvkdtyfcsufrsmtm;b,fvdkqHk;jzwfcsufcsrnfenf;
(How to decide - information requirements for system design)
yHkpHustcsuftvufrsm; (structural information)onf pm&if;tcsuftvufaumuf,la&; tpDtpOf
wpfck rlabmif (frames) rsm;tm;wnfaqmuf&ef r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfygonf/ yxrqHk;tqifhrSm a&jyifrsm;ESifh
yg0ifoifhaom {&d,mrsm;tm;owfrSwfjcif; ESifh 4if;a'otwGif;vkyfudkifvSsuf&Sdaom ig;vkyfief;puf&Hkrsm;
tcsuftvufrsmtm;pkaqmif;jyifqifjcif; (qdyfurf;rsm;ESifh ukefwifukefcs ae&mrsm;? ig;zrf;a&,mOf
tkyfpkrsm;? ig;zrf;qD;olrsm;? aps;rsm; ESifh o,f,lydkUaqmifa&; vrf;aMumif;rsm; ponfjzifh) jzpfygonf/ 4if;
tcsuftvufrsm;onf tao;pdwftrsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;&ef ESifh tajccH ig;vkyfief; u@
wnfaqmufyHktm;az:xkwf&eftwGuf taxmuftyHUay;onfhtjyif? tm;vHk;aom ig;vkyfief; qkdif&m
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk rSefuefpGmaumuf,lEdkifrnfh pDrHcsufwpfcktm; wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf rjzpfrae
vkdtyfygonf/ rsm;jym;vSaom tpktzGJUqkdif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vnf; vlrIa&;-,Ofaus;rI
(vlrI"avh) qkdif&mcGJjcrf;pdwfjzmppfaq;jcif; (analysis) twGuf vkdtyfygonf/ 4if;udpö&yfrsm; twGuf
rjzpfrae vkdtyfaom tajccHtaqmufttHkqkdif&mESifh udk,fa&;udk,fwm qkdif&m owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfygonf-
 wnf&Sdaeaomqdyfurf;rsm;ESifh ukefwifukefcsae&mrsm;? 4if;wkdUwnfae&mrsm;? jzefUa0rIyHkpHrsm; ESifh
vufcHudkifwG,fEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom ukefcsdefyrmPrsm;/
 ig;zrf;avStzGJUrsm;ta&twGufESifh 4if;wkdUig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;? a&vkyfom;yrmP? yg0ifonfh
ig;zrf;avS^a&,mOfta&twGuf? tajcpkdufqdyfurf; ESifh ukefwifukefcsqdyfurf;tm; trSDjyKonfh
yx0D0ifqkdif&mjzefUusufrIrsm; (geographical distribution)/
 ig;zrf;jcif;ESifh ukefcsyHkpHrsm;jzpfaom 4if;wkdU yx0D0ifqkdif&m? &moDOwkqkdif&mESifh aeUpOfvkyfief;
qkdif&mjzefUusufoGm;vmrIrsm;ESifh a&vkyfief;twGif;a&,mOfESifhig;zrf;tkyfpkrsm;twGif; ajymif;a&GUrI
qdkif&mtcsuftvuftcsdKU? xdkodkUaqmif&GufEdkif&ef ig;zrf;vkyfief;wck vkyfief;qkdif&m t"dyÜg,f
owfrSwfcsuftcsdKUwkdUudk em;vnfvufcHEdkif&efvkdtyfygonf/ (atmufwGifMunfhyg)/

68
 t"duusonfhypönf;rsm;? r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfaomypönf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;twGuf axmufyHUa&;
A[kdae&mrsm; (Oyrm – ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;ESifh qufpyfypönf;rsm;? avmifpmqD? puftydkypönf;rsm;?
a&,mOfrsm;jyifqifa&;? a&aMumif;jyud&d,mrsm;ESifh a&cJrsm;)/
 ig;jzefUjzL;a&;vrf;aMumif;rsm;? ig;toHk;csrI? ig;jyKjyifxkwfvkyfrI ESifh aps;uGufqkdif&m tavhtx rsm;?
ig;ukefoG,frI? a'oig;pm;oHk;rI? jyKjyifxkwfvkyfolrsm;ta&twGuf? aps;uGufrsm;/
 ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mtajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;ESifh wpfckjcif;pD t"du,lepfrsm;tm; o&kyfaz:csuf
udkwpfcgw&HwGif tao;pdyfjcHKiHkppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif; (frame survey) [kac:qkdMuygonf/
jzpfEdkifygu? ig;zrf;a&,mOfrSwfyHkwifjcif;rsm;? qdyfurf;MudK;rJhaMu;eef;rSwfwrf;rsm;? qdyfurf;rsm;?
aps;ta&mif; t0,f rSwfwrf;rsm;? o,f,lydkUaqmifa&;ESifhtjcm;aom tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&mrSwfwrf;rsm;?
ig;vkyfief; qkdif&mvlOD;a& oef;acgifpm&ifrsm;? ajryHkrsm;? ig;zrf;rSwfwrf;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aomtcsuf
tvufrsm; ponfjzifh jyefUusJaeaom tcsuftvufyif&if;rsm;rS &&SdEdkifaomtcsuftvufrsm;
tay:wGif rlwnfjyD; ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif; (survey) tm;a&;qGJoifhygonf/
4-3/ jynfhpHkpGm pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;ESifh erlem&,ljcif; (Complete enumeration and sampling)
4-3-1/ t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfcsufrsm; (Defination)
tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;qkdonfrSm wpfck odkUr[kwf wpfckxufykdaom ajymif;vJEdkifaom udef;&Sifrsm;
(variables) (ig;txdtrd? aps;EIef;? ig;zrf;qD;rItwGufMumjrifhcsdef paom) tm; tcsuftvuf tpktzGJUwpfck
(data unit) (ta&twGufwpfck&Sdaom ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;? ig;zrf;qD;ol a&vkyfom;rsm; ponfjzifh) wGif
yg0ifaom tzGJU0ifrsm;xHrS pkaqmif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;jzpfygonf/ tcsuftvuf aumuf,la&; tajccH
enf;vrf; 2 rsdK;&Sdygonf-
 jynfhpHkpGmpm&if;aumuf,lrSwfwrf;wifjcif; (complete enumeration) – tzGJU0iftm;vHk;xHrS wdkif;wm
aumuf,ljcif;/
 erlem&,ljcif; (by sampling) – 4if;wGif yg0ifolyrmPtm;vHk;teufrS tzGJU0iftcsdKU xHrSom
tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif; wdkUjzpfygonf/
ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;tm;jynfhpHkpGmpm&if;a&;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;tm; yHkrSeftm;jzifh
ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif; ESifh tajccHtaqmufttHkqkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;&,ljcif;rsm; wGif
jyKvkyfavh&Sdygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif jynfhpHkaompm&if;a&;oGif;í tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;tm; t&
vkyfief;rsm;(large scale fisheries)wGif aqmif&Gufavh&SdjyD;? wpfcgwpf&HwGiferlem&,ljyD; jcHKiHkavhvmjcif;
(sample survey) enf;jzifh tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm; (SSFs)? ig;zrf;&ef (wpf,lepfig;txdtrd CPUE)?
wpfuDvkdaps;EIef;? ig;vkyfief;,lepfwpfck ukefusp&dwfESifh 0ifaiG&&SdrIwdkUtm; aumuf,lavh&Sdygonf/
4-3-2/ jynfhpHkaompm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif; ESifh erllem&,ljcif; wdkUtm; qHk;jzwfjcif;
(Deciding between complete enueration and sampling)
jynfhpHkaompm&if;oGif; rSwfwrf;wifjcif; ESifh erlemtajcjyK csOf;uyfjcif;enf;vrf; 2 rsdK;wGif 4if;wkdU
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twkdif;yif tcsuftvufrsm;tm; oD;oefUtcsdefwpfckwGif4if;? ESpfwpfESpf vtcsdKU
wGifvnflaumif;? pm&if;tif;ynmt& pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aomtcsufrsm;tm; wkdif;wm&ef vnf;aumif;
jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/

69
erlemtm;jzifh? jynfhpHkaompm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;csOf;uyfenf;jzifh pkpkaygif;ig;txdtrd; ig;ukefcs
qdyfurf;tm;vHk;wGif apmifhMunfhjyD;aumuf,ljcif;tm; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/
erlem-tajcjyKcsOf;uyfenf;jzifh pkpkaygif; ig;zrf;qD;&rdrItm;cefUrSef;onfh OyrmwckrSm – ig;ukefcsqdyfurf;
wpfckrS ig;zrf;&uf w&uftwGuf ysrf;rSsig;zrf;qD;&&SdrItm; erlem&,ljyD;? ig;zrf;avSwpD; ysrf;rSsig;zrf;
xGufonfh&uftm; erlemig;zrf;avSwpD;rS erlem&,lygonf/ 4if;wkdUtm; ajrSmufjcif;jzifh ig;zrf;avStpD;
ysrf;rSsig;txdtrd yrmPtm;&&Sdygonf/ pkpkaygif;ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrItm; &&Sd&ef twGuf 4if;tm; tao;pdyf
jcHKiHkppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif; (frame survey) odkUr[kwfig;zrf;avS rSwfyHkwifjcif;rS &&Sdaom pkpkaygif;
ig;zrf;avSta& twGuf ajrSmufaz:udef; (a raising factor) jzifh ajrSmufjcif;jzifh &&Sdygonf/
jynfhpHkaompm&if;a&;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;ESifh erlemjzifh aumuf,lwGufcsufjcif;wkdUteuf rnfonfhenf;
vrf;tm;toHk;jyKrnfjzpfaMumif;qHk;jzwf&efrSm owif;tcsuftvuftrsdK;tpm;tm; trSDjyKaom trsdK;rsdK;
aom pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;? vuf&Sdb@maiGESifh vltiftm;tuefUtowf wkdUtay:wGif tajccHavh &Sdyg
onf/ jynfpHkaompm&if;a&;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;enf; odkUr[kwf erlemaumuf,ljcif;enf; paom csOf;uyf
enf;rsm; atmufwGif &Sdaomftcsuftvufaumuf,la&;enf;pepftrsm;tjym;udkvnf; toHk;jyKEdkif
ygonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh ig;txdtrdrSwfwrf; (logbook catch) ESifh ig;zrf;qD;jcif;qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;
udkjynfhpHkaom qdyfurf;ukefwuftpD&ifcHpm (complete reporting of landings) jzifh apmifh
MunfhtuJjzwfEdkifyg onf/ tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;ESifh rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;twGufig;vkyfief; (subsistence
fishery) rsm;rS zrf;qD;&rdrIESifh ig;zrf;qD;jcif;qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vnf; erlem-tajcjyKenf;jzifh
aumuf,lavh &Sdaomf vnf;? vlOD;a&qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udkrl jynfhpHkaom pm&if;a&;oGif;rIenfvrf; jzifh
aumuf,lavh&Sdygonf/
tvGefMuD;rm;aomta&twGufyrmP&Sdonfh Oyrm tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm; (SSFs) ESifh ig;odkavSmifrI
wkdUudk erlemaumuf,ljcif; enf;vrf;jzifhom aqmif&GufEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ jynfhpHkaom pm&if;oGif;
rSwfwrf;wifjcif; enf;pepftajcjyK jcHKiHkavhvmrIudk tcsdKUaom tcsuftvuf trsdK;tpm;rsm;wGif
toHk;jyK&ef ydkrdk ESpfoufMuygonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf 4if;enf;vrf;onf tcsdefESifh tus,ft0ef;
ukefusrIwkdUtm; ausmfvGefí? jyD;jynfhpHkaom pm&if;tif;qkdif&mvTrf;jcHKrIudk arSsmfvifh &&SdEdkifonfh
twGufjzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif? aumif;rGefpGm yHkpH xkwfxm;aom erlem tajcjyKjcHKiHk avhvmjcif;onf
trsm;tm;jzifh ta&;MuD;aom aumuf,lonfhudef;*Pef;,lepfrsm;owfrSwfcsuf (parameters) rsm;twGuf
aumif;rGefaom cefUrSef;csufrsm;udk ukefusp&dwfoufompGmjzifh &&SdapEdkifygonf/
yxr vufawGUar;cGef;
Lake pisces a&uef? 300 [ufwm us,f0ef;? ig;ukefcsqdyfurf; 2 ck&Sd? ig;zrf;avS 15 pD;
ig;zrf;vsuf&Sd? oifhwGif tuefUtowfr&Sdaom &HyHkaiG &Sd?
Lake pisces ig;vkyfief;qdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;tm; oifb,fvdk aumuf,lrnfenf;/
'kwd, vufawGU ar;cGef;
Lake Victoria : tus,ft0ef; 35 000 Km2, ukefcsqdyfurf; 635 ck? ig;zrf;avS yrmP 32 000 pD;rS Lake
Victoria twGif;ig;zrf;aeonf/ oifhwGif 0efxrf;OD;a& ESifh &HyHkaiG tuefUtowf &Sdonf/
Lake Victoria ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;tm; oifb,fvdkaumuf,lrnfenf;/

70
tcsdKUaomajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; (Oyrm – tao;pdyfjcHKiHkppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif; rS) jynfhpHkaom
pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifrIwGif zrf;qD;&&SdrI odkUr[kwf ig;zrf;qD;&mwGif vHk;vpkdufxkwfrI paom tm;vHk;aom
ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; vkdtyfygu ajrSmufaz:udef; (raising factor) rsm;tm; tjrJwef; vdktyf
aeavh&Sdygonf/ rnfonfhcsOf;uyfenf;vrf;tm; toHk;jyKrnfqkdonfrSm a'oqkdif&m tajctae
rsm;ay:wGifvnf; rlwnfaewwfygonf/
4-4/ jynfhpHkaompm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;enf;vrf;jzihf csOf;uyfrI (Complete enumeration
approaches)
tao;pdyfjcHKiHkppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif; (frame surveys) ESifh a&vkyfief;qkdif&m oef;acgif pm&if;rsm; (fishery
censuses) rsm;onf jynfhpHkaompm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;csOf;uyfrIenf;vrf;jzifhom tcsuf
tvufaumuf,laom xif&Sm;onfh twef;tpm;0ifrsm;jzpfygonf/ zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHk qkdif&m tcsuf
tvufrsm;udkrl a&vkyfief;ESifhroufqdkifaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm; (Oyrm – vlOD;a& oef;acgif pm&if; ESifh
pkdufysdK; a&;vkyfudkifaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm; oef;acgifpm&if;) rS aqmif&Gufonfh jcHKiHkavhvmjcif; (survey)
rsm;wGif ig; vkyfief;ESihfoufqkdifaom ar;cGef;rsm;tm; xnfhoGif;ar;jref;jcif;jzifhvnf; &&Sdedkiffyg onf/
ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsm; (surveys) tm;yHkpHxkwf&mwGif zrf;qD;jcif;qkdif&ma&vkyfief;xkwfvkyfrIu@
tajccH zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHktm; az:nGef;Edkif&ef ESifh tajccHtaqmufttHk? a&vkyfom;rsm;ESifh a&vkyfief;
tay: vlxk rSDcdkrI paom wkduf&dkfufqufpyfrSDcdkvSsuf&Sdonfh vkyfaqmifrIrsm;tm;vHk;wdkUESifh oufqkdifaom
vdktyfonf tcsuftvufrsm;tm; aumuf,lpkaqmif;Edkiff&ef *&kwpkduf aocsmpGm yHkpH xkwfxm;&ygonf/
4if;wkdUonf jynfhpHkpGmpm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;enf;vrf;jzifhjzpfap? erlemaumuf,l onfh jcHKiHkavhvmjcif;
enf;vrf;jzifhjzpfap? aqmif&GufvSsuf&Sdaom tcsuftvufaumuf,la&; tpDtpOfwpfckwGif
MudKwifawmif;qkdxm;&rnfh vkdtyfcsufrsm;jzpfygonf/ tcsuftvufZpfjrpf (data sources) rsm;u
w&m;0iftpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;ay;&ef awmif;qkdxm;aomudpö&yfrsm;wGif jynfhpHkaom pm&if;oGif;
rSwfwrf;wifjcif; enf;pepfudk? ukefusp&dwfrsm;tm;avSsmhcs&ef twGuf OD;pm;ay; a&G;cs,favh&Sdygonf/
jynfhpHkaom pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf; wifjcif;udkaqmif&Guf&efrSm Oya't& awmif;qkdjcif; (statutory obligation)
vkdtyf jyD;? xdrf;odrf;&ef tmPmtyfESif;xm;jcif;cH&olrsm;u aqmif&Gufonfhudpö&yfjzpfygonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh – ig;zrf;a&,mOfrSwf yHkwifjcif;rsm;? EdkifiHjcm;ydkUukefrsm; (export) (xHk;pHtwkdif;tcGef
aumufcH&eftwGuf)? ig;zrf;a0pktm; pDrHcefUcGJ&ef twGuf ywfoufaom ajymif;vJrIrsm; (Oyrm–ig;
zrf;rSwfwrf;toHk;jyK&ef) ESifh ig;zrf;onfhvHkYvpdkufxkwfrI rsm;tm; uefUowfrIESifh ywfoufaom tajymif;
tvJrsm; (Oyrm –yifv,fjyifwGif ig;zrf;&ef owfrSwf&ef) ponfwkdUyg0ifygonf/
jynfhpHkaompm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;tm; tcsdKUaomudpö&yfrsm;wGif vHk;vpkdufxkwfrItenf;i,foufom
ap&efa&G;cs,favh&Sdygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh owif;tcsuftvufaumuf,l&rnfh ta&twGufonf tenf;
i,fom&Sdjcif;? odkUr[kwf wkdif;wm&rnfh ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; (variables)onf tcsdefESifh erlemaumuf,l
&ef vufawGU jzpfEdkifrI r&Sdkjcif;wkdUjzpfygonf/ 4if;udpö&yfrsm;onf ao;i,faom ig;zrf;avSrsm;wGif jzpfay:
eSdifygonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaom wpf,lepfig;txdtrd (CPUE) onf worwfwnf; r[kwfaom aMumifh
jzpfygonf/
jynfhpHkaompm&if;a&;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;enf;vrf;jzifhcsOf;uyfrIESifhywfoufí? ta&;MuD;aom pOf;pm;
qifjcif&efwckrSmtjynfht0 vTrf;jcHKxm;Edkifjcif;^pm&if;aumuf,lEdkifjcif; r&Sdonfh taMumif; aMumifh
jzpfay:vmEdkifaom tEIwfvu©PmaqmifonfhbufvkdufrI ESifhywfoufjyD; pGefUpm;&jcif; jzpfygonf/
vufawGUwGif tjynfht0 vTrf;jcHK rI&Sdap&ef &nf&G,fvkyfaqmifaom tcsuftvufaumuf,l
a&;tpDtpOfrsm;wGif &nfrSef;xm;aom ta&twGuf (OD;a&) tpdwftydkif; wpfckonf pm&if;

71
aumuf,l&mwGif yg0ifjcif;r&SdbJ? MuGif;usefaeavh&Sdjcif; jzpfygonf/ 4if; tcsuftvuf uGufvyfjzpfjcif;
taMumif;jycsufrSm vkyfaqmifrIqkdif&m tcuftcJwpfckckESifh ywfoufae avh&Sdygonf/ tu,fí?
MuGif;usefaecJhaomtcsuftvuf yrmPrSm ao;i,fygu? tajztm; trSef&Sdaeaom tajct aetm;
xif[yfap&ef csdefqjyKjyifEdkiffygonf/ odkUaomf vnf;? &nfrSef;xm;aom ta&twGuf
tpdwftydkif;wcktm; pm&if;aumuf,lonfhpepfrS vHk;0 rSwfwrf; wifaumuf,lEdkifjcif; r&SdbJ? rSwfwrf;
,lEdkifrItqifh (level) tm; vHk;0rod&Sdygu? ppfwrf;aumuf,laom pm&if; tajz rsm; wGif pepfESifh
oufqkdifaom tEIwfvu©PmaqmifonfhbufvkdufrI (systematic negative bias) rsm; yg0ifvmjyD;? trSef
wefzdk;tm; &&Sd&ef twGuf jyKjyif&ef tvGefcufcJoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/
tcsuftvufaumuf,l&mwGif tjcm;jzpfavhjzpfx&SdaombufvkdufrIyif&if;rSm ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m
pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;tm; xdef;csKyftoHk;jyKjcif;jzpfygonf/ (Oyrm – ig;zrf;cGJwrf;rsm;)/ 4if;udpö&yfwGif w&m;
r0ifaom ig;zrf;qD;rIrsm;udktumtuG,fay;? zHk;tkyf&eftwGuf wrif&nf&G,faom rSm;,Gif;tpD&ifcHjcif;
(deliberate mis-reporting) udkjzpfapygonf/
zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufaomtcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;(Oyrm-VMS) wGif? vSsyfppfjzifh
rSwfwrf;wifjcif;(electronic logbooks)? tvkdtavSsmufaps;uGufqkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm; tm;
rSwfwrf;wifjcif;ponfwkdUaMumifh? ,cifu rodusdK;uGsefjyKcJh&aom odkUr[kwf erlemaumuf,lcefUrSef;jcif;
enf;vrf;jzifhom aqmif&GufcJh&aom tajctaersm;wGif jynfhpHkaompm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;udk aqmif
&GufEdkif&ef tcGifhtvrf;omapygonf/
4-5/ erlemaumuf,lrI tajcjyKenf;vrf;jzifh csOf;uyfjcif;rsm; (Sample-based approaches)
erlemaumuf,lrI-tajcjyKcsOf;uyfjcif;rsm; tajccHtm;atmufygtwkdif;pkpnf;azmfjyEdkiffygonf
 &nf&G,fxm;aomta&twGufwGif yg0ifaomt&mtm;vHk;tm;Munfh&SKppfaq;&efrjzpfEdkif onfh tcg?
tcuftcJ&SdonfhtcgESifh ukefusp&dwfrsm;jym;onfhtcgrsm;wGiferlemaumuf,ljcif; tm; aqmif&Guf
Edkifygonf/
 erlemaumuf,líjcHKiHkavhvmjcif;tm; &nf&G,fxm;aomvkyfief;wpfck wGifyg0ifaom a&G;cs,f xm;
onfh tpk0ifrsm;jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifjyD;? ta&twGuf jyefUESHYrIESifhoufqkdifaom aumufcsufrsm;
tm; a&;qGJcsrSwftoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
 erlemaumuf,lrIpepfudkk- tajcjyKjcHKiHkavhvmjcif; (sample-based survey) onf avhvmrI
aumuf,lrnfhudef;*Pef;owfrSwfcsuf (parameters) twGufcefUrSef;csufrsm;tm; az:xkwfay;Edkif
onfhtjyif? erlemtrSm;(sample error)udkvJ az:xkwfay;Edkifygonf/
 aumif;rGef-aocsmpGm yHkpHxkwfxm;aomerlemtcsuftvufaumuf,lrIwckonf wdusjyD;,HkMunf
vufcHEdkifaom cefUrSef;csufrsm;tm; jynfhpHkpGmpm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;enf;xufukefusp&dwf
ydkrdkoufompGmjzifh xkwfvkyfay;Edkifygonf/
odkU&mwGif? erlemaumuf,ljcif;enf;vrf;jzifhaqmif&Guf&mwGif? wkdif;wmrIjyKvkyfrnfh wpfOD;jcif;tm;
rnfuJhodkU a&G;cs,f&rnfudkowdMuD;pGmjzifhpOf;pm;awG;awm&ef vkdtyfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh
a&G;cs,fxm;aomig;rsm;onf zrf;qD;&rdaomig;rsm; [kwfr[kwf/ ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;onf zrf;qD;&rdaom
ig;rsm;tm; qdyfurf;odkUcsay;&mwGif ukefcsqdyfurf;wpffckudkom tjrJwef;toHk;jyKyg&Jhvm;/ odkUr[kwf
awGUqHkar;jref;cH&olrsm;onf ig;zrf;qD;ol a&vkyfom;rsm;[kwfyg&Jhvm;/ ponfjzifhjzpfygonf/

72
erlemaumuf,lonfhenf;pepfrsm;onfcdkifrmonfhpm&if;tif;ynm&yfqkdif&menf;pepfrsm;tm;
tajccH&ef vkdtyfjyD; jynfhpHkpGmrSwfwrf;wif&ef vdktyfygonf/ erlemaumuf,lrIpepfudk-
tajcjyKjcHKiHkavhvmjcif;twGuf tajccHusaom r@dKif 2 &yfrSm usyeff;erlemaumuf,ljcif; (Random
sampling) ESifh wl&mtkyfpktvdkuftvTmcGJjcm;aumuf,ljcif; (stratification) enf;rsm; jzpfygonf/
4-6/ usyef; erIemaumuf,ljcif; (RANDOM SAMPLING)
t"duusaomtjiif;yGm;zG,fudpö&yf (issue) wpfckrSm cefUrSef;&mwGif erlembufvkdufrI (sample bias) udk
avSsmhcs&efjzpfygonf/ ,ckudpö&yfwGif bufvkdufrI (bias) qkdonfrSm? tcsuftvuf rsm; pkyHk aeaom trSef
wefzdk; (true value) rSjcm;em;vSsuf&Sdaomwefzdk;tm; A[kdjyK aom (center on a value different from the true
value) erlemcefUrSef;csufrsm;twGuf ,drf;,dkifrI udkqdkvdkygonf/ bufvkdufrI jzpf vmjcif;rSm Oyrm tm;jzifh
tu,fí tcsuftvuf aumuf,lolrsm;onf MuD;rm;aom ig;MuD; rsm; odkUr[kwf ig;zrf;a&,mOf MuD;rsm;rS
pmuGuf 5
ypfrSwf ESifh erIemta&twGufန Target and sample population
&nf&G,fxm;aomyrmP (target population) qkdonfrSm oif tcsuftvuf &,l&efMudK;pm;aeonfU
{&d,m jzpfygonf/
erIemyrmP (sample population) onfoif&nf&G,fxm;aomyrmPwGif yg0ifaomtpdwftydkif;
wpfckjzpfjyD;? oiftrSefwu,foGm;a&mufí jcHKiHkavhvmjcif;tm; aqmif&Gufrnfh yrmP jzpfygonf/
bufvkdufjcif;rsm; (biases) tm;teJqHk;odkU avsmhcsEdkif&eftwGuf oifa&G;cs,faumuf,lrnfh erIemonf
&nf&G,fxm;aomyrmP tm; udk,fpm;jyKEdkifaom erIem jzpf&ef ta&;MuD;ygonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh : -
 oifonf EdkifiHwck&Sd EdkifiHom;rsm; zsrf;rSs t&yf&SnfrI tm; od&Sdvdkonfqkdygu?
 oifh &nfrSef;aom yrmP rSm - EdkifiHtwGif;aexdkifonfh EdkifiHom; tm;vHk; jzpfjyD;
 oifh erIemyrmPrSm - EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd jynfe,frsm;tvdkuf aexdkifaom EdkifiHom; ta&twGuf
500 OD; jzpfygonf/
tu,fí oifonf EdkifiHom; tm;vHk; t&yfrsm;tm;wkdif;wmEdkifcJhonfqkdygu?
ysrf;rSsta&twGufyrmP (population mean) udkwGuf,lEdkifjyD; 4if;rSm rSefuefaom trSefwefzdk; (true
value) jzpfjyD;? yHkrSeftm;jzifh jzifh udk,fpm;jyK az:jyavh&Sdygonf/
odkU&mwGif yHkrSeftm;jzifh uGsefyfwkdUonf population mean tm; od&Sdxm;jcif;r&SdonfhtwGuf?
4if;wefzdk;tm; cefUrSef;&ef erIemaumuf,ljcif;rsm;jyKvkyfjyD;? erIemyrmPrS wGufcsufcefUrSef;ygonf/
4if;cefUrSef;wefzdk;tm; yHkrSeftm;jzifhင့္ jzifh udk,fpm;jyK az:jyavh&Sdygonf/
pm&if;tif;ynm&yfwGif? yrmP^ta&twGuf (the population) tm; pmvHk;tMuD; (Capitals) jzifh
a&;om;avh&SdjyD; erIemyrmP (sample population) tm; pmvHk;tao; (lower case) jzifh az:jyygonf/

73
a&,mOfrSL;rsm; onferlemaumuf,l&mwGif vG,fulpGm tvkyfwGJvkyfí vkyfEdkifonfhtwGuf ig;zrf;a&,mOf
tMuD;rsm;udkom OD;pm;ay; a&G;cs,fjcif;rsdK;jzpfygonf/
bufvkdufrItm;umuG,f&eftwGuf t&dk;&Sif;qHk;t,ltq oabmw&m;qefonfh enf;vrf; wpfckrSm
(simplest theoritical way) usyeff;erlemaumuf,ljcif; (random sample) enf;jzpfygonf/ 4if;usyeff;
erlemaumuf,lenf;jzifh erlem&,lygu? &nf&G,fonfhOD;a&yrmP (target population) twGif;rS
tm;vHk;aom wpfOD;jcif; (individuals) rsm; (ig;? ig;zrf;a&,mOfponfrsm;) wkdUonf wlnDaom
ta&G;cs,fcHcGifhudk &&Sd&efaocsmygonf/
vufawGUwGif? ,if;uJhodkUaqmif&Guf&ef wcgw&HwGiftcuftcJ&SdwwfonfhtwGuf? pepfusaom
erlemaumuf,lonfh tpDtpOf (systematic sampling scheme) (wwd,ajrmuf jzpfaom
ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;? odkUr[kwf 10vHk;ajrmufjzpfaom ig;xnfhonfhyHkrsm; ponfjzifh) udk toHk;jyKjyD;?
4if;onf tqdk;0g;qHk;aombufvkdufrIyHkpH rjzpfay:ap&ef umuG,fay;ygonf/ odkU&mwGifpdwfxJwGif
rSwfom;xm;&efrSm? rsm;pGmaom cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmpDppfjcif;enf;pepfrsm; (analytical methods) onf
usyeff;erlemaumuf,lenf;udkom &nfnGef;MuonfhtwGuf? &vm'frsm;tm; t"dyÜm,f aumuf,l&mwGif?
tjcm;aomerlemaumuf,lonfh enf;pepfrsm;udktoHk;jyKjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmEdkifaom oufa&mufrI
rsm;tm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; xm;&efvdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/
4-7/ tcsuftvufaumuf,l&mwGifwl&mtkyfpktvTmtvdkufcGJjcm;aumuf,ljcif;enf;pepf
(Stratification in data collection)
wl&mtkyfpktvTmvkdufcGJjcm;um tcsuftvufaumuf,lapjcif; (stratification) onf erlem aumuf,ljcif;
yHkpHwpfckvHk;wGif tcsuftvufajymif;vJEdkifpGrf;tm; tjzpfEdkiffqHk; pepfusepGm z,f&Sm;ay;onfhtwGuf
erlemcefUrSef;csufrsm;trSm;t,Gif; jzpfay:jcif;udkavSsmhcsay;ygonf/ xkdodkU aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf
erlemyrmPtm; trsdK;tpm;wlnD onfhtpktzGJU^tvTmrsm; odkUr[kwf strata rsm;tjzpf cGJjcm;xm;ygonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh pufrIqkdif&m ig;zrf;a&,mOfMuD;rsm;tm; rd&dk;zvm wpfydkifwpfEdkif ig;zrf;onfha&,mOfrsm;rS
cGJxkwfcg oD;jcm;tpktzGJU odkUr[kwf tvTmwck (separate stratum)tjzpfcGJjcm;jcif;? odkUr[kwf rd&kd;zvm
wpfydkifwpfEdkif ig;zrf;a&,mOf rsm;tm;rwlnDonfh ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsdK;tpm;tvdkuf oD;jcm;tvTmrsm; (as
differnet strata) tjzpf pOf;pm; awG;ac:ygonf/
wl&mtkyfpktvTmvkdufcGJjcm;um tcsuftvufaumuf,lapjcif; t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm erlem
aumuf,laomtcsuftvufrsm; ajymif;vJEdkiffpGrf; (variability) tm;avSsmhusap&efjzpfjyD;? xkdodkYjyKvkyf
jcif;jzifh aumuf,l&&Sdaom owif;tcsuf tvuftay:,HkMunfrIjrifhrm;vmaprnfjzpfonfhtjyif? vkdtyf
aomerlemta&twGuftm; avSsmhus apjcif;jzifh erlemaumuf,lonfhtwGuf usoifhaom ukefuspm;&dwf
tm; avSsmhenf;usqif;aprnfjzpfyg onf/
4if;tm; yHk-2 wGif&Sif;jyxm;ygonf/ tu,fíuGsefyfwkdUonf jrSKH; (traps) ESifh wm;ydkuf-arSsmydkuf (gillnets)
ig;zrf;ud&d,m 2 rsdK;tm; t"duig;zrf;ud&d,mtjzpf toHk;jyKaom rd&dk;zvmig;zrf;avS tkyfpkwpfcktm;
erlemaumuf,lkjyD; 4if;ig;zrf;ud&d,m 2 rsdK;tm; cGJjcm;jcif;rjyKygu? uGsefyfwdkUonf
aeUpOfysrf;rSszrf;qD;&&SdrItjzpf 17 uDvdkESifh zrf;qD;&&SdrIEIef; ysHUESHrI (catch range) tjzpf 0 rS 53 uDvkd*&rf
tm;&&Sdygonf/ odkkUaomf jrHSK; ESifh wm;ydkuf-arSsmydkuf wdkU trSef wu,fwaeUwmzrf;qD;&rdrIrSm 9
uDvdk*&rfESifh 25 uDvdkuDvdk*&rf toD;oD;jzpfMuygonf/ tu,fíwm;ydkuf-arSsmydkuf ESifh jrSHK; ig;zrf;ud&d,m
2 rsdK;tm; cGJjcm;aumuf,lygu tajzrsm;onf ydkrdkí wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmygonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh

74
tu,fí? uGsefyfwdkkUonf tvTm trsdK;tpm; tkyfpkk 2 ck (two strata) tjzpfcGJjcm;vSsif ydkrdk
aumif;rGefvmrnfjzpfygonf/

75
yHk (2)
erlemtjzpfwifjyaom tcsuftvufaumuf,l&mwGif ig;zrf;ud&d,m 2 rsdK;tm;wqufwpyfwnf;
aumuf,lygu jzpfay:vmonfh MuD;rm;onfh ajymif;vJrI (Example of large variation in collected data if
two types of gears are sampled simultaneously)
tvTmtrsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;&ef a&G;cs,f&mwGif&Sif;vif;aom axmufyHUa&;qkdif&m pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;onf
taxmuftul ay;Edkifygonf/ tcsuftvufaumuf,la&;pDrHcsufwpfckwGif tkyfpk tvTmcGJjcm;jcif;tm;
trsdK;tpm;tm;jzifh 2 rsdK;cGJjcm;Edkifygonf/
 t"dutvTm (Major strata) – tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m? yx0D0ifqkdif&m odkUr[kwf avmuDa&;&m
(temporal) qkdif&mpHowfrSwfcsufrsm;tm; tajccHíxyfrHcGJjcm;jcif;jzpfjyD;? tcsuftvuf
aumuf,la&;pDrHcsufwGif tpD&ifcHpmtwGufom oufa&mufapjyD;? jcHKiHkavhvma&;yHkpHxkwfol
xdrf;csKyfrIatmufwGifr&Sdyg/ tpOftvmtm;jzifh xdkkuJhodkUaom tvTmxyfcGJjcm;jcif;udk t"du tvTm
(major stratum) [kac:ygonf/ t"dutvTm erlemrsm;rSm – EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHwGif;&Sd pD&ifpk rsm;
(provinces)? wpfESpftwGif;&Sdvrsm;? ponfwdkUjzpfygonf/ t"dutvTmrsm;onf pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;
aygif;pyfrIudk tajccHívnf;cGJjcm;Edkifygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m? ae&ma'o ESifh
&moDOwkwkdUjzpfygonf/ t"dutvTmrsm;rSm tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m trsdK;tpm; tkyfpkcGJjcm;jcif;
twGufomtoHkk;jyKjyD;? t"dutvTmrsm;tm; ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m taMumif;jy csufrsm;jzifh
trsdK;tpm; rsm;xyfrHaygif;xnfhEdkifygonf/
 omrefvTm (Minor strata) – t"dutvTmtwGif;wGif &&Sdxm;aomcefUrSef;csufrsm;tm;ydkrdkwdus
ap&ef &nf&G,fjyD; yHkpHxkwfolrSa&G;cs,fxm;aom pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;tm; tajccHvSsuf xyfrH
cGJjcm;jcif;rsm;&Sdygonf/ xdkodkUxyfrHcGJjcm;jcif;rsm;wGif ta&twGufyrmPtm; toGifwlonfhtpdwf
tydkif;rsm; (homogeneous subsets) rsm;tjzpf xyfrHydkif;jcm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ 4if;tpdwftydkif;rsm;
tm;tpOftvmt& omrefvTmrsm; (minor strata) [kac:qkdMuygonf/ omrefvTmrsm; Oyrmrsm;
rSm – ig;zrf;uGufrsm;? va&mif&csdefESifh arSmifrdkufonfhumvrsm;ESifh tao;pm; ESifh wpfpdwfwpfydkif;-
pufrIig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm; ponfwdkUyg0ifygonf/ ta&twGuf yrmPqkdif&m owfrSwfudef;*Pef;rsm;

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(population parameters) cefUrSef;jcif;udk wGufcsuf&mwGif omrefvTmtqifh(minor strata)wGif
tjrJwef;jyKvkyfavh&Sdygonf/ t"dutvTmtqifh&Sd pkpkaygif;rsm;onf yg0ifaom omrefvTm (minor
strata)rsm;rS cefUrSef;csufrsm;ESifh a&wGufrIrsm;tm; &dk;&Sif;pGm taygif;tpk jyKvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfyg onf/
Z,m; 36 wGift"dutvTm ESifh omrefvTmwdkUtwGuf erlemrsm;tm; xyfrH wifjyxm;ygonf/
Z,m; 36
a&vkyfief;qkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;aumuf,la&;twGuf tvTmjzpfapjcif;qkdif&merlemrsm;
tvGmtkyfpk Strata group tvTmjzpfapjcif;rsm; Stratification
tvTmrsm; Spatial edkifiHodkUr[kwfjrdKUMuD;rsm pD&ifpkrsm; Province of country or major city
c&kdif (uGsef;? aus;&Gm) District (island, village)
tajcpkdufqdyfurf; (rSwfyHkwif;xm;aom a'o) Home port (place of registration)
ig;zrf;rItwGuf tajcpkdufqdyfurf; Base port of fishing
Xmae vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm; Community of residence
ukefcsqdyfurf; Landing place
ig;zrf;uGuf Fishing ground
tcsdefumv Time ig;zrf;&moD Fishing season
tcsdefumv tajccH (oDwif;ywf? v ? ckESpf) Basic period (week, month, year)
aeU ^n Day/night
ig;zrf;a&,mOftkyfpk^ig;zrf;ud
&d,mtkyfpk Vessel group / gear
group ig;zrf;a&,mOftkyfpk Fishing fleet
ig;zrf;ud&d,m Gear
a&,mOftkyfpk (tao;pm;? tv,ftvwf pufrIvkyfief;? pufrIvkyfief; EdkifiHjcm; Vessel group
(small-scale, semi-industrial, industrial, foreign)
a&vkyfief; (a&,mOftkyfpktvdkuf? &nf&G,fzrf;qD;onfhtrsdK;tpm;? oHk;pGJonfhud&d,mtvkdufcGJjcm;
jcif; Fishery (métier/operational unit, defined by fleet, target species, gear)
ukefcsjcif; Landings
pD;yGm;jzpfig;trsdK;tpm;tkyfpk (zrf;qD;&&SdrI^ vHk;vpkdufxkwfrI^ wefzdk; )Commercial species group
(catch/effort, value)
a*[aA'qdkif&mig;trsdK;tpg;tkyfpk Ecological species group
pD;yGm;jzpfig;t&G,ftpm; tkyfpk (zrf;qD;&&SdrI^ vHkYvpkdufxkwfrI^ wefzdk;) Commercial size group
(catch/effort, value)
vlrsm;odkUr[kwf tdrfaxmifpkrsm;
People or households vlOD;a&qkdif&m tpktzGJUi,frsm;Demographic subgroups
a&,mOftkyfpk (Vessel group)
ig;zrf;vkyfudkifolrsm; (Fishing community)
b@ma&;qdkif&mu@ (ig;zrf;qD;jcif;? zrf;qD;jyD;aemufjyKjyifxkwfvkyfjcif;? aps;uGuf ?
taxmuftul) Economic sector (harvest, post-harvest, market, support)
tajctae (a&,mOfrI;? oabFmom;? a&,mOfydkif&Sif ) Status (captain, crew, vessel owner)
ywf0ef;usif Environment ig;aeig;xdkifrsm; (Habitats)
&moDOwk (Season)
&ly-t@0g&lyaA'^ jrpfacsmif;a&t&nftaoG; qkdif&m r&SdrjzpfvkdtyfrIrsm; Physical
oceanography / limnological criteria
tvTmcGJjcm;jcif;wGif qefUusifrIaqmifaom &nf&G,fcsufrsmtm;aygif;pnf;ay;&ef vdktyfonfh twGuf
wpfcgwpf&HwGif &SKyfaxG;rI udkjzpfay:apygonf/
 tjrifhrm;qHk;aom trsdK;wlcsif;pkpnf;rI &&Sdap&ef tvTmrsm;tm; a&G;cs,f&ef/

77
 tvTmrsm; ta&twGuftm;tenf;qHk;jzpfap&ef (vkyfief;aqmif&GufrItuefUtowfrsm;&SKa'gifh rS
Munfh&SKjyD;)
odkU&mwGifprf;oyfumvwGiftvTmcGJjcm;rIrsm;tm; pepfusepGmajymif;vJapjcif;jzifh? oifhavSsmfaomnDrSsrI
tm;rwlnDaom enf;pepfrsm;tm; toHk;jyKjcif;jzifh &SmazGawGU&SdEdkifygonf/ pmuGuf (6) wGif wifjy
xm;ygonf/
erlem-tajcjyKcsOf;uyfenf; ukefusp&dwfrSm erlemyrmP (sample size) odkUr[kwf pm&if;tif;qkdif&m
vTrf;jcHKEdkifrI tay:wGifwnfrSDaeygonf/ erlemyrmPjrifhrm;vmygu? jcHKiHkavhvmrI ukefusp&dwfvJ ydkrdk
jrifhrm;vmjyD; arsmfvifhxm;aomwdusrIvnf;tvm;wljrifhrm;vmygonf/ odkU&mwGif rSefuefrI jrifhrm; vm
pmuGuf (6)
tvTmcGJjcm;jcif;tm; toHk;jyKonfh erIemrsm; (Examples of the use of stratification.)
ig;zrf;u&d,m 2 rsdK;tm; wpfrsdK;wnf; tjzpf aygif;pyfjcif; (Combining two gear types into one)
ig;zrf;a&,mOf^u&d,m trsdK;cGJjcm;jcif;wGif rwlnDaom u&d,m 2 rsdK; tm; az:jyxm;ygonf/
(Oyrm - rwlnDaom ydkufuGuft&G,ftpm; trsdK;rsdK; &Sdonfh ausmhydkuf) (tangle nets of different
mesh size)။ odkU&mwGif xdrdaomig;trsdK;tpm;tvdkuf yg0ifrI? ig; ysrf;rSst&G,f?
wpf,lepfig;txdtrd (CPUE) wkdUtm; txyfxyf prf;oyf&mwGif 4if;ig;zrf;u&d,m 2 rsdK;rSm
pm&if;tif;ynmt& ta&;ygaom jcm;em;jcif;r&SdaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/ xkdUaMumifh 4if;u&d,m 2
rsdK;tm; wpfrsdK;wnf;tjzpf aygif;pyf&ef tusdK;taMumif; qDavsmfrI &SdaMumif; awGU&jyD;?
xkdodkUaygif;pyfjcif;jzifh rIabmif ESifh zrf;qD;&&SdrI^ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; jcHiHkavhvmjcif;rsm;wGif
ydkrdk vG,fulapygonf/
ွမ္ွ ္ေ် ်နက္ယွန အံုမအညု႔်နးုတနယမမ္ မ ္ေအခ င့္ွရနမ္အေနမ Reduction of sampling effort
ေါမမခ မတွနမ (line fishing) ္တ္်န ေါမ မနမယွန အံုမအည႔ု်နးုတနယမမ မ တအအခေန ၁၆ ်႔မန ်ားေနင့္ ္ေအ္သံုမ္ပ
မမ္ေ္ပ ေနမအြဲ္အေနမ္ပ်႔ွနမ သရန ၃% သ ယ႔္ေ ် ေနမ (ေါမ မနမ ီမမမ ္ ေနင့္(level) တ္ေန ္မခ႔မတ္ရီမမ ္မေနင့္မ မ ္ေ် ေနမ
ရ္ွန္ပ္အေနမ) ္ေတ္႕ယပါသရန။ ္ေ် ်နက္ယယ႔္ေသ ွမ္ွ မခ မ ္ မ ္သံုမ္ပ္ပီမ ်္ွန္ပ တ ္ မ ္သံုမ္ပိေန၍
ွမ္ွ ္ေ် ်နက္သရနင့္ယ်နမခ မ္ မ ္ေအခ င့္ွရနမ္ေ္ ေန ္္အ မွမ္ွ မခ မ္ မ ွနတီမ္ပီမ္ေအင့္အ ယ
တ္ေန၊ ္ေ္ပ ေနမအြဲ္အေနမ္သညန သရန ၆ % ယ႔္ေ် ေနမ်ားေနင့္ ယယ႔္ေသ အွန႕မွနမအခ်နမခ မသရန ကအေနအွန႕မွနမအခ်နမခ မ ်ားေနင့္ ွီမညပနည္
တ္ရီ္ေ် ေနမ ္ေတ္႕ယ႔ယပါသရန။ သ႔ု႕္ ညနသရနင့္္တ္်န ္်ံ္ပသရနင့္္အခ်နမ ၄ေနမေါမ မနမ ်ယ႔က ္မခ႔မ္ည မ ္တ္်န
သတေနမ္အခ်န္အ်န္ေ် ်နက္မမ္ မ ၁၆ ယ်နမ ၈ ယ်နသ႔ု႕၊ အွန႕မွနမအခ်နမခ မ တ႔်ခမမ တ္ေန ္ေအခ င့္္အေနမ
မယ႔္ေညဘြဲ၊ ္ေအခ င့္အခ်ား႔ုေန္အေနမ္ ညနပါသရန။
္အခ႔ွန္ မ ္အ္ အ႔ု်နအ္ြဲ္အ မ္အေနမ (Stratification in time)
်မနမွီမေါမ မနမအုပနေွနမ(inshore fishery) ္ မအံုမ္ေသ ္ေအ/်ယ႔က ္မခ႔မ္ည မ္တ္်န၊ အ္ေယ ေနယ႔အခ႔ွန ်ားေနင့္ အမ႔ု်နအခ႔ွန
မခ မ မနမ ီမယမ႔မမ ်ားေနင့္ ေါမ္မခ႔ုမ္ည မပါ၀ေနမမ ္အခ႔မ္ည မသရန ္ေအခ န်ွနမမ ယ႔္ပီမ၊ ္မေနင့္မ မ္ေသ
္္ေယမပါသရနင့္ ္အ မွ မ္အေနမမခ မ ယ႔္ေွ္ေ် ေနမ ္ေတ္႕ယ႔ယပါသရန။ ဤ္အခ်န် ရႊွန္ပသရနမ ယရနရႊွနမ္အခ႔ွန် အ
(reference period) (္ပ်ကဒ႔ွနအမခ မ) ္ မ ္အခ႔ွန (အ္ေယ ေနယ႔် အ ်ားေနင့္ အမ႔ု်န် အ) းပနမံ ္အႊ အ္ြဲ္အ မ သေနင့္္ေ် ေနမ
္ ညနပါသရန။
ae&ma'o္ မ ္အႊ အ္ြဲ္အ မ္အေနမ (Stratification in space)
်ီမမ မ္ေသ ပေနမ ႔ပန်မနမ (homepost) တညနအုတ္ေန ္မံမသရနင့္ ္ေယအုပနေွနမအုပန်႔ုေန္ေသ ္ေအ
္မခ မ္္ပ မ်ုွနတေန်ုွနအခ္ပအုပန္ပီမ၊ ၄ေနမ္ေအမခ မ္ မအံုမသရန ေါမ မနမ်္်နတညနအု္ မ ္သံုမ္ပ ်ပါ သရန။
၄ေနမေါမ မနမ်္်နသရန ္္အ မ္ေသ ္မံမ္ေး ေန္ေသ သ ္ေအမခ မ အ်နအမနမမမီ္ေသ ္ေွယ တ္ေနတရနယ႔္ပီမ၊ ေါမ မနမ ီမယယ႔မမ
မ ္္အ မ္ေသ အုပနေွနမတ္္ေအမခ မး်န ္္ေယမပါ္ေသ ္အ မွ မအခ်န ယ႔္ေွ ္ေ် ေနမ္ေတ္႕ယ႔ယပါသရန။ ဤ ္ေတ္႕ယ႔အခ်နမ
ရႊွန္ပသရနမ ၄ေနမပေနမ ႔ပန်မနမ (homepost) ္ မ သ မွန္အႊ တညနအု (minor stratum) ္္ ညန
္အႊ အ္ြဲ္အ မယွန ္ ညနပါသရန။

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jcif;onf erlem yrmPESifhtcsdK;usjrifhrm;vmjcif;r&SdbJ? ao;i,fapaom jyefv,f&&SdrItm; cHpm;&Edkif yg
onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh t&G,ftpm;tvkdufzrf;qD;&&SdrIESifhywfoufí? vHkavmufaomrSefuefrIudk &&Sd&efrSm
qdyfurf;wGif ukefcsig;tm;vHk; yrmPao;i,faom usyeff;erlem (small random sample) udk &&Sd&efom
vdktyfygonf/
4-8/ owif;tcsuftvuf aumuf,lonfh enf;pepfrsm; (Data Collection Methods)
pm&if;aumuf,la&;enf;pepftm; a&G;cs,fjcif;rSm tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;qkdif&mr[mAsL[m?
ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; trsdK;tpm;? vdktyfaomrSefuefrI? aumuf,lonfhtcsuftvufrsm;ESifh pm&if;
aumufolrsm; uGsrf;usifrIponfwkdU MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIudk cH&avh&Sdygonf/ t"duusaom tcsuf
tvufaumuf,la&;enf;pepfrsm;rSm –
 rSwfyHkwifjcif; (Registration) – rSwfyHkwifjcif;ESifh vkyfief;vdkifpifrsm;onf jynfhpHkaom pm&if;oGif;
rSwfwrf;wifjcif;wGif wpfrdsK;jcif;tvdkufwefzdk;&Sdygonf/ odkU&mwGifajz;nSif;pGmajymif;vJwwfaom
ajymifvJrIudef;&Sifrsm; Oyrmtm;jzifh ig;zrf;a&,mOfta&twGufESifh 4if;wkdU oD;oefUvu©Pmrsm;
twGuf tuefUtowfudk jzpfapygonf/
 ar;cGef;vTmrsm; (Questionnaires) – ar;cGef;yHkpHrsm;onf jynfhpHkpGmjznfhpGufjyD;? wHkUjyefolrsm;u
jyefvnfay;ydkU&ygonf/ pmwwfajrmufrIjrifhrm;jyD;? wHkUjyefajzqkdolrsm; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI tm;
aumif;ygu ukefusp&dwfoufomaom enf;pepfwpffck jzpfygonf/
 vlawGUar;jref;jcif;(Interviews) – wHkUjyefajzqkdolrS vlawGUar;jref;jcif;rSwqifh yHkpHrsm;tm; jynfhpHk
atmifajzqdkay;&ygonf/ ar;cGef;vTmrsm;xuf ukefusrIydkrdkrsm;jym;aomfvnf;? &SKyfaxG;aom
ar;cGef;rsm;twGuf? pmwwfajrmufrIedrfhusaom ae&mrsm; odkUr[kwf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI tm;enf;
aom tcsdeftcgrsm;wGif ydkrdkaumif;rGefygonf/
 wkduf&dkufavhvmjcif; (Direct observation) – wdkuf&dkufwdkif;wmjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfjcif;onf rsm;pGm
aom ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; (Oyrmtm;jzifh – ig;xdrdrIrsm;)twGuf ydkrdkrSefuefaomenf;pepf
jzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif ukefusp&dwfrsm;jym;ygonf/ rsm;pGmaomenf;pepfrsm;? (Oyrmtm;jzifh
avhvmolrsm; tpDtpOfrsm;) onf pufrIydkif;qkdif&mig;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf uefUowfrI udk jzpfay:
apygonf/
 tpD&ifcHjcif; (Reporting) – wdkuf&dkufwdkif;wmrIrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;tm; tpm;xdk;Edkifonfh
enf;vrf;wckjzpfjyD;? a&vkyfom;rsm; ESifhtjcm;aomolrsm;u 4if;wdkU vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;tm;
owif;ay;ydkU tpD&ifcHapjcif;jzpfygonf/ owif;ay;ydkUapjcif;wGif pmwwfajrmuf&ef ESifh yl;aygif;
aqmif&GufrItm;aumif;&ef vdktyfaomfvnf;? w&m;0ifvkdtyfcsufrsm;ESifh wdkuf&dkufwkdif;wmrI
rsm;jzifh tm;aumif;ap&ef tm;jznfhay;Edkifygonf/
4-8-1/ ajymif;vJrI udef;&Sifrsm; ? yifrZpfjrpfrsm;ESifh enf;pepfrsm;
(Variables, sources and methods)
ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mtcsuftvufrsm;aumuf,la&;twGufenf;pepfrsm;pGmtm; a&G;cs,f&efrSm wkdif; wm&rnfh
ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;? yif&if;ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; &Sdap&efwdkUtay:wGif rlwnfygonf/ udpö&yf rsm;pGmwGif
wpfOD;jcif;tvkdufjzpfaom ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; pkaqmif;aumuf,l&ef obm0usonfh enf;vrf;rsm;
&Sdygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh? EdIif;,SOfyguwnfjidrfaeaom ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; (relatively static variables)
jzpfaoma&,mOftvSsm;? odkUr[kwf puft&G,ftpm;wkdUtm; a&,mOfrSwfyHkwifjcif; rsm;rS
taumif;qHk;pkaqmif;Edkifygonf/ jrifhrm;pGmajymif;vJaeaom ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; (highly dynamic

79
variables) Oyrmtm;jzifh zrf;qD;&&SdrI? ig;zrf;qD;&mwGif vHk;vpkdkufxkwfrI ponfwkdUtwGuf aeUpOf
rSwfwrf;rsm; jzpfaom rSwfwrf;yHkpHpm&Gufrsm; (log sheets)rS taumif;qHk; &&SdEdkifygonf/ wlnDaom
ajymif;vJrIwcktwGuf ig;vkyfief;trsdK;tpm;ay:rlwnfí? enf;pepfrsm;ajymif;vJaeEdkifygonf/ Oyrmtm;
jzifh ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrIqkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;tm;tMuD;pm;a&vkyfief;rsm;wGif rSwfwrf;pmtkyf (logsheets)
rsm;rS taumif;qHk; &&SdEdkifaomfvnf;? tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm; (SSFs) rsm;wGifvlawGUar;jref;jcif; odkUr[kwf
ar;cGef;vTmrsm;onf taumif;qHk;enf;pepfrsm; jzpfaeEdkfifygonf/
yifrZpfjrpfrsm; (the sources) (Oyrm ig;zrf;qD;olrsm;? jyKjyifxkwfvkyfolrsm;) onfenf;pepfrsm; tm;
a&T;cs,f&ef ESifh yHkpHxkwf&ef twGuf ta&;ygaom ajrSmufudef;rsm; (factors) jzpfygonf/ 0,folrsm;?
jyKjyifxkwfvkyfolrsm; ESifh tjcm;aom tv,ftvwfa&mif;0,folrsm;onf 4if;wkdUta&mif;t0,frsm; tm;
udk,fydkifrSwfwrf;rsm; xm;&Sdavh&SdMujyD;? 4if;wkdUtm; owif;tcsuftvufyHkpHrsm; t&if;cHrsm;
tjzpftoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm;onftrsm;tm;jzifh rSwfwrf;rsm; odrf;qnf;avhr&SdMu
aomfvnf;? wOD;jcif;vlawGU ar;jref;rIrsm;rS 4if;wkdU tcsuftvufrsm;udk&,lodkrSD;Edkifygonf/ odkU&mwGif
vlawGUar;jref;rI wnfaqmufyHkonf aysmhajymif;&rnf jzpfygonf/
tcsuftvufaumuf,la&;udkaqmif&Guf&mwGif pDrHcefUcGJrIqkdif&m&nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifh vHkavmuf aom
&yfem;rI tMudrfa& &&Sd&efvkdtyfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ig;yrmPtm; apmifhMunfhavhvmjcif; ESifh
oufqkdifaomtcsuftvufrsm;tm; pOfqufrjywf pkaqmif;ae&rnfjzpfaomfvnf;? tdrfaxmif
pkqkdif&mtcsuftvufrsm;tm; aumuf,l&mwGif ydkrdkMum&Snfaom em;csdeftm;ay;&rnfjzpfygonf/
tMurf;tm;jzifh? rMumcPaumuf,laomtcsuftvufrsm;onf tcsuftvuftm;ay;tyf
aomig;zrf;qD;olrsm;? odkUr[kwf pufrIqkdif&m vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;tay:wGif rSDcdktm;xm;ae&ygonf/ enf;yg;aom
tMudrfa&jzifh aumufcHaom tcsuftvufrsm;twGuf pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;udktoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf tcsuftvufaumuf,lonfhukefusp&dwfonf vGefpGmoufomonfhtwGuf jzpfyg
onf/
ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mtcsuftvufrsm; aumufcHa&;tpDtpOfrsm;jzifhtcsdefrSef aumuf,ljcif; rjyKEdkif
aomudpö&yfrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf/ taMumif;rSm vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIqkdif&m uefUowfcsufrsm;aMumifh
jzpfygonf/ 4if;udpö&yfrsm;wGif uGsef;rsm;ay:wGif? odkUr[kwf a0;vHacgif;yg;aom yifv,fjyif{&d,mrsm;wGif
aqmif&GufMuonfh tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm;yg0ifjyD;? 4if;a&vkyfom;rsm;onf us,fjyefUonfh{&d,mtwGif;
jyefUESHUpGm oGm;a&mufaeMujyD;? tcsdefydkif;a&vkyfom;rsm;tm;vnf; toHk;jyKonfhtjyif? rsm;pGmaom
ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm; ESifh ig;zrf;enf;pepfrsm;udktoHk;jyKMujyD;? wpfcgwpf&HwGif rwlnDaomt&yfrsm;odkU
oGm;a&mufaewwfMuyg onf/ xkduJhodkUaomudpö&yfrsm;twGuf 4if;ig;vkyfief;rsm;tm; tuJjzwf&eftwGuf
rwlnDaom tjcm; enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh csOf;uyfMu&ygonf/ 4if;wkdUrSm-
 uefUowfxm;aom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf,ljcif; (limited scope censuses)
odkUr[kwf erlem-tajcjyK a&SUajy;jcHKiHkavhvmjcif; (sample-based pilot surveys)rsm; aqmif&Guf
jcif;/
 tdrfaxmifpktcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;rsm; (household surveys) ESifh ig;pm;oHk;rIqkdif&mjcHKiHk
avhvmjcif; (survey for fish consumption)
 ukefoG,frIyHkpHrsm; (trade patterns)
 rSwfwrf;pmtkyfpepfrsm; (logbook systems)
txufygtcsufrsm;tm;vHk;onf ukefcsowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm;jyefvnfppfaq;&eftoHk;jyKEdkifonfh
tjyifxkwfvkyfrIESifh vlrI-,Ofaus;rI (vlrI"avh) qkdif&mtcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf;yHUydk;ay;ygonf/
rsm;pGmaom ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; wpfckxufydkrdkaomenf;pepfrsm;jzifh ig;zrf;qD;olrsm;rSonf pm;oHk;ol

80
rsm;tMum;wGif&Sdaom rwlnDonfhtqifhrsm;rS &,lpkaqmif;Edkfifygonf/ jzpfEdkifygu? trSm;t,Gif; rsm;tm;
jyefvnfppfaq;Edkif&eftwGuf tcsuftvufrsm;tm; rlvZpfjrpfae&mtcsdKUrS aumuf,l pkaqmif;
oifhygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rSwfwrf;pmtkyf (logbooks) rsm;rS&,lonfhig;zrf;qD;&&SdrIrsm;tm; ig;ukefus
qdyfurf;rsm;rS tpD&ifcHwifjyxm;aomig;t0,fjzwfydkif;rsm;jzifhwkdufqkdifppfaq;jcif;? ukefusqdyfurf;wGif
vlawGUar;jref;rI jzifhpkaqmif;aumuf,lxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;tm;pm;oHk;olrsm;odkUr[kwf ukefoG,f
tcsuftvufrsm;jzifhwkdufqkdifppfaq;jcif;rsm;jzpfygonf/
udpö&yftm;vHk;vkdvdkwGifyif? rsm;pGmaomrwlnDonfhajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; tqufrjywf aumuf,l
pkaqmif; &&SdEdkifygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tvSsm;twdkif;twmMudrfEHI; (length frequency)? rsKd;pdwftvdkuf
yg0ifrItcsdK;tpm; (species composition)? ysrf;rSstav;csdef (average weight) ESifh a&mif;cs&onfh
ig;aps;eIef; ponfwdkUtm;a&,mOfrsm; qdyfurf;wGif ig;rsm;csaepOf aumuf,l &&SdEdkif ygonf/ tcsuftvuf
rsm;tm; aumuf,l&mwGif rwlnDaom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifhaumuf,ljcif;jzifh ukefusp&dwfoufomapjyD;?
pm&if;Z,m;aumuf,l&ef pDrHcsufa&;qGJpOfwGif? 4if;udpöESifhywfoufaom usoifhonfhukefusp&dwftm;
pm&if;&Sif;xm;oifhygonf/ tcsuftvuftrsdK;tpm;? rnfonfh ae&mwGif &&SdEdkifonf ESifh aumuf,l&m wGif
oHk;&rnfhenf;pepfwdkUonf cdkifrmaomcsdwfqufrIrsm; &SdMuygonf/
4-8-2/ rSwfyHkwifjcif; (Registration)
rSwfyHkwifjcif;onfig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;? ukrÜPDrsm;? ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;? vkyfief;vdkifpifrsm; odkUr[kwf
wpfOD;jcif;jzpfaom ig;zrf;qD;ol (wHigonffrsm;) ponfwdkU tcsuftvufrsm;tm; tyfESHxdrf;odrf;xm;
jcif;jzpf ygonf/ 4if;tcsuftvufrsm;tm;w&m;0ifvkdtyfcsuf&Sdygu? jynfhpHkaompm&if;oGif; rSwfwrf;wif
jcif;rsm; tm;&,ltoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ ig;zrf;tkyfpkwpfck t&G,ftpm;ESifh trsdK;tpm;tm; wduspGm odvdk
onfh tcsdefwGif4if;? ig;vkyfief;qkdif&menf;Oya'rsm;ESifh udkufnDrI&SdaMumif;aocsmap&ef? ig;zrf;qD;onfh
vkyfief;tm; teD;uyfapmifhMunfhavhvmEdkif&ef4if;? rSwfyHkwifpm&if;rsm;udkawmif;cH&,lEdkifygonf/ xkdUtjyif
b@a&;ESpf qkdif&mudpö&yfrsm;(tmrcH odkUr[kwf ig;zrf;vkdifpifponfrsm;) ESifh ywfoufívnf; owif;
tcsuftvuf rsm;tm;yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/ rSwfyHkwifrsm;rSm yHkrSeftm;jzifh tcsuf tvuf&,l&ef
r[kwfaom tjcm;&nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifhaqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfaomfvnf;? 4if;wkdUrSm pm&if;tif;
qkdif&mpepfwcktm; yHkpHxkwf&ef ESifh taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&Guf&ef vGefpGmtoHk;0ifonfhtjyif? 4if; wGif
yg0ifaom tcsuftvufrsm;rSm ,HkMunfpdwfcs&rI&SdjyD;? tcsdefESifh wajy;nD? jynfhpHkpGm xkwfaz:
ay;Edkifygonf/
4-8-3/ rSwfyHkwifjcif;qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvuftrsdK;tpm;rsm; (Registration data types)
EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif a&,mOfrsm;? txl;ojzifhpD;yGm;jzpfig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;ESifh vkyfudkifcGifhtrdefU&xm;aom
odkUr[kwf uefx&dkuf&,lxm;aom ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;tm; ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m tmPmydkifrsm;xHwGif
rSwfyHkwifjcif;udk aqmif&GufapMuygonf/ rSwfyHkwifjyKvkyf&mwGif a&,mOftrsdK;tpm;? t&G,ftpm;?
ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsdK;tpm;? xkwfvkyfonfhEdkifiH? ig;ukefwifudkifwG,fEdkifonfhyrmP? ig;zrf;a&,mOfvkyfom;
rsm;ESifh pufjrif;aumifa& ponfwkdUtm;azmfjyvSsuf rSwfyHkwifjyKvkyf&ygonf/ ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mat*sifpD
rsm;ESifh qufEG,frI&SdaomukrÜPDrsm;taejzifhvnf; trsdK;rsdK;aom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGuf rSwfyHkwifMu&yg
onf/ 4if;ukrÜPDrsm;wGif ig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyfudkifaomukrÜPDrsm;omrubJ? ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m jyKjyifxkwf
vkyfrI ESifh a&xGufypönf;rsm;a&mif;0,fazmufum;aom ukrÜPDrsm;vnf;rSwfyHkwifMu&ygonf/ ig;zrf;
a&,mOfta&twGuf? ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsdK;tpm;rsm;ESifh a&,mOft&G,ftpm;rsm;ESifhrSwfyHkwifxm;aom
ig;zrf;ukrÜPDrsm;ponfhtcsuftvufrsm;onf rSwfyHkwifonfhtcsdefwGifazmfjyrSwfwrf;wifxm;Mu&yg onf/

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jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfudkifonfhukrÜPDrsm;onfvnf;? 4if;wkdUtajccHtcsuftvufrsm; jzpfaom jyKjyif
xkwfvkyfrItrsdK;tpm;rsm;? ukefMurf;ypönf;trsdK;tpm;rsm;?jyKjyifxkwfvkyfEdkifrIpGrf;tm;? ypönf; rsm;yif&if;
ponfwkdUtm;vnf;wifjy&ygonf/ ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;ESifhig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm; taejzifh ig; vkyfief; cGifhjyK
vkdifpif udkvnf; &,ludkifaqmifxm;&ef vkdtyfygonf/ ig;zrf;a&,mOfrSwfyHkwifESifh wlnDrI r&SdbJ?
ig;vkyfief;cGifhjyKvkdifpifonf owfrSwfcGifhjyKcsdefumvtcktwGif;? owfrSwfxm;aomig;vkyfief;tm; vkyf
udkifcGifh udk xkwfay;ygonf/ vdkifpifrsm;onf tcsdefumvtvkduftopfjyefvnfoufwrf;wdk; avSsmuf xm;
&onfhtm;avSsmfpGm ig;zrf;a&,mOf odkUr[kwf ig;zrf;ud&d,m oD;jcm;vu©Pmaqmifonfhtcsuftvuf
rsm;tm;tcsdefESifh wajy;nDjyKjyifrGef;rHxm;jyD;aom tcsuftvufrsm;tm;&&SdEdkifonfh toHk;0ifaom
enf;vrf;jzpfygonf/
4-8-4/ rSwfyHkwifjcif;qkdif&m yHkpH (Registry design)
rSwfyHkwifjcif;wckonfrSwfwrf;topfwck&&Sdjcif;omrubJ? tqdkygrSwfwrf;onfouf0ifrIr&SdawmhaMumif;
(Oyrmtm;jzifh – þukrÜPDonf4if;vkyfief;rsm;udk&yfwefUxm;onf) udkvnf;nGefjyEdkifonf odkUr[kwf
vkyfief;aqmif&Guf&mwGifrSwfwrf;rsm;ajymif;vJoGm;aMumif; (Oyrm – þukrÜPD jyKjyifxkwfvkyfEdkifrI
pGrf;tm;rSmjrifhwufvmonf) udkvnf;azmfjyEdkifygonf/ tu,fívkdifpifoufwrf;tm; wESpfvSsifwMudrf
oufwrf;wdk;&ygu? vkdifpifrS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&,ljcif;onf txl;toHk;0ifygonf/ tb,fh aMumifh
qkdaomf? rSwfwrf;rsm;onf wESpfvSsifwMudrfjyKjyifrGef;rHjyD;jzpfaeonfhtwGuf jzpfygonf/ rSwfykH wifjcif;rS
&&Sdaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;wGif ig;vkyfief;,lepfwcktm; twef;tpm;cGJjcm;jyD; tvTmwck
(strata)tjzpfowfrSwfay;EdkifrnfhpHowfrSwfcsufrsm;vnf;yg0ifaeygonf/ 4if;twef;tpm;cGJjcm; jcif;onf
yHkrSeftm;jzifh ,lqcsufrsm;ay:wGif4if;? zrf;qD;&rdEHI;? ig;trsdK;tpm;yg0ifrI paomjcm;em;csufrsm; ESifh
qufEG,faeonfh A[kokwrsm;ay:wGif4if;? tajccHygonf/
tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh a&,mOfrSwfyHkwifjcif;rsm;onf &IyfaxG;aompepfwckjzpfjyD;? aumif;rGefpGm xlaxmif xm;
jyD;jzpfaom tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; vdktyfjyD; 4if;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;tm; xda&muf aom
owif;tcsuftvufqufoG,fa&;rsm;? owif; tcsuftvufodkavSmifjcif;ESifh vkyfief;aqmif&GufrI
tpdwftydkif;rsm;u axmufyHUay;xm;&ef vkdtyfygonf/ odkUjzpf&m? 4if;wkdUonf ig;zrf;,lepfrsm;rS tcsdKU
aom ig;trsdK;tpm;rsm;ESifh t&G,ftpm;rsm;udkomt"du xdawGUqufqHjyD;? trsm;tm;jzifh pufrIqkdif&m ESifh
wydkif;wp pufrIqkdif&m ig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm;rS ydkifqkdifMuaom ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;jzpfygonf/ tao;pm;ESifh
pm;oHk;&eftwGufom ig;zrf;qD;jcif;rsm;wGif (subsistence fishery) yrmPMuD;rm;aom ig;zrf;,lepfrsm;
trsm;tjym; yg0ifaomfvnf;? rSwfyHkwifjcif;pepfwGif tpdwftydkif;wcktjzpfyg0ifrIr&Sdjcif; odkUr[kwf rSwfyHk
wif xm;aomfvnf;? pm&if;tm;w&m;0ifjzpfatmif jyKvkyf&ef ESifh jyKjyifrGef;rH&eftwGuf ajc&mcH&ef r
vG,fulyg/
4-8-5/ ar;cGef;vTmrsm; (Questionnaires)
vlawGUar;jref;jcif;rsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfMunfh&mwGif? vlawGUar;jref;jcif;wGifrSwfwrf;wifolu cufcJaom
aomar;cGef;rsm;tm;wkduf&dkufar;jref;onfESifhrwlbJ? ar;cGef;vTmjzifhfar;jref;&mwGif wHkUjyefolu 4if;udk,f wkdif
ar;cGef;vTmrsm;udkzwf&SKjyD;? yHkpHrsm;wGif jznfhoGif;í ajzqdkay;&ygonf/ar;cGef;vTmrsm;udk vufurf;
jzefUa0jcif;jzifhaomf4if;? pgydkUvTmjzifh aomf4if;? jzefUa0EdkifjyD;? aemufydkif;wGifjyefv,fpkaqmif;jcif; odkUr[kwf
vdyfpmwwfxm;aompgtdwfrsm;jzifh pmwkdufrSjyefv,fay;ydkUjcif;jzifh jyefvnfpkaqmif;&,lEdkifygonf/þenf;
pepftm;vlOD;a&tm;vHk;udkaomf4if;? erlemu@rsm;(sampled sectors)udkaomf4if;? aqmif&GufapEdkifygonf/
ar;cGef;vTmrsm;jzifhar;jref;jcif;tm;yHkrSefodkUr[kwftcsdefrSefr[kwfaomaeUpOfowif;tcsuftvufrsm;(infrequ

82
ent routine data) odkUr[kwf txl;jyKavhvmjcif;twGuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;(data for specialized
studies)ponfwdkUtwGuf aumuf,lEdkifygonf/ þtydkif;u@ESifhoufqkdifaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
tm;ar;cGef;vGmrsm;wGiftoHk;jyKorSstm;vHk;tm;ar;jref;Edkifaomfvnf;? erlemrsm;taejzifhrI yHkrSef odkUr[kwf
rMumcP (routine or infrequent)aeUpOfowif;tcsuftvufrsm;(routine data)ESifh ywfoufonfrsm;
udkomazmfjyEdkifygonf/ ar;cGef;vTmrSwqifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;pkaqmif;&mwGifvlOD;a&ESifhoufqkdif
aomoD;jcm;vu©Pmrsm;? ig;zrf;vkyfief;qkdif&m"avhxHk;pHrsm;? ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mtjiif;yGm;zG,f udpö&yfrsm;
twGuf aqG;aEG;&ef taMumif;t&mrsm; (fishery issues)rsm;? odkUr[kwf pDrHcefUcGJrIrsm;wGif ywfoufyg0ifol
rsm; ,lqcsufrsm;ESifh tdrfaxmifpktpm;taogufqdkif&mbuf*sufrsm;(household food budgets )paom
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd pkaqmif; Edkifygonf/
ar;cGef;vTmrsm;tm;wHkUjyefajzqkdolrsm;taejzifh? 4if;wdkUudk,fwkdifar;cGef;vTmrsm;tm;jynfhpGuf&efvkdtyfonfh
twGuf? pmwwfajrmufrI tqifhjrifhrm;&efvkdtyfygonf/ tu,fíbmompum;trsdK;rsdK;udktoHk;jyKonfh
tavhtx&Sdygu? ar;cGef;vTmrsm;tm;? ypfrSwftpktzGJU t"dubmompum;jzifh jyKpkay;&ef vkdtyfyg onf/
xdkuJhodkUaomudpö&yfrsm;twGuf? bmomjyefqkdrIwGif wdusrI&Sdap&ef txl;owdxm;&rnfjzpfygonf/
ar;cGef;vTmrsm;tm;ajzqkdrItjrifhrm;qHk;jzpfap&eftwGuf ypfrSwftpdwftydkif;(target sections) ESifh ar;cGef;
vTmrsm;tm; t&dk;&Sif;qHk; yHkpHxkwf&efESifhwwfEdkiforSs? &Sif;vif;atmifa&;om;&ef vdktyfygonf/ ta&;
tMuD;qHk;tcsufrSm? ar;cGef;vTmrsm;tm; wdkEdkiforSs wdkatmifjyifqif&efjzpfygonf/ tu,fí ar;cGef;vTm
rsm;tm;erlemvlOD;a&twGufay;tyfygu ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfrSm ar;cGef;vTmtm;wdkawmif;&ef? ypfrSwftm; ydkrdk
xdrSefaprnfh ar;cGef;vTmrsm;tjzpfar;jref;&efjzpfygonf/ tu,fíar;cGef;vTmrsm;onf jynhfpHkaom a&;oGif;
rSwfwrf;wifjcif;(complete enumeration) wGiftoHk;jyK&efjzpfygu? ajzMum;rnfholtwGuf vGefuJ aom
0efydjcif;rjzpfap&ef txl;owdjyKaqmif&Guf&ygrnf/ tu,fí? tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf wlnDaom
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; vkdtyfaeygu? xyfqifhaumuf,ljcif;rsm; rjzpfay:ap&ef twGuf owif;
tcsuftvufaumufcHrItm; tzGJUtpnf; tcsif;csif; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkif&ef usdK;pm;oifh ygonf/
ar;cGef;vTmrsm;rSwqifhowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm;&,l&mwGif? rsm;pGmaomowif; ajymif;vJEdkifaom
tcsuftvufrsm; (data variables)rsm;vnf;yg0ifvmEdkifygonf/ OYyrmtm;jzifhzrf;qD;&rdrI odkUr[kwf
qdyfurf;wGif ukefcsrIqkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm;ar;cGef;vTmrSwqifh ig;zrf;qD;olwHigonffrsm;?
aps;uGufqkdif&m wGifMum;cHa&mif;0,folrsm;(market intermediaries)? aps;a&mif;olESifh 0,folrsm;?
jyKjyifxkwfvkyfolrsm; ponfjzifhyif&if;toD;oD;rS &,lpkaqmif;Edkifygonf/ tvm;wlyif? vlrI-pD;yGm;qkdif&m
tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vnf;? ar;cGef;vGmrsm;rSwqifh? rwlnDaomowif;yif&if;trsdK;rsdK;rSwqifh aumufcH
&,lEdkifygonf/
odkU&mwGif? tm;vHk;aomudpö&yfrsm;wGifrwlnDaomuGJvGJrIrsm;onft,ltqrsm;omjzpfjyD;? wdkuf&dkufwdkif;xGm
&&Sdjcif;r[kwfonfhtwGuf? ta&;MuD;aomrSm;,Gif;rIrsm;tjzpfr,lqEdkifyg/ 4if;owif;tcsuftvuf trsdK;
tpm;rsm;twGufwdkuf&dkufwkdif;wmjcif; odkUr[kwftpD&ifcHwifjyaponfhpepfrsm;tm; toHk;jyKjcif;jzifh ydkrdkí
ouf0if,HkMunfrIudk &&Sdapygonf/
ar;cGef;vTmrsm;onf vlawGUar;jref;jcif;uJhodkUyif? uGufvyfrsm;tm; jznfhpGufajzqdk&efwnfaqmufxm;aom
ar;cGef;rsm;? a&G;cs,f&efar;cGef;rsm; yg0ifEdkifouJhodkU ajzqkdolrsm;rS4if;wdkUtm&Hkpdkuf&mtm;a&G;cs,fjyD;? tenf;
i,f csJUxGifjyD;?&SnfvSsm;atmifa&;om;azmfjyay;&onfh tzGifhar;cGef; (open-ended questions) rsm;vnf;
yg0ifEdkifygonf/ yHkpHcswnfaqmufxm;aomar;cGef;vTmwGif uGufvyfjznfh&efyHkpHrsm;(filling out forms)ESifh
owif;tcsuftvufa&;oGif;&ef (data entry)yHkpHrsm;udkyHUydk;ulnD&eftwGuf? yHkpHrsm;tm; pufjzifh zwfEdkifaom
(machine-readable)? odkUr[kwftedrfhqHk;tqifhwGifvG,fulpGmaz:xkwfEdkifjyD;? vSsifjrefpGm wHkUjyef Edkif&ef
MudKwif-oauFwjyKxm;aom(pre-coded) jzefUcif;xm;onfhowiftcsuftvufrsm;(laid out with data
fields) yg0ifEdkifygonf/ tMurf;tm;jzifh? a&;om;ajzqdk&jcif;tm; tedrfhqHk;tqifhodkU avSsmhcs xm;jyD;? Oyrm

83
– trSefjcpf&efae&mrsm;(tick boxes)? trsm;rSa&G;cs,f&efrsm;(multiple choices)jzifh udef;*Pef;udkom a&;
om;&efOD;pm;ay;xm;ygonf/ tzGifhar;cGef;yHkpHrsm;(open-ended question format)rsm;twGuf
aomhcsufpum;vHk;rsm; (keywords) ESifh tjcm;aom wnfaqmufyHk qkdif&mvkyfaqmifrI tqifhrsm; (structural
procedures)twGufvkdtyfygu rSwfwrf;wifpm&if;oGif;jcif; (data entry) ESifh cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmppfaq;jcif;
(analysis) udkyHYydk;Edkif&ef aemufydkif;wGif owfrSwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&ef vdktyfrnfjzpf ygonf

84
4-8-6/ vlawGUar;jref;jcif; (Interviews)
vlawGUar;jref;jcif;wGif? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; &,l&efar;jref;pHkprf;jcif;tm;jzifhaqmif&GufjyD;? a&;
om; rSwfwrf;wifol(enumerators) rsm;jzifhrSwfwrf;wif&ygonf/ yHkpHusvlawGUar;jref;jcif; (Structural
interviews) udkjcHKiHkavhvmjcif;yHkpHpm&Gufrsm;(Survey forms)tm;toHk;jyKaqmif&GufjyD;? vGwfvyfaom
vlawGUar;jref;jcif; (Open interviews) rsm;wGifwHkUjyefajzMum;olrsm;ESifh pum;ajymqdkaepOfrSmyif rSwfpk
a&;om;jcif; (note taken)udkaqmif&Guf&ygonf/ rSwfpkrsm;tm;cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmppfaq;&eftwGuf aemufydkif;
wGif pepfwusjyefvnfpDpOf (t"dyÜg,faz:,l-interpreted) &ygonf/ tzGifhyHkpHvlawGUar;jrefjcif;(open-ended
interviews)rsm;wGifrI awGUqHkaepOfwGifyift"dyÜg,faz:jcif;ESifh pdwfjzmppfaq;jcif;(analysis)udkaqmif
&Guf&efvkdtyfjyD;? aumif;rGefpGmavhusifhxm;aomavhvmolrsm;(Observers) ESifh^odkUr[kwf rSwfwrf;a&;oGif;
ol (enumerator) rsm;jzifhaqmif&Guf&ygonf/ ar;cGef;vTmrsm;jyifqif&mwGif yHkpHrsm;tm; vufawGUr aqmif
&Gufcif MudKwifprf;oyfxm;&ef ta&;MuD;ygonf/ar;cGef;yHkpH xkwfoltaejzifh &Sif;vif;ap&efESifh tm&Hk
pl;plduf&ef(to clarify and focus) taumif;qHk;usdK;pm;aecsdefwGif? wHkUjyefvmrnfh jzpfEdkiforSsaom t"dyÜg,f
az:rIrsm;wGif vufOD;rI&,lEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;aumuf,ljcif;tm; rSefuefpGm toHk;
jyK&ef &nf&G,f aomtao;pm;prf;oyfrIonf taumif;qHk;owif;tcsuftvuf&&Sd&efESifh tcsdefESifhaiGtm;
tusdK;rJhpGm qHk;&Hk;rIrSumuG,f&ef aocsmapygonf/ yHkpHus vlawGUar;jref;jcif;rsm;onf rnfonfh owif;
tcsuftvuf aumuf,lrIudkrqkd &,l&ef toHk;jyKEdkifaomfvnf;? ar;cGef;vTmuJhodkUyif? owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;onf ajzqdkolwOD;csif;t,ltqtay:wGifomtajccHygonf/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;twGuf
owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;? Oyrmtm;jzifh zrf;qD;&&SdrIodkUr[kwfvHk;vpkdufxkwfrIonf MuD;rm;aom trSm;
t,Gif; rsm; jzpfEdkifajcjrifhrm;aomt&if;cHjzpfEdkifjyD;? tm;eJaomcefUrSef;csufrsm;&&Sdapjcif; odkUr[kwf
tuJqwfonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;(sensitive information)twGufwrifjyKvkyfaomtrSm;t,Gif;rsm;
udkjzpfay: apygonf/
4-8-6-1/ tzGifhyHkpH vlawGUar;jref;rIrsm; (Open-ended interviews)
tzGifhyHkpHvlawGUar;jref;jcif;rsm;onf rwlnDaomowif;tcsuftvufpkaqmif;onfhvkyfaqmifrIrsm;jcHKiHkyg
0ifonfhtjyif? tcsdKUaomvlrIodyÜHqkdif&mokawoeenf;pepfrsm;yg yg0ifygonf/ &nf&G,ftm&Hkpkdufaom
ypfrSwftpktzGJrsm;yrmPrSmao;i,fjyD;(5OD;rS 15OD;cefU) tpktzGJUwckrS udk,fpm;v,ftzGJU0ifrsm;xJrS
,HkMunfrI&Sdaom? vufawGUvkyfaqmifEdkifaom odkUr[kwf xifjrif,HkMunfcsuf&Sdaomolrsm;tm;a&G;cs,f&ef
jzpfygonf/ tpydkif;ar;cGef;rsm;ar;jref;jcif;eSifh aemufydkif;aqG;aEG;rnfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;tm;a&G;cs,fyHkazmf
ar;jref;jcif;jzifh yHUydk;ulnDol(facilitator)^ar;jref;ol(interviewer)wdkUonfowif;tcsuftvufrsm;? Oyrm
tm;jzifh trsm;oHk;ig;zrf;ud&d,mtm;vufawGUtoHk;jyKyHk? pDrHcefUcGJrIqkdif&mpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;tay:
wHkUjyefcsufrsm;? odkUr[kwf ig;zrf;qD;jcif;twGuf t,ltqoabmw&m;rsm; ponfwdkUudk pwif&,lygonf/
tjcm;wenf;jzpfaomtkyfpkvdkuf tcsuftvufaumuf,l&mwGif (penal survey) tpktzGJUwcktwGif;rS
usyef;enf; jzifh a&G;cs,fxm;aom teJi,faomudk,fpg;v,frsm;yg0ifjyD;? 4if;wkdUonftcsdeftwdkif;twm
wpfck (1ESpfrS 3ESpfcefU)twGif; yg0ifulnDMu&ef oabmwlxm;jyD;olrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ 4if;
tcsdefumvtwGif;? 4if;wdkUxHrS&&Sdaom owif;tcsuftvuf rsm; tay: tajccHí? rwlnDaom
taMumif;t&m rsm; tay:wGif aumufcsufqGJEdkifygonf/
4-8-6-2/ yHkpHwus vlawGUar;jref;jcif; (Structured interview)

85
a,bl,stm;jzifh? yHkpHwusvlawGUar;jref;jcif;(structured interview)rSmvuf&Sdaz:xkwfxm;jyD;aom? aumif;
rGefpGm-yHkpHxkwfxm;onfh t&Hoifh&SdaeonfhyHkpH (already established form)jzifh aqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfygonf/
yHkpHrsm;tm;okawoejyKvkyfolrsm;u ajzqdkolrsm;udk,fpm;jznfhoGif;ygonf/ 4if;tcsufrSm ar;cGef;vTm
(questionnaires) rsm;ESifhuGmjcm;csufjzpfygonf/ 4if;csOf;uyfenf;pepfonfukefusp&dwf ydkrdkrsm;jym;aomf
vnf;? ydkrdk&SKyfaxG;aomar;cGef;rsm;tm;ar;jref;EIifonfhtjyif? udk,fwkdifaumuf,lvmjcif;jzpfonfhtwGuf
owif; tcsuftvufrsm;tm;twnfjyKEdkifjyD;? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;t&nftaoG;udk ydkrdkwdk;wufvm
apygonf/ vlawGUar;jref;jcif;rsm;tm; rwlnDaom owif;tcsuftvufyif&if;rsm; (ig;zrf;qD;olwHigonf
rsm;rSonf pm;oHk;olrsm; txd) jzifh jyKvkyfEdkifjyD;? tjcm;aom vlxkqufoG,fa&; enf;vrf;rsm; jzpfaom
w,fvDzkef; rSwqifhaomf4if;? odkUr[kwf vlwpfOD;rSwpfqifhaomf4if;? aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/ yHkpHwpfusvlawGU
ar;jref;jcif;rsm;onf tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm; SSFs rsm;wGif tcsuftvuf aumuf,ljcif;trsm;pk
tajccHusaomyHkpHjzpfygonf/
vlawGUar;jref;jcif;csOf;uyfrIenf;jzifh ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI? ig;zrf;qD;&mwGif vHk;vpkdkufxkwfjcif; ESifh
aps;EHI;rsm;twGuf erlem&,l&mwGif pm&if;a&;oGif; rSwfwrf;wifol (enumerator) onf tcsuftvuf
rsm;tm;aumuf,lrSwfwrf;wif&ef? ukefcsqdyfurf;odkU a&;qGJxm;aom tcsdefZ,m; twkdif; a&muf&SdvmjyD;?
tvkyfvkyfygonf/ pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifolonfvSKyf&m;oGm;vmaeol(mobile) (4if;rSmqdyfurf;rsm;odkU
tvSnfhustajccHjzifhvSnfhv,foGm;vmjcif;) odkUr[kwf Xmae(resident) tjzpfowfrSwf erlem
aumuf,lonfh vkyfief;cGifwGifaexkdifoljzpfEdkifygonf/4if;wkdU tvkyfrSm a&,mOfrsm; tm;
erlemaumufjcif;? ukefcsaepOf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&,ljcif;? ig;zrf;qD;&mwGif vHk;vpdkufxkwfrI ESifh
aps;EHI;rsm; aumuf,ljcif;wkdUudk 4if;erlemaumuf aomaeUwGif vkyfief;vkyfaqmifaeonf [k xifjrif
,lqaom tm;vHk;aoma&,mOfrsm;îg;zrf;ud&d,m trsdK;tpm;wkdUtwGuf aqmif&Gufygonf/
erlemrsm;onfa&,mOftkyfpkvSKyf&Sm;rIrsm;tm;udk,fpm;jyKEdkiforSs ukd,fpm;jyK&ef vkdtyfygonf/ tcsdKaom
ig;zrf;,lepfoD;jcm;trsdK;tpm;rsm;jzpfaom urf;qGJykduf(beach seines) odkUr[kwf wpfaeUwnf;wGif
tMudrfrsm;pGm ig;xGufzrf;onfha&,mOfrsm;twGuf? ig;zrf;qD;jcif;vkyfief; ESifh ywfoufonfh xyfaqmif; í
tcsuftvuf rsm;&,l&ef vdktyfvmEdkifygonf/ ,if;tajctaersm; twGufvlawGUar;jref;jcif;jzifh pDpOf
xm;onfhvkyfief;aqmif&GufrIrsm;omru? aqmif&GufcJhjyD;aom vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf rsm;udkyg vTrf;jcHK
od&SdEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/
a&,mOfîg;zrf;ud&d,mvSKyf&Sm;rIrsm;twGuf vlawGUar;jref;onfhcsOf;uyfenf;rSm? pm&if;oGif; rSwfwrf;
aumuf,lolrsm;(enumerators)onfa&,mOfîg;zrf;ud&d,m vSKyf&Sm;rIrsm;tm; pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wif&ef
tcsdefZ,m;twkdif;yifrqdyfurf; (homepost) odkUoGm;a&muf vnfywf&ef jzpfygonf/
pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifolonfvSKyf&Sm;oGm;vmaeol (4if;rSmyifrqdyfurf;rsm;odkU tvSnfhus tajccHjzifh
vSnfhvnfoGm;vmjcif;) odkUr[kwf XmaetjzpfowfrSwferlemaumuf,lonfhvkyfief;cGifwGif aexkdifol
jzpfEdkifygonf/ rnfodkUyif jzpfapumrI? 4if;wkdkUvkyfief;wm0efrSm yifrtajcpkdufqdyfurf; wGif tajcpdkuf
onfh a&,mOfîg;zrf;ud&d,m trsdK;tpm; tm;vHk;wdkU pkpkaygif; ig;zrf;,lepfta&twGuf tm; wkdif;wm
owfrSwf&ef (ESifhjzpfEdkifyguig;zrf;ud&d,mudkygaqmif&Guf&ef) ESifh erlemaumuf,lonfhaeUwGif ig;zrf;
xGufaeonfha&,mOfrsm;ta&twGufudkrSwfom;&efjzpfygonf/
a&,mOfîg;zrf;ud&d,mwkdUvSKyf&Sm;rIrsm;tm;rSwfwrf;wif&efenf;vrf;tcsdKU&Sdygonf/ udpö&yftrsm;pkkwGif
vlawGUar;jref;jcif;enf;pepfESifh wkduf&dkufMunfh&SKppfaq;jcif; (direct observation) wdkUtm;aygif;pyfjyD; toHk;
jyKavh&Sdygonf/ wkduf&dkufMunfh&SKppfaq;jcif;tm; vSKyf&Sm;rIr&Sdaomig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;tm; vGifwD;acgifwGif
odkUr[kwf yifv,furf;pyfaomifjyifwGif urf;uyf xm;jcif; udkppfaq;Munfh&SKjyD;? az:xkwfowfrSwfygonf/
yifrqdyfurf;wGif tajcpkdufaom pkpkaygif; ig;zrf;a&,mOf ta&twGufudk rlabmifjcHKiHkavhvmjcif;(frame
survey) rSaomf 4if;? rSwfyHkwifjcif; (registration) rSaomf4if;? od&SdjyD;jzpfygonf/ wcgw&HwGif? pm&if;
rSwfwrf; aumuf,lolrsm;taejzifh vlawGUar;jref;jcif;rsm;rSowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udktoHk;jyKjyD;? a&,mOf

86
rsm;onf ig;zrf;vkyfief;udkomaqmif&GufaejyD;? ig;zrf;vkyfief; r[kwfaomtjcm;vkyfief;rsm; jyKvkyfae avh
r&SdaMumif;udk twnfjyK&efvkdtyfavh&Sdygonf/ xkdodkUaom udpö&yfrsm;twGuf ig;zrf;a&,mOftkyfpk twGif; rS
MudKwifowfrSwf xm;aom ig;zrf;a&,mOf tcsdKUtm; a&G;cs,fcg ppfrSefaomvlawGUar;jref;jcif; csOf;uyf enf;
udktoHk;jyKEIdfifygonf/
pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifolvkyfief;rSm? vlawGUar;jref;jcif;rSwqifh pm&if;wGif yg0ifaom a&,mOftm;vHk;wdkU
tm;ajccHaumufjyD;?erlem ,laomaeUwGifvnf;aumif;a&,mOfrsm;onftrSefwu,f yif ig;zrf;vkyfief;tm;
aqmif&GufaeMuaMumif;az:xkwf&efjzpfygonf/ tvkyfvkyfESIdifaoma&,mOfyrmP (fishing units) (20
pD;xufr rsm;aom)tajcpkdufpcef;rsm;twGuf? vlawGUar;jref;jcif;tm; ig;zrf;a&,mOf tm;vHk;jzifh
aqmif&Guf&efjzpfygonf/ wcgw&HwGif? raeUu odkUr[kwfvGefcJhaom 2&ufu aqmif&GufcJh aom
ig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm;taMumif; ar;jref;í&Edkifaomtajctaersm;udkvnf;awGU&avh&Sdygonf/ xkdodkUtydkaqmif;
&&Sdaomowif;tcsuf tvufrsm;onfp&dwfteJi,fjzifh erlemyrmPtm; wkd;jrifh&&SdjyD;? pkpkaygif;
ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; (fishing effort)tm;cefUrSef;&mwGif taumif;qHk; tajzxkwfEdkif ygonf/
vkyfief;tawGUtMuHKrsm;t& od&Sd& onfrSmig;zrf;a&,mOf^ig;zrf; ud&d,mrsm;vSKyf&Sm;rIrsm; ajymif;vJrI
trsm;qHk;rSm tcsdefuGmjcm;cJhjyD;rS tcsdefESifhwajy;nDwGif ydkrkdjzpfay:aMumif;awGU&Sd& ygonf/
4-8-7/ wkduf&dkufMunfh&SKppfaq;jcif; (Direct observations)
4-8-7-1/ avhvmolrsm; (Observers)
avhvmolrsm;onf ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;ay:wGifvnf;aumif;? ukefcsqdyfurf;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? jyKjyif
xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief; rsm; wGifvnf;aumif; odkdUr[kwf aps;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif; wkduf&dkufwkdif;xGmrIrsm;
udkaqmif&GufEdkifMuygonf/ pm&if;oGif; rSwfwrf;wifolrsm; pkaqmif&,laom ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;rS
ig;zrf;qD;&rdrI (ukefcsESifhpGefUypfig;)? ig;zrf;qD;&mwGifvkH;vpkdufxkwfrI? ig;zrf;a&,mOf^ig;zrf;ud&d,m?
vkyfief;vkyfaqmifrI(operations)? ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; (environmental variables)
(Oyrm- yifv,fjyiftajctae sea state- tylcsdef)? ZD0aA'qkdif&majymif;vJrI udef;&Sifrsm;(biological
variables) (ig;tvSsm;?tav;csdefESifhtouf) wkdUtjyif ukefcswefzdk;ESifh yrmPrsm;jzpfygonf/
vufawGUwGifavhvmolrsm;onf wkduf&dkufwdkif;wmjcif; (avhvmrI- observation)udkom aqmif&Gufjcif;
r[kwfbJ? vlawGUar;jref;jcif;ESifh ar;cGef;vTmrsm;tm; toHk; jyKjyD; tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;(survey) udkyg
wygwnf; aqmif&GufMuavh&Sdygonf/ 4if;wkdUonf owif; tcsuftvufrsm; tm; a&;oGif;jyifqif jcif;
(data processing) ESifh cGJjcrf; pdwfjzm ppfaq;jcif; (analysis) wGifvnf;yg0ifMuavh&Sdygonf/
avhvmolwOD; vkyfief;wm0efrsm;rSmcufcJavh&SdonfhtwGuf oifhavSsmfaom oifwef;rsm; wufa&muf
jcif;ESifh MuD;Muyfjcif; rsm;vnf;r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfygonf/ rnfonfh c&D;pOfwpfacguf wGifrqkd? tcsuftvuf
aumuf,ljcif;qkdif&m oabmobm0ESifh wkd;csJUrIrsm; twGuf&Sif;vif;aom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf
&efvdktyfavh&Sdygonf/ rMum cPqkdovkdyif? tcsuftvufyrmP ESifh aumuf,lrI tMudrfa& (frequency)
rsm;udk? yPmr tcsuftvufrsm;tm; cGJjcrf;ppfaq;rI tay:wGiftajccHjyD;? owfrSwfavh&Sdygonf/
avhvmolrsm;onf tcsuftvuf aumuf,lrIrsm;udkomaqmif&GufoifhjyD;? tjcm; aomvSKyf&Sm;rIrsm;
jzpfaom Oya'tm;vkdufemapjcif; (enforcement)? vkdifpifjyKvkyfjcif;(licensing)?ESifh tcGeftc
rsm;aumufcHjcif;(tax collection) rsm;udk yl;wGJaqmif&Gufjcif;rjyKoifhyg/ xdkodkUjyKvkyfjcif;jzifh vdrfnmrIudk
tm;ay;jcif;udk avSsmhusapjyD;? bufvkdufrIudk tenf;qHk;jzpfaprnfjzpfygonf/ jyóemrsm;jzpfaom –
Oyrmtm;jzifh tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;ESifh Oya'tm;vkdufemapjcif;(law enforcement) twGif; jzpfay:
aom oabmxm;uGJrIrsm;tm;avSsmhcs&ef twGuf &Sif;vif;aom e,ferdwfowfrSwfxm;jcif;(clear
demarcation)? 4if; vSKyf&Sm;rIrsm; udk aqmif&Gufrnfh tcsdefESifhae&mtm; cGJjcm;xm;jcif;ponfwkdUtm;
aqmif&Guf&ef vkdtyfygonf/

87
xdkuJhodkUaqmif&Gufay;jcif;jzifh yifv,fjyifwGifvkdufygavhvmjcif;(at-sea observation)udk vkyfaqmifcGifh
tcGifhta&;&&SdvmEdkifygonf/ avhvmolrsm; tqifhtwef;ESifh vkyfudkif&rnfhvkyfief;wm0efrsm;onf
a&,mOfOD;pD;rI ESifh oabFmom;rsm;ESifh aumif;rGefaomvkyfief;cGifqufqHa&; (good working relationship)
&&SdrItay:wGifrsm;pGm wnfrSDaejyD;? avhvmolrsm;tm; Oya'rsm;tm;tm;aumif;atmifapmifha&Smufol
rsm;tjzpfrSwf,loGm;ygu? vkyfudkifcGifhrsm;qHk;&Hk;oGm;Edkifygonf/ yifv,fjyifwGifvkdufygavhvmjcif;tm;
aqmif&Guf&mwGif t"duusaom owif;tcsuftvufaumuf,lrIrSm zrf;qD;&rdrI ESifh ig;zrf;qD;&mwGif
vkH;vpkdufxkwfrIqkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;jzpfjyD;? ig;zrf;qD;rIrSwfwef;(fishing logs)rsm;tm;
jyefvnfwkdufqkdifppfaq; (cross checking)&mwGiftoHk;jyKygonf/ wcsdefwnf;rSmyif? yifv,fjyifwGif
vkdufygavhvmolrsm; onf tydkaqmif; ZD0aA'qkdif&mrsm; (ig;t&G,ftpm;? t&G,fa&mufrI ESifh txD;^tr)
tm;aumuf,lEdkifjyD; a&maxG;zrf;rdig;rsm; (ig;Ekyfig;zGJ) (by catch)ESifh ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;? ig;zrf;ud&d,mqkdif&mtjcm;aomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;? ig;zrf;qD;a&;vkyfief;
qkdif&mrsm; ponfwkdUtm;vnf; aumuf,lEdkifygonf/ pGefUypfig; (discards) qkdif&m owif; tcsuftvuf
rsm;onf yifv,fjyifwGifvkdufygavhvmjcif;jzifhom aumuf,l&&SdEdkifygonf/ ukefcsqdyfurf;rsm;? jyKjyif
xkwfvkyfa&;puf&Hkrsm; ESifh aps;rsm;twGif;aumuf,lonfht"duusaom tcsuftvufrsm;rSm ukefcsjcif;
qkdif&m (yrmP? t&nftaoG;? wefzdk; ESifhaps;EIef;rsm;)? ZD0aA'qkdif&m (t&G,ftpm;? t&G,fa&mufrI) ESifh
ig;zrf;qD;&mwGif vHk;vpkdufxkwfrIqkdif&m (ydkufqGJrItMudrfa&? ig;zrf;onfhtcsdef-em&D)? paom
tcsuftvufrsm;jzpfygonf/ rSwfwrf; pmtkyf (logbooks) pepfudktoHk;jyKaom ig;vkyfief; tMuD;pm;rsm;
twGuf? ukefcsqdyfurf;wGifaumuf,laom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf rSwfwrf;pmtkyf rsm;wGif
rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;tm; jyefvnfppfaq;&eftwGuf toHk;jyKEdkif ygonf/
jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;puf&Hkrsm;rS aumuf,laomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;wGif trsdK;tpm;tvkduf yrmPrsm;?
ukefMurf;ypönf; trSwfpOfeHygwf (batch number of raw materials)rsm;yg0ifjyD;? 4if;trSwfpOfeHygwfrsm; jzifh
vkdtyfaomtcsdefrsm;wGif ig;zrf;a&,mOftm; jyefv,fajc&mcHEdkifygonf/ tu,fí pkaqmif;
aumufcHcJhygu 4if;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf ukefcsqdyfurf;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm;
twnfjyK&mwGif toHk;0ifygonf/
ukefcsjyKjyifxkwfvkyfjyD;ig;tav;csdef (landed processed fish weight) rSig;pkpkaygif;tav;csdeftm;
ajymif;vJwGufcsuf&mwGif vdktyfaomjrSifhwifudef;(raising factor) tm;cefUrSef;&ef tcsuftvufrsm;tm;
aumufcH&ygonf/ jyKjyifxkwfvkyfrIrjyKrSD ESifh jyKjyifjyD; ig;erlemtav;csdefrsm;onf ajymif;vJrIudef;
(conversion factors)rsm;tm; wdk;wufrSefuefvmapygonf/ erlemrsm;aumuf,lrSwfwrf;wif&mwGifjzpfEdkif
aomtvm;tvm&Sdonfh&moDOwkqdkif&mrsm; (potential seasonal)? b0orkdif;aMumif;qkdif&m tqifhrsm;ESifh
tjcm;ajymif;vJrIrsm;wGif udk,fcE¨mESifh 0rf;wGif;uvDZmtav;csdeftcsdK;tpmrsm;? tcdsef? trsdK;tpm;? txD;-
tr ESifht&G,ftpm; wkdUonf erlemrsm;udkrSwfwrf;wif&mwGif yg0if&rnfjzpfygonf/
pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mESifh vlOD;a&qkdif&m tqifhwkdif; owiftcsuftvufrsm; (Oyrm – trsdK;tpm; trsdK;rsdK;
aom xkwfukefypönf;rsm;aps;uGufESifh jyKjyifxkwfvkyfrIpuf&Hkrsm;rS^odkU oGif;ukef^xkwfukef) rsm;
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; yHkrSeftm;jzifh vlawGUar;jref;jcif;ESifh ar;cGef;vTmrsm;rS&&SDEdkifygonf/ odkU&mwGif
pm&if;oGif; rSwfwrf;wifolrsm;rS wdkuf&dkufaumuf,laom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf t"duusaom
owif; tcsuftvuf yif&if;rsm;jzpfjyD;? tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;rSwqifh aumuf,laomowif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;twGuf taxmuftuljyKaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;jzpfygonf/ xkwfukefqdkif&mowif;tcsuf
tvuf rsm;tm;jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;puf&Hkrsm;wGifar;cGef;vTmrsm;? vlawGUar;jref;jcif;rsm;jzifh aumuf,l&&Sd
Edkifaomfvnf;? pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifolrsm;taejzifh wkduf&dkufaumuf,ljcif;enf;vrf;jzifh rsm;pGmaom
&kyfykdif;qdkif&majymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; (tav;csdef? ta&twGuf? t&G,ftpm; ponfrsm;) tm; ydkrdkwduspGm
&,lpkaqmif;Edkifygonf/ tvkdtavSsmuftav;csdefpufrsm;(automatic scales)rsm;onf tqufrjywf jzwf
oef;aeaomig;rsm; tav;csdefrsm;tm; pufrIydkif;qkdif&modkUr[kwfuGefjyKwmtaxmuftuljyK tm&HkcH

88
ud&d,mrsm;jzifh rSwfwrf;wifEdkifygonf/ tvm;wlpGmyif? pufrIydkif;qkdif&m odkUr[kwf tvdktavSsmuftav;
csdefay;aomyHk;rsm;(mechanical or automatic weighing bins)toHk;jyKí at;cJxm;aom odkUr[kwf a&cJ
azsmfxm;aomig;rsm;tm; jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;vrf;aMumif;odkUt0if odkUr[kwf tat;cef;odkavSmif&Hkrsm;odkU
t0ifwGif xkwfvkyfrItokwfwdkif;(each batch)twGuf tav;csdefrsm;tm; rSwfwrf;wifEdkifygonf/ xdkodkUr
[kwfygu ig;xnfhyHk;rsm;tm; a&wGuf&efvkdtyfjyD;? erlemrsm;&,lum yg0ifaomig;yrmP ESifh tav;csdef
rSefuefa&;tm; aocsmap&ef aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfygonf/
rsm;aomtm;jzifh ig;rsm;tm;xkxnfyrmPMuD;rm;pGmjzifh ig;r[kwfaomtjcm;ypönf;rsm; (Oyrmtm;jzifh a&cJ?
qm;? xkwfydk;rIypönf;rsm;ESifh opfom;u'fMurf;rsm; (pallets)ponfjzifh) a&maESmyg0ifaeavh&Sdygonf/
odkUjzpf&m pkpkaygif;ig;tav;csdef? ig;trsdK;tpm;tvdkufoD;oefUtav;csdef? xkwfukef ESifh t&G,ftpm; tqifh
cGJrIponfwdkUtm; cefUrSef;&eftvGeftcuftcJ&Sdygonf/ rnfonfhtav;csdef tcsdeftwG,f udk
&,lonfhvkyfief;pOfwGifrqdk ig;r[kwfaomypönf;rsm;tm; cGJjcm;jyD;tav;csdeftm; rSwfwrf;jyKpk&ef twGuf
enf;pepfrsm;tm; az:xkwf&efvkdtyfvSsuf&Sdygonf/ (Oyrmtm;jzifh csdefcGifrsm;onf opfom;u'fMurf;rsm;
tav;csdefudktvdktavSsmufESKwfy,fEdkifaom enf;edó, &Sdygovm;)/ jyKjyifxkwfvkyfjyD; ig;rsm;tm;
tvHkydwfaowÅmrsm;jzifhxnfxm;aomudpö&yfrsm;wGif ysrf;rSstav;csdef&&Sd&ef erlemaumuf,l jyD; aowÅm
odkUr[kwf yHk;rsmtm; a&wGufjcif;jzifhvHkavmufygonf/
tjcm;aomenf;vrf;taejzifh aowÅmodkUr[kwfyHkrsm;tm; tav;csdefjyD;?rSwfom;cg? aemufydkif;&ufrsm;wGif
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm;a&;oGif;wGufcsufcsdef (data processing) wGif aowÅmodkUr[kwf yHk;rsm;
tav;csdef tm;ESKwfy,fjcif;udk rSwfpk&,l&ef jzpfygonf/ ig;zrf;a&,mOfwacgufwGif zrf;rdorSsig;rsm;
tg;vHk;tm; qdyfurf;odkUukefcsjcif; (4if;rSmig;xnfhoGif;onfhtcef;tm;tvGwfjzpfonftxd) onfvkdvm; jyD;?
rSwfom;xm;csufrsm;tm;rSwfwrf;pm&Gufjzifhjyefv,fppfaq;Edkifygonf/ (records can than be matched
against logsheets)/ odkU&mwGif tcsdKUaomudpö&yfrsm;wGif qdyfurf;rsm;wGifig;ukefcsjcif;? vGef;usif;
wGifaomf4if;? yifv,fjyifwGif4if; tcsdKUaomukefcsjcif;rsm;onf wpdwfwydkif;ukefcsjcif; (only be partial)
udkaqmif&GufjyD; ukef&Sdonfhig;tcsdKUtm; aemufwMudrfig;tm;vHk;ukefcscsdeftxd csefvSyfjcif;rsm;vnf;
&Sdygonf/ 4if; udpö&yfrsm; twGuf zrf;rdig;rsm;ukefcsjcif; ESifh a&,mOfay:wGif qufvufxdrf;odrf;xm;rI ESpf
rsdK;vHk; twGuf rSwfwrf;rsm;tm; qufvufxdrf;odrf;xm;&rnfjzpfygonf/
4-8-7-2/ pHkprf;ppfaq;olrsm; (Inspectors)
pHkprf;ppfaq;olrsm;onf pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifolrsm;ESifh trsdK;tpm;jcif;wlnDMuaomfvnf; 4if;wdkUonf
Oya'tm; tm;aumif;ap&ef ESifh vkdufemrI&Sdr&Sdudk apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;wGifyg0ifywfoufaeMuolrsm;
jzpfygonf/ (ig;zrf;Oya'? pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;? a&qkd;a&npfppfaq;olrsm;? tvkyform;rsm;tm; MuD;
Muyfxdrf;odrf;olrsm;? ponfjzifh)/ 4if;wdkUonf yifv,fjyifwGif apgifhMunfhppfaq;a&;a&,mOfrsm;
jzifhvnf;aumif;? urf;ajcukefcsqdyfurf;rsm;? jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;puf&Hkrsm;ESifh aps;rsm;twGif wGifvnf;aumif;?
tvkyfvkyfudkifMuygonf/ tMurf;tm;jzifh odyÜHynmESifhoufqkdifaom tcsuftvufrsm;tm;
aumufcH&mwGif? Oya' xdrf;odrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifwkduf&dkufyg0ifywfoufrI r&Sdonfh
pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifolrsm;jzifh aqmif&Guf jcif;jzifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom tcsuftvuf aumufcHrIudk
&&Sdapygonf/ odkUaomfjim;vnf; pHkprf;ppf aq;olrsm;rSaumuf,laomrsm;pGmaomudef;&Sifrsm; rSm
tvGeftoHk;0ifjyD;? ukefcsqdyfurf;wGif ukefcsjcif;qkdif &mrsm;? vkyfief;aqmif&GufrI tcsuftvufrsm;?
ig;zrf;qD;&mwGif vHk;vpdkufxkwfrIrsm;? ukefcsaps;EHI;? jyKjyifxkwfvkyfrI vkyfief;pOftqifhqifhESifh aps;uGufESifh
jyKjyifxkwfvkyfolrsm; xkwfukefwefzdk;ponfjzifh jynfhpHkpGm yg0ifygonf/
pHkprf;ppfaq;olrsm;onf tvkyform;qkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,l&mwGif vnf; txl;
toHk;0ifygonf/ pHkprf;ppfaq;olrsm;onf owif;tcsuftvuftm;twnfjyK&mwGif ta&;ygaomtcef;

89
u@rsm;yg0ifygonf/ udpö&yftrsm;pkwGif? tpD&ifcHpmrsm;tm; &kyfydkif;qkdif&m ppfaq;rIudk aphpyfaocsmpGm
avhvmjcif;jzifh aqmif&Gufygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ig;yHk;rsm;twGif;rS yg0ifrIrsm;tm; ppfaq;&ef twGuf
usyeff;erlemaumuf,laomig;rsm;jzifh (trsdK;tpm;? xkwfvkyfrItrsdK;tpm; ESifh t&G,fqkdif&mtqifhcGJjcif;)
aqmif&GufjyD;? yHk; trsdK;tpm;cGJrI trSwftom;ESifh wkdufqdkifppfaq;&ygonf/ pHkprf;ppfaq;olrsm;onf
erlemaumuf,ljci;fqkdif&mr[mAsL[mwGifvnf;uGsrf;usifrI&Sdap&ef vkdtyfygonf/ pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wif
ol^avhvmolrsm;uJhodkUyif pHkprf;ppfaq;ol owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onfvnf; owdMuD;pGmxm;í vkyf
udkifoifhygonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaom? erlemaumuf,l&mwGif bufvdkufrI&Sd&ef tvm;tvmrsm;aom
aMumifhjzpfygonf/ Oya'-xdef;odrf;olt&m&Sdrsm; tcsuftvufaumuf,l&mwGif ay:ayguf&ef
tvm;tvmrsm;aombufvkdufrIrsm;tm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvm&mwGif xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&ef vkdtyfrnfjzpfyg
onf/
4-8-8/ odyÜHynmqkdif&m okawoe (Scientific research)
a*[aA'qkdif&mokawoe jyKvkyfonfhenf;pepfrsm;tm; pD;yGm;jzpfig;zrf;qD;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifvGwfvyfpGm
toHk;jyKEdkifjyD;? ig;ta&twGuf odkUr[kwf ywf0ef;usifqkdif&majymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; wdkif;wm&ef toHk;
csMuyg onf/ 4if;okawoersm;tm; tzGJUtpnf;qkdif&mokawoea&,mOfrsm; odkUr[kwf pufrIvkyfief; rsm;
odkdUr[kwf pD;yGm;jzpfig;zrf;a&,mOfrsmtm; toHk;jyKjyD;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ud jyKvkyfMuygonf/ xkdodkU
okawoejyKrI &nf&G,fcsufrSm ZD0aA'qkdif&m(Oyrm- ig;yrmPaygrsm;rI odkUr[kwf us,fjyefUpGm jyefUESHUrI
ESifh ig;t&G,ftpm;? t&G,fa&mufrIESifh rsdK;yGm;rIqkdif&mvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;) ESifh ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m (Oyrm –
tiHEIef; ESifh tylcsdef) tajymif;tvJrsm;tm;avhvm&efjzpfygonf/ ta&;MuD;aomtcsufrSm ,if;
okawoetrsdK;tpm;tm; aqmif&Guf&mwGif tcsdefydkif;tvkduf tusdK;jyKaom tcsuftvuf rsm;&&Sdap&ef
twGuf umvtydkif;tjcm;tvdkufaqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfygonf/
tvm;wlpGmyif? vlrI-,Ofaus;rI(vlrI"avh)qkdif&mokawoe enf;pepfrsm;tm;vnf; pDrHcefUcGJa&;twGuf
toHk;0ifaomwdusonfhowif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&Sd&eftoHk;csEdkifygonf/ 4if;enf;pepfrsm;onf aeUpOf
ESifhtrSsaqmif&Guf&efxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;rjyKEdkifaomfvnf;? 4if;wdkUonf ta&;MuD;aom owif; tcsuf
tvufrsm;tm;xkwfay;EdkifonfhtwGuf? jzpfEdIifygu yHkrSefaqmif&Gufaejcif;r[kwfaomowif; tcsuf
tvufaumuf,lrI taejzifh xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;Edkifygonf/ t"duajzMum;ay;rnfhowif;ay;rsm; (key
informants)onfudpö&yfwcktm;txl;A[kokw<u,f0? uGsrf;usifolrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ 4if;wkdUrSm ynma&;
qkdif&muGsrf;usifolrsm;? vlxktzGJUtpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm; odkUr[kwf txl;uGsrf;usifaoma&vkyfom;rsm;
jzpfEdkifygonf/ vlawGUar;jref;jcif;tm;aqmif&Guf&mwGif? tajccHusaomar;cGef;rsm;jzifh pwifavh&Sdaomf
vnf;? awGUqHkar;jref;ol arSsmfvifhcsufrSm aumufcsuftopfrsm;a&;qGJEdkif&ef ESifh t"duajzMum;rnfholrS
4if;tpydkif;ar;cGef;tay: wkd;csJUjyD; olUtajzrsm;udkay;&efawmif;qkdrIrSwqifh? rarSsmfvifhxm;aom
tcsuftvufrsm;tm; &&Sdvkdjcif;jzpfygonf/ 4if;enf;pepfonf ordkif;aMumif;ESifhcsDaomtavhtxrsm;
tygt0if ,HkMunfrIrsm;ESifh tavhtxrsm;ESifhywfoufaom euf&SdKif;pGm a&;om;azmfjyxm;aom
tcsuftvufrsmtm;&,l&ef pHtjzpftrsm;tjym;toHk;jyKMuygonf/
yl;aygif;yg0ifavhvmjcif;(Participant observation)onf enf;pepfwckjzpfjyD;? okawoejyKoltaejzifh
tcsdefumvtm; wkd;csJUum (&nf&G,fcsufESifhaemufqufwGJrsm;tay:rlwnfí? oDwif;ygwfrsm; rSonf
ESpfrsm;txd) &nfrSef;xm;aomypfrSwfvlxkESifhtwlaexdkifjyD;? 4if;wdkUtrltusifhrsm;udkapgifhMunfhavhvm
um? 4if;wdkU tavhtxrsm;wGifyl;aygif;yg0ifjcif;jzpfygonf/ 4if;tcsdefwGifokawoejyKolonf w&m;0if
jzpfap? w&m;r0ifjzpfap vlawGUar;jref;jcif;rsm;udkaqmif&GufjyD;? rsm;jym;aomudpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufaom
tzGifh-ar;cGef;rsm;tm;ar;jref;Edkifygonf/ 4if;enf;pepfonf w&m;0ifvkyfief;aqmif&GufrItqifhqifhudk qefU
usifum qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfjcif;wGif trSefwu,fvkyfaqmifaeaomvkyfief;tqifhrsm;udk avhvm&mwGif

90
aumif;rGefaomenf;penfjzpfygonf/ ,mOfaus;rIqkdif&mESifh tzGJUtpnf;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;onf
pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;twkdif; vdkufemjcif;&Sm;yg;jyD;? 4if;wkdUrSmtrSefwu,fwGif vufcHEdkifaomtwkdif;twm&Sd
onfh w&m;r0ifaompHowfrSwfcsufrsm;jzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif 4if;pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; &,l&efrSm yl;aygif;yg0ifavhvmjcif;enf;vrf;rSwqifhom &&SdEdkifygonf/
4-8-9/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; rSwfwrf;a&;oGif;jcif; (Data logging)
tvdktavSsmufwnfae&mjyqufoG,fa&;ud&d,mrsm;(Automatic location communicators)onfwnfae&m
ESifh qufoG,fa&;enf;ynm(positioning and communications technology)rSwqifh owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;tm; tvdktavSsmufrSwfwrf;wifEdkifygonf/ 4if;wkdUonfyifv,fjyifwGifig;zrf;aeonfhvSKyf&Sm;rIrsm; tm;
ta0;rSavhvmjcif;rSwqifhig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm; ukef;ywf ay:rSavhvmolrsm;^pHkprf;ppfaq;olrsm;ESifh
rSwfwrf;pmtkyf (logbooks)rsm;tm; rSwfwrf;wifEdkifonfhtjyif tpm;xkd;Edkifygonf/ odkU&mwGif? 4if;wdkUwGif
&dk;&Sif;aomtm;enf;csufwck&Sdygonf/ 4if;tm;enf;csufrSm zrf;qD;&rdrI qkdif&m owif;tcsuftvuf rsm;
tm; xnfhoGif;rIonf a&,mOfrI; (Captain) wm0efodwwfrItay: wGif rlwnfaeonfhtcsufjzpfygonf/
ig;zrf;qD;rIaqmif&Gufjcif;qkdif&m rsm;pGmaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;rSm a&,mOfukef;ywfay:&Sdud&d,m
rsm;rS tvdktavSsmufrSwfwrf;wifxm;Edkifygonf/ a&,mOfwnfae&m? ckwfarmif;aeonfhtjrefEIef;?
OD;wnft&yf? ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm; wkd;wufrIrsm;tm; tDvufxa&mepfydkif;qkdif&mud&d,mrsm; jzifh
csdwfqufjyD;owif; tcsuftvuf rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifjcif;rSm tem*gwfwGif xGef;um;vmawmhrnfjzpfyg
onf/ tcsuftvufrsm;tm; aygif;pyfcsdefwGif 4if;owif;tcsuftvufrsmtm; j*dKvfwk qufoG,fa&;
odkUr[kwf ajrjyif qufoG,fa&;rsm;rSwqifh tvdktavSsmufxkwfvTifhjyD;(automatically transmitted)
tcsuftvufbPf (databases) rsm;odkU ydkUaqmifodkavSmifxg;ygonf/ a&,mOfwnfae&mESifh
zrf;qD;rIwdkUtm; a0;uGmaom ae&mrsm;&SdtkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&mtmPmydkifrsm;xHodkU owif;ay;ydkUay;Edkifaom
enf;ynmtm; a&,mOfapgifhMunfha&;pepf (vessel monitoring system - VMS) [kac:qdkygonf/
uefUowfxm;EdkifpGrf;&SdrI(confidentiality)onf trsm;pkrS us,fjyefUpGm toHk;jyKEdkifa&; qdkif&m VMS pepf
aomhcsufusaomtcsufjzpfygonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf vuf&SdwGif a&,mOf a&muf&Sdaeaom
ig;zrf;uGufESifh oufqdkifonfhowif;tcsuftvufrsm;aMumifh a&,mOfvuf&Sd wnfae&m
tcsuftvufrsm; onf a&,mOfvHkjcHKa&;twGuf t"duusaom pdk;&drfzG,f udpö&yf jzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif?
4if;pepfrS wqifha&,mOfwnfae&m? vSKyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifh zrf;qD;&&SdrIrsm;tm; A[kd
tcsuftvufodkavSmifxdrf;odrf;a&;odkUtpD&ifcHaejcif;jzpf&m? tpD&ifcHcsufrsm;tm; aygif;pyfxm;
aomtcsuftvufrsm;ay;ydkUjcif; odkUr[kwfa&,mOf trnfaz:xkwfjcif;pepftm;rSwfwrf;rsm; rSwqifh
ta0;rSaxmufvSrf;&efrSm &dk;&Sif;onfhtwGuf rSwfwrf;yHkpH(logsheets)rsm;jzifh rSwfom;xm;aom
rSwfwrf;rsm;omvSsiftrSefwu,fa&,mOf yifv,fjyifwGifvSKyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk ydkrdkíudk,fpm;jyKvm rnfjzpfyg
onf/
4-8-10/ tpD&ifcH wifjyjcif; (Reporting)
rsm;pGmaom jynfhpHkpGm pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;jzifh csOf;uyfrI rsm;wGif? ig;vkyfief;rsm;rS 0efxrf;rsm;onf
tcsuftvuf rsm; aumuf,ljcif;wGif wkduf&dkufyg0ifaqmif&GufrIr&SdMubJ? jyifyrStcsuf tvufZpfjrpf
rsm;udktoHk;jyKMuygonf/ trsm;qHk; awGU&onfrSm 4if;yif&if;rsm;onf ig;zrf;ukrÜPDrsm;rS 4if;wdkUudk,fwkdif
jznfhoGif;xm;aom owif;tcsuftvufyHkpHrsm; (data forms)? tv,ftvwftqifhwGif&Sdolrsm;
(intermediaries persons)? aps;a&mif;0,folrsm;(market operators)? jyKjyifxkwfvkyfolrsm; ESifh ukefoG,fa&;
ukrÜPDrsm; ESifh taumufcGeft&m&Sdrsm;jzpfEdkifygonf/ txufygenf;pepfrsm;onf toifhtwifh-
pufrIqdkif&ma&vkyfief;ESifh pufrIqkdif&ma&vkyfief;rsm;? tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif wGifus,fpGmtoHk; jyKMuygonf/

91
ig;vkyfief; ukrÜPDrsm;onf wcgw&HwGifzrf;qD;&rdrIESifh ig;zrf;&efvHk;vpkdufxkwfrIrsm; qkdif&m tajccH owif;
tcsuftvufrsm;twGuf tvGefaumif;rGefaom rlvZpfjrpfrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ tajccH owif; tcsuftvuf
rsm;tm;tcsdefrSefwifjy&efrSm ig;vkyfief;vkdifpif&,l&efaqmif&Guf&rI tqifhqifhwGif tpdwftydkif; w&yf
taejzifh yg0ifygonf/ ukrÜPDrsm;rSowif;tcsuftvufrsm;wifoGif;&mwGif trsm;tm; jzifh rSwfwrf;
pmtkyfrsm;yHkpH (form of logbooks) odkUr[kwf ukefcsaMunmvTm(landing declarations)yHkpHrsm; jzifh
wifoGif;&ygonf/ rSwfwrf;pmtkyf(logbook)wGifig;zrf;uGufyg0ifaom wOD;jcif;ig;zrf;,lrIaqmif&Guf csuf
tao;pdwfowiftcsuftvufrsm;? aqmif&GufonfhtrsdK;tpm;ESifh Mumjrifhcsdef? ig;trsdK;tpm;tvdkuf
zrf;qD;&rdrI ESifh yifv,fjyiftajctaeESifh &moDOwkqkdif&mtajctaeESifhywfoufaom tjcm;aomowif;
tcsuftvufrsm;yg0ifygonf/ ukefcsaMunmvTmrsm;wGif tkyfpkvdkufig;zrf;&efxGufcGmrIrsm;ESifh ig;trsdK;
tpm;tvdkufzrf;qD;&rdrIqkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm;pkpnf;wifjycsufrsm;yg0ifygonf/
4if;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;tm;omcsufrSmowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm;aygif;pnf;olrsm;onf ig;vkyfief;qdkif&m
0efxrf;rsm;r[kwfbJ udk,fpm;vS,fat;*sifhrsm;jzpfjcif;ESifh wcgw&HwGifukrÜPDrsm;rS t&HoifhuGefjyKwm
toHk;jyKzGJpnf;wnfaqmufxm;aomukrÜPD rSwfwrf;rsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&mpm;&dwfrsm;tm;
avSsmhcsEdkifonfhtwGufjzpfygonf/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vIdU0SufuefUowfxm;EdkifrI(Oyrm- ig;zrf;
uGufrsm; ESifh ig;zrf;qD&rdrI)onf tcsuftvufrsm;wifoGif;ap&mwGif oabmwlnDcsuf&,lxm;
onfhtpdwftydkif;wGifyg0if&efvkdtyfjyD;? tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif; pm&if;tif;qkdif&m xkwfjyefcsuf
rsm;wGif wOD;jcif;ydkifig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;? odkUr[kwfukrÜPDrsm;rSydkifqdkifaomig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;ESifh oufqkdif
onfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ryg0ifap&yg/ odkU&mwGifowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkavSsmhíjyojcif;(under
reporting) ESifhowif;tcsuf tvufrsm;tm;MudKwifpOf;pm;jyD;rl&if;t"dyÜg,f ysuf,Gif;ap&efaqmif&Gufjcif;?
txl;ojzifh ig;zrf;uGufrsm;? zrfqD;&rdrI ESifh 0ifaiGESifhywfoufaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;wGif rrSef ruef
aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;uJhodkU aom tEÇ&m,frsm;aompGefUpm;rIrsm;vnf;&SdvmEdkifygonf/
4-8-11/ zrf;qD;jcif; (Harvest)
wcgw&HwGif ig;vkyfief;u@twGuf ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm; tm;vHk;rS owif;tcsuftvuf rsm;tm; aumuf,l
pk aqmif; &ef vdktyfvmwwfjyD;? trsm;tm;jzifh tMuD;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm;rSjzpfygonf/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh ig;zrf;
a&,mOfwkdif;onf 4if;wkdUig;zrf;xGufonfhc&D;pOftacgufwkdif;twGufig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI ESifh ig;zrf;qD;&mwGif
vHk;vpdkufxkwfrI qkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; txl;yHkpHxkwfxm;aom rSwfwrf;pmtkyf(logbook) wGif
rSwfwrf;wif&ef vkdtyfygonf/ 4if;onfMudK;pm;tyifyef;cHaqmif&Guf&aom (pain staking) vkyfief;
wm0efjzpfonfhtwGuf yHkrSeftm;jzifh rjzpfrae vkdtyfaom tcsuftvufrsm;udkom aumufcHavh &Sdygonf/
rsm;jym;vSpGmaom taMumif;jycsufrsm;jzifh 4if;enf;pepfjzifhaumufcHaomowif;tcsuftvuf rsm;onf
rSefuefrI r&Sdjcif;rsm; jzpfay:vmEdkifonfhtwGuf? pHkprf;ppfaq;olrsm;rStMudrfMudrf ppfaq;twnf jyKay;&ef
ta&;MuD;ygonf/
4-8-12/ zrf;qD;jyD;aemufjyKjyifxkwfvkyfjcif; (Post-harvest)
zrf;qD;jyD;aemufjyKjyifxkwfvkyfjcif;vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIrsm;qkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;rSm ukefcsjcif;
qkdif&m? ZD0aA'qkdif&m? aps;uGufqkdif&m? ukefuspm&dwf ESifh 0ifaiGrsm;qkdif&mowif; tcsuf tvufrsm;
&&Sd&ef toHk;jyKavh&Sdyg onf/ vkyfief;cGifrSwfwrf;Z,m;(log sheets)rsm;? ukefcsrSwfwrf;rsm; ESifh aps;uGuf
qkdif&mtpD&ifcHpmrsm; r&&SdEdkifygu? ,HkMunf&aomowif;tcsuftvufrsm; tjzpf jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;
puf&Hkrsm;rS &&Sdaom owif; tcsuftvufrsm;udkom toHk;jyK&rnfjzpfygonf/ jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&;
aqmif&Gufolrsm; tpD&ifcHpmrsm; wGif tMurf;tm;jzifh ig;vufcHonfhyrmPrsm;ESifhwefzdk;rsm;ESifh
&&Sdvmonfhukefacsmrsm;yg0ifavh&Sdygonf/ xkdUtjyif? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;wGif ig;zrf;qD;onfh

92
rlvZpfjrpftcsuftvufrsm;(ig;zrf;a&,mOfESifh o,f,lydkUaqmifa&;a&,mOf)? ig;t&G,ftpm; tvdkuf
trsdK;tpm;cGJxm;rIrsm;vnf;yg0ifavh&Sdygonf/ zrf;qD; &rdaomig;rsm;ukefcsaepOf odkUr[kwf
tjynfht0aqmif&GufjyD;csdefwGifaqmif&Gufaom jznfhoGif;xm;onfhyHkpH rsm; (whole round form) udk
apmifhMunfh tuJjzwf&mwGif? txl;*&kjyKpOf;pm;qifjcif&efvdktyfjyD;? 4if;tcsuf tvufrsm;onf ig;
vkyfief;qkdif&mtmPmydkifrsm;eSifh a&,mOfOD;pD;rSL; (captains)rsm;odkUr[kwf ukrÜPDrsm; tjyeftvSef
qufqHa&;(relationship)ay:wGifrsm;pGmrlwnfaejcif;aMumifhjzpfygonf/ 4if;ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm; odkUr[kwf
ukrÜPDrsm; ukefcsrSwfwrf;rsm;tm; wkduf&dkuftoHk;jyK&efrSm vHkavmufaom,HkMunfrI jzpfxGef; ay:ayguf
vmatmifwnfaqmufjyD;rSom jzpfEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ odkUr[kwfygu? usyef;erlem aumuf,lppfaq;jcif;
(random spot checks)tm;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf/
tcsdKUaomtajctaersm;wGif? jyKjyifxkwfvkyfa&; puf&Hkrsm; odkUr[kwf tat;cef;rsm;odkU
wkduf&dkufukefcsjcif;rsm;vnf;&Sdygonf (txl;ojzifh a&GUvSsm;ukefo,fud&d,m (conveyor)
tm;toHk;jyKjyD;yrmPrsm;jym;aomig;rsm;-Oyrm t&G,ftpm; ao;i,faom a&tay:vTm aeig;rsm;
(pelagic-tuna) ig;rsm;tm;ukefcsjcif;)/ tao;pdwf ukefcsrSwfwrf;rsm;tm; qufwkduf aumuf,ljcif;udk
ukefcsjcif; wokwfjyD;jywfjyD;? yif&if;(a&,OftrnfESifh c&D;pOftrSwf –trip indentifier)tm;
rSwfom;jyD;onftxd qufvufaqmif&Guf&ygonf/ tcsdKUaompuf&Hkrsm;onf jyKjyif xkwfvkyfa&; odkU
wkduf&dkuf0ifa&mufaom odkUr[kwf tat;cef;rsm;odkU 0ifa&mufaomig;rsm;(trsdK;tpm;? xkwfukeftrsdK;
tpm; ESifh t&G,ftpm;cGJjcm;jcif;) tm;rSwfwrf;wifxm;wwfMuygonf/ tvm;wlyif 4if; wkdUonf xkwfukef
ESifh xkwfukeftm;0,f,lolESifhaps;EHI;wkdUyg0ifaom a&mif;csjcif;qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm; tm; vnf;rSwfwrf;
wifxm;wwfMuaomfvnf;? ,if;uJhodkUaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; w&m;0if vkdtyfcsufjzifhawmif;qdk
jcif;rSvGJí? omreftm;jzifh xkwfay;&ef cufcJ odkUr[kwf &,l&efrjzpfEdkifyg/ owif;tcsuftvufyHkpHrsm;
tm;vnf; jyKjyifxkwfvkyfrItrsdK;tpm;ESifh puf&Hk pDrHcefUcGJrI pepfay:wGif rlwnfí oifhavSsmfrI&Sdatmif
jyKjyifrGef;rHay;&efvkdtyfygonf/
4-8-13/ a&mif;csjcif; (Sale)
aps;uGufqkdif&maqmif&GufrIrSwfwrf;rsm;(market transaction records)onfvnf;? ukefcsjcif;qkdif&mjynfhpHk
aompm&if;a&;oGif;rSwfwrf;wif&ef? txl;ojzifhtao;pm;avSi,frsm;pGmyg0ifaomMuD;rm;onfhig;zrf;a&
,mOftkyfpkwckrSA[dktcsuftjcmusaomae&mwckodkUukefcsjcif;rsm;twGuftoHk;0ifaomenf;vrf;w&yf
jzpfygonf/ tm;vHk;aomukeftrSmpmrsm;(invoices)?ta&mif;ajypmrsm;(sale slips) odkUr[kwf ta&mif;
ta&twGufrSwfom;rIrsm;(sales tallies)wkdUtm;xl;jcm;aomyHkkpH ESifh owif;&,l&eftwGuf tcsuf tvuf
rsm;jynfhpHkpGmyg0ifjyD;tvG,fwul&Sdap&ef(avalibility)wdkUudkpdwfauseyfap&ef twGuf *&kjyKí? yHkpHxkwf &ef
vkdtyfygonf/ yrmPrsm;jym;MuD;rm;aom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzifh tvkyfvkyf&mwGif &dk;&Sif;rI&Sdjcif; (simplicity)
ESifh wkdawmif;jcif; (brevity)wdkUonf tvGefta&;MuD;aom pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;jzpfygonf/
rSwfwrf;rsm;ESifhywfoufí? tajccHusaomaz:xkwfoufaocHcsuf(identifier)rSm zrf;qD;&rdrItm;a&mif;cs
aoma&,mOftrnf (a0;uGmaoma&,mOftkyfpkrSoGm;a&mufo,faqmifvmaomukefwif a&,mOfrsm;
tg;vHk; tygt0if) jzpfjyD;? aeUpGJESifh c&D;pOftrSwf (a&,mOfrsm;onfukefcsrIwMudrfwGifwMudrfxufru
&rdaomukef rsm;tm;a&mif;csMuavh&SdonfhtwGuf) wdkUyg0if&rnfjzpfygonf/ ig;trsdK;tpm;tvdkuf
odkUr[kwf pD;yGm;a&; qkdif&mig;tkyfpktvdkuf pkpkaygif;tav;csdefESifhaps;EHI;rsm;udkvnf;rSwfom; &rnf jzpf
ygonf/ a,bl,stm; jzifhig;zrf;uGufESifhig;zrf;&efvHk;vpkdufxkwfrIrsm;tm;vnf; aemufqufwGJ owif;
tcsuftvufrsm; tjzpfrSwf om;&rnfjzpfaomfvnf;? 4if;tcsufrsm;tm;&&SdEdkifrIrSmodyfrjzpfEdkifyg/
vkyfief;rSwfwrf;Z,m;(log sheets) ESifh ukefcsZ,m;(landing sheets)rsm;uJhodkUyif ukefa&mif;rSwfwrf;(sales
records)rsm;tm;vnf;? oifhavSsmf aomowfrSwfaz:xkwfxm;onfhyHkpHZ,m;rsm;(appropriately identified

93
forms)tm; rdwÅLrsm;yGm;xm;&ef vdktyfygonf/ rdwÅLrsm;onfaps;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU(vkdtyfygu)? a&mif;ol?
0,folESifh ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m tmPmydkifrsm;odkUay;tyf&efjzpfygonf/ taxGaxG ta&mif;rSwfwrf; rsm;
(general sales records) wGifyg0if aomukeftrsdK;tpm;tvdkuf ta&mif;pm&if;twGJrsm;ESifh aps;EHI;rsm;onf
ZD0aA'qkdif&mpD;yGm;a&;tm;cGJjcrf; qef;ppf&ef(analysis) ESifh zrf;qD;&rdrI ESifh qdyfurf;ukefcspm&if;rsm;
twGuf? tjcm;aomenf;vrf;toG,f oG,fjzifhowif;tcsuftvufrsm;aumufcHí r&aom tcsdefrsm;
wGiftoHk;0ifaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd &&Sdapygonf/
taxGaxGta&mif;pm&if;rsm;wGifyHkrSeftm;jzifhowif;tcsuftvufyif&if;oHk;cktm;&&Sdap ygonf/ 4if;wdkU rSm
aps;uGufqkdif&mjyKjyifxkwfvkyfrIpuf&Hkrsm;qkdif&mESifh EdkifiHjcm;ydkUukefqkdif&mowif;tcsuf tvufrsm; jzpf
ygonf/ odkU&mwGif 4if;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; tjrJwef;owdMuD;pGmxm;&rnfjzpfyg onf/ owif;
tcsuftvuf&,laomyif&if;rsm;onfrlvt&if;tjrpfrSuGma0;avav? trSm;rsm;ydkrdkvmav avjzpfjyD;?
tao;pdwfusaomtcsuftvufrsm; (Oyrm-ig;zrf;uGuf? ig;zrf;&efvHk;vpkdufxkwfrIponfrsm;) ydkrdk qHk;&SHK;
avav jzpfygonf/
4if;tcsufrsm;tjyif? ig;vkyfief;ukrÜPDrsm;tm;wkduf&dkuf tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif; (direct survey) udk
aqmif&Gufygu? ig;vkyfiefqkdif&mpDrHcefUcGJjcif;ESifhtkyfcsKyfa&;wkdU tajccsEdkifaom &Sifoefatmifjrifa&;qkdif&m
tao;pdwfrsm;tm; xkwfay;Edkifygonf/ ESpfywfvnf ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mpm&if;tif;rsm; jcHKiHkavhvmjcif;
(Annual fisheries statistical survey) onfpdwfvdkvuf&jyKvkyfvdkjcif;aMumifhjyKvkyfjcif;jzpfEdkifovkd? vkyf
aqmif&ef twif;tMuyf apckdif;cH&jcif;aMumifhvnf;jzpfEdkifygonf/ tu,fí pdwfvkdvuf& aqmif&Guf
jcif;jzpfygu? wHkUjyefcsufrsm; onfyk*¾vduu@ ESifh tmPmydkif;wkdU yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrItqifhtwef;
tajctaetay:wGif rlwnfaernfjzpfygonf/ tu,fí aqmif&Guf&ef apcdkif;cH&ygu? Oya't&
aqmif&GufcGifhvkdtyfjyd;? trsdK;rsdK; aom yHkpHZ,m;rsm;? Oyrmtm;jzifh – ukrÜPDrsm;twGuf odkUr[kwf
pm&if;tif; ynm&yfqdkif&mrsm;twGuf ponfwdkUtm;tMurf;a&;qGJ&rnfjzpfygonf/
4-8-14/ ukefoG,frI (Trade)
ukefoG,fa&;qdkif&m owif; tcsuftvufrsm; qkdonfrSm azmufonfrsm; xHrS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;?
odkUr[kwf ukefoG,fa&;qdkif&mtvm;wlt&if;tjrpfrsm;udkqkdvdkygonf/ 4if;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm;
vlrI-pD;yGm;qkdif&m nGefudef;rsm;(socio-economic indicators) ESifh tcsdKUaomtxl;cGsif;csufudpö&yfrsm;?
ukefcsqdyfurf;rSukefcsrIqkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; taxmuftulay;&efwkdUtwGuf toHk;jyKyg
onf/ EdkifiHrsm;pGmwGifoGif;ukefESifhydkUukefqkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;tm; yHkESdyfxkwfa0avh&Sdygonf/
4if;wkdUonftxl;ojzifh ydkUukefESifh oGif;ukefqkdif&mtcGeftcrsm;ay;aqmif&ef odkUr[kwf ydkUukeftwGuf
qkaMu;aiGrsm; xkwfay;aomtcgrsm;wGif(export incentives given)txl;ta&;ygygonf/ ydkUukef ESifh
oGif;ukefqkdif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkpkaygif;ig;xkwfvkyfrItm; cefUrSef;&ef tuefUtowfjzifhom
oHk;qGJaomfvnf;? pkpkaygif;ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrIrS jynfwGif;pm;oHk;rItcsdK;tm; &SmazG&ef toHk;jyKygonf/ odkU&mwGif
tcsdKUaom oD;oefUudpö&yfrsm;twGuf? ukefoG,frIqkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf qdyfurf;ukefcs
yrmPudk cefUrSef;&ef t"duusaomyif&if;jzpfygonf/ (Oyrm –ig;ref;? wlemig;)/ tu,fí ukefoG,fa&;
qkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; qdyfurf;ukefcsrItm;cefUrSef;&ef odkUr[kwf twnfjyK&ef oHk;qGJygu?
ta&twGufrsm;tm; pkpkaygif;tav;csdef(whole weight)&atmifajymif;vJay;&ef vdktyfygonf/ jynfy
ydkUukefpm&if;rsm;wGif tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;yg0ifrIr&Sdojzifh &dk;&Sif;pGm jyóemjzpf&ygonf/ tb,fh
aMumifhqkdaomf4if;wdkUowif;tcsuftvufaumuf,l&mwGiftoHk;jyKaomyHkpHZ,m;(forms)rsm;aMumifh
jzpfygonf/ tmPmykdifwkdUydkUukeftrsdK;tpm;rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif(trsm;tm;jzifhig;vkyfief;tmPmydkifrsm;ESifh
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;r&SdbJ) rsm;pGmaomvkdtyfonfhowif;tcsuftvufrsm;rSmzHk;uG,fxm;jcif;cH&ygonf/
jynfyydkUukefqkdif&mtmPmydkifwkdUtwGufig;pnfoGwfbl;rsm;? at;cJig;rsm;? ig;tpdkrsm;(fresh fish)? ig;ajcmuf
rsm; (dried fish) ESifh ig;tom;rIefU(fish meal)wkdUonfomqufpyfywfoufrI&Sdaom jynfyydkUukef trsdK;

94
tpm;rsm;jzpfMuygonf/ jrifhwifrIudef;rsm; (raising factors)ESifh aygif;pyfjcif;jzifh 4if; tcsuftvufrsm; onf
pkpkaygif;ig;ukefxkwfvkyfrIudk cefUrSef;&eftwGuf toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ 4if;enf; pepfjzifhcefUrSef;jcif;rSm
ao;i,faom a'owGif;aps;uGuf&Sdygu rSswrSefuefEdkifygonf/ odkU&mwGif? 4if;wdkU tm;ig;trsdK;tpm;
tvdkuf jyefvnfcGJjcm;jyD;? jyKjyifjyD;aemuf zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfjcif; qdkif&m owif; tcsuf tvufrsm; (harvest
data)ESifh wkduf&dkufjyefvnfcsdwfqufMunfh&m? 4if;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;rSm ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefUcGJ rIqkdif&m
udpö&yfrsm;twGuf tenf;i,fom wefzdk;&SdaMumif;awGU&Sd&ygonf/

95
jynfhpHkpGmaqG;aEG;yg
 oifhEdkifiHwGifjynfhpHkpGma&;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;ESifh erlemaumuf,ljcif;tpDtpOfudkrnfonfhtrsdK;
tpm;rsm;jzihfaqmif&Gufaeygoenf;
 tm;omcsufESifhtm;eJcsufrsm;ubmawGygoenf;
 avSi,frsm;tm;usyeff;erlemaumuf,l&mwGif tusyftwnf;^jyóemrsm;ub,ft&mawGenf;/
4-10/ jynfhpHkpGmpm&if;a&;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;ESifh erlem-tajcjyKcsOf;uyfenf;rsm;twGufOyrm (Example
of total enumeration and sample-based approach)
tvHk;pHkpm&if;a&;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;(total enumeration)(wcgw&HwGif;oef;acgifpm&if;[kvnf;cdkif;ESdKif;
Muygonf) ESifh erlem-tajcjyKcefUrSef;jcif; (sample-based estimation) wdkU t,ltqoabmw&m;rsm;
udkt,ltqykdif;qkdif&merlemwckjzifh&Sif;jyEdkifygonf/ 4if;rSm ta&twGufyrmP(population) 6 pD;&Sd aom
ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm; onf owfrSwfae&mwckwGif ukefcs&ef a&muf&SdaeMuygonf/
owdjyK&efrSm "ta&twGufyrmP –population" qkdaomtoHk;tESef;tm;toHk;jyKxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ 4if;
pum;vHk;rSm erlemaumuf,lpkkaqmif;&,lrnfh,lepftpkta0;wck (the set of units from which data are
collected)udkqkdvdkygonf/ odkUjzpf&m population onftaxGaxGtoHk;tEHI;jzpfjyD;? &nfnGef;csufrSm "wpHk
aom ukefcsae&mrsm; -a set of landing places"? "wpHkaom ig;zrf;tacgufa&rsm;-a set of fishing trips" ?
"wpHkaom ukefcsjcif;rsm; - a set of landings" ponfjzifh jzpfygonf/ ,ckvuf&SdOyrmwGif? rSef;qpdwful;
MunfhonfrSm ta&twGufyrmP –population 6 pD; qkdonfrSm vHk;0wlnDaoma&,mOfrsm; "similar
vessels" 6 pD;jzpfjyD;? qkdvkdonfrSm a&,Of twkdif;twmrsm;ESifh ig;zrf;enf;pepfrsm;tm;vHk;wlnDonf[k
qkdvkdygonf/ odkUjzpf&m 4if;a&,mOf 6 pD; ysrf;rSsukefcsyrmP rSmvnf; 6 pD;vHk;twGuf wlnDrnf[kqkdvdk
ygonf/ukefcsrIrsm;,lepfrSmig;xnfhaowÅmrsm;(boxes)jzpfjyD;? vkyfaqmif&rnhfvkyfief;wm0ef(task)rSm
owfrSwf xm;aomaeUwaeUwGif owfrSwfxm;aom ae&mwckwGifcsxm;aom pkpkaygif; ig;zrf;
aowÅmyrmP tm; aumuf,lwkdif;wm&rnfjzpfygonf/
" tjynfht0pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif; –Total enumeration" t"dyÜg,frSm tm;vHk;aoma&,mOf 6 pD;vHk;
tm;ppfaq;jyD; ig;aowÅmtm;vHk;tm;pm&if;aumuf,l&rnfjzpfygonf/ tjcm;tenf;jzihfajymqkd& ygu
ig;zrf;a&,mOfOD;pD; (skippers) tm;vHk;onf 4if;wkdU vkyfief;rSwfwrf;pmtkyf(logbooks)rsm;wGif ig;aowÅm
ta&twGufrsm;tm; a&;oGif;rSwfom;&ef vkdtyfjyD;? ,if;rSwfom;csufrsm;tm; owif; tcsuftvuf
aumufcHoltwGuftoifh&Sdapjcif;jzpfygonf/ tjynfht0 pm&if;a&;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif; &vm'frSm
pkpkaygif; ukefcsaom ig;aowÅm 19 vHk;jzpfygonf (yHk-3 ESifh Z,m;37 Munfhyg)/
erlem-tajcjyKcefUrSef;jcif;wGif? a&,mOfrsm; tpdwftykdif;wckudkomppfaq;rnfjzpfonf (owif;tcsuf
tvufaumuf,l&ef t&if;tjrpf tuefUtowfaMumihf)/ ,ckudpöwGif a&,mOftrSwf 3 ESifh 4 udkom
ppfaq;rnfjzpfjyD;? 4if;a&,mOf 2 pD;vHk; pkpkaygif;ukefcsaom ig;aowÅmpkpkaygif;rSm 6 vHk;jzpfygonf/

96
က မ - ၃၇
္္ပရနင့္္၀ ည ယေနမသ္ေနမမတနတမနမတေန္အေနမ ်ားေနင့္ ွမ္ွ - ္္ေ္အ္ပ အွန႕မွနမ္အေနမ တု႔႕ ္က
္က္္ သ္ေဘ း မမခ မ္ မ ယုပနပံု ္ ေနင့္ တေန္ပ္အေနမ Illustration of the concepts of “total enumeration”
and “sample-based estimation”
Vessel no. Boxes landed Sampled boxes
1 3
2 4
3 3 3
4 3 3
5 4
6 2
Total 19 6
Raising factor = 6/2 = 3.0
Sample-based estimate of total
3 x 6 =
18 boxes
Complete enumeration 19 boxes
ပံု - ၃ FIGURE 3
္္ပရနင့္္၀ ည ယေနမသ္ေနမမတနတမနမတေန္အေနမ ်ားေနင့္ ွမ္ွ - ္္ေ္အ္ပ အွန႕မွနမ္အေနမ တု႔႕ ္က
္က္္ သ္ေဘ း မမခ မ္ မ ယုပနပံု ္ ေနင့္ တေန္ပ္အေနမ Illustration of the concepts of “total enumeration”
and “sample-based estimation”.
rSwfpk - a&,mOf 3 ESifh 4 rS erIemaumuf,ljcif;&vg'frsm;tm; ppfaq;jyD;? tjynfht0 pm&if;a&;oGif;
rSwfwrf; wifjcif;wGif a&,mOf tm;vHk;tm; ppfaq;jyD; pm&if;aumufygonf/
ppfaq;aumuf,laom ig;xnfhaowÅm 6 vHk;tm; pkpkaygif;twGuf “္မေနင့္တေနယွန - raised ” twGuf
jrifhwifudef; (raising factor) jzifh ajrSmuf&rnfjzpfygonf/
္မေနင့္တေန်႔ွနမ ္ ညုညု္ေပါေနမ ္ေယက စန္္ေယ္တ္်နရွမ္ွ ယက္္ေသ ္ေယက စန္္ေယ္တ္်န ္ ၆ရ၂ ္ ၃.၀
{Raising factor = (Total number of vessels)/(Number of sampled vessels) = 6/2 = 3.0}
cefUrSef;xm;aom pkpkaygif;aowÅm ta&twGuf onf ၃ x ၆ ္ ၁၈ jzpfygonf/
þt,ltqydkif;qkdif&merlemudpö&yfwGif tjynfht0pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;rS rSefuefaom aowÅm
ta&twGufudk&&Sdapaomfvnf;? erlem-tajcjyKenf;jzifh cefUrSef;rIrSm pkpkaygif;wefzdk; atmufavSsmheJ

97
cefUrSef;&&Sdygonf/ trSefw&m;taejzifhqkdygu? tjynfht0pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;enf;wGifvnf;
rrSefuefaom&vm'ftajzrsm;&&SdEdkifygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifhtu,fítcsdKUaomig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;onf
ig;xnfhaowÅmrsm;tm; wpD;rSwpD;odkU ajymif;a&GUjcif;tm;yifv,fjyiftwGif;wGif aqmif&GufcJhjyD;? 4if;udpö
tm;owif;ray;ydkUcJhygu? tjynfht0 pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;onf pkpkaygif;ukefcsig;xuf avSsmheJ
cefUrSef;rdrnfjzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif? erlemaumufaomenf;vrf;uJhodkUr[kwfbJ? tjynfht0pm&if;oGif;
rSwfwrf;wifjcif;enf;wGif zrf;qD;&rdig;tm;ydkrdkcefUrSef;rdjcif;rsdK; rjzpfEdkifyg/

98
5/ oif&dk; 4 ? ouf&Sdrsm;ESifhywfoufaompm&if;tif;ynmtm; OmPfopfavmif;rGef;rHjcif;
(MODULE 4 : REFRESHER ON BIOSTATISTICS)
oif&dk; 4 twGuf&nf&G,fcsufrsm; rSm (1) erIemaumuf,ljcif;t,ltqrsm; (theory)? (2) tvTmrsm;
cGJjcm;jcif; (stratification) ESifh (3) tcsuftvufwdkUt&nftaoG;wkdU ocsFmtajccHrsm; oabmobm0
rsm; tm; em;vnf oabmaygufap&efwdkYjzpfygonf/
5-1/ ed'gef; (Introduction)
ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mtcsuftvufrsm;aumuf,la&;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufolrsm;tm;vHk;onf tajccHrsm;tm;
em;vnf oabmaygufjyD; jzpfonf[k,lqygonf/ odkU&mwGifig;vkyfief;qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,l
a&; aemufuG,frS ocsFmoabmw&m;rsm;tm;aumif;pGmoabmaygufem;vnfa&;onf ta&;MuD;onfU
tm;avSsmfpGm oifwef;tcsdeftcsdKUtm; toHk;jyKrnfjzpfygonf/ odkUjzpf&m ,ckoifwef;tydkif; 4 oifcef;pm
rsm;onf erlemtajcjyKjcHKiHkavhvmjcif; (sample-based survey) ESifh aumuf,l&&Sdaom tcsuftvuf rsm;
tm;cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmjcif; (analyze) wkdUtwGuf ppfwrf;aumufonfhyHkpH az:xkwf&ef ESifh taumif
txnf az:aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfaomtajccHtcsufrsm;yg0ifrnfjzpfygonf/ þodkUaqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh
oifhA[kokwrsm;tm;OmPfopfavmif;&efESifh oifwef;wGifqufvufaqmif&Gufrnfh oifwef;tydkif;rsm;
twGuf tajccH&aprnfjzpfygonf/
5-2/ pm&if;tif;ynm&yfqkdif&mtajccHusaoma0g[m&rsm; (Basic Statistical Terms)
5-2-1/ &nf&G,fOD;wnfcsuf ESifh erIemaumuf,l&ef OD;a& (Target and sample population)
oif&kd;tydkif; 3 wGifazmfjycJhjyD;onfhtwkdif;? "&nf&G,fOD;wnfcsuffOD;a&" ESifh "erIemaumuf,lrnfh OD;a&
(pmuGuf 7) wkdU uGmjcm;yHkudkod&Sd&ef vGefpGmta&;MuD;ygonf/
&nf&G,fOD;wnfcsufOD;a& (target population) qkdonfrSm? avhvmrnfh taMumif;tcsufrsm;
tvHk;pHkyg0ifrIjzpfygonf/ Oyrm – pufrIqkdif&mig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;tm;vHk;? odkUr[kwf tm;vHk;aomrd&kd;zvm
wpfEdkifwpfykdifaqmif&Gufonfhig;zrf;avSi,frsm; odkUr[kwf arSsmykduftoHk;jyKaomig;zrf;avSi,frsm;tm;vHk;?
odkUr[kwf ukefacsmjyKjyifxkwfvkyfolrsm;tm;vHk; ponfwdkUjzpfygonf/ &nf&G,fOD;wnfcsufOD;a& onf
yHkrSeftm;jzifhtvGefMuD;rm;avh&SdjyD;? pm&if;aumuf,l&ef odkUr[kwf &nf&G,fOD;wnfcsuf tm;vHk;tm; jynfhpHkpGm
pm&if;oGif;rSwfwrf;wif&efvufawGUwGifrjzpfEkdiffyg/ &nf&G,fOD;wnfcsufOD;a& xl;jcm;aomvu©Pmrsm;
(aeUpOf zrf;qD;&rdrI? trsdK;tpm;tvkduf yg0ifaomtcsdK;rsm;? 0ifaiG? ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;) tm;
od&Sd&eftwGuf &nf&G,fOD;wnfcsuf OD;a& wGifyg0ifaomerIemrsm;tm; ,l&ygonf/
erIemOD;a& (sample population) onf &nf&G,fOD;wnfcsuf yrmPtwGif;yg0ifaompDrHcefUcGJEdkifaomyrmP
&Sdonfh udk,fpm;jyKtkyfpkjzpfygonf/ erIemrsm;tm;aumuf,lpkaqmif;jyD; 4if;erIemrsm;tm;
pm&if;tif;ynmt& wGufcsufrIrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh erlemta&twGufrSwqifh? &nf&G,fODwnfaom
yrmPtm;vHk;twGuf wGufcsufcefUrSef;Edkifygonf/ 4if;vkyfaqmifcsuftm; yHk – 4
wGifrsufjrifazmfjyxm;ygonf/ yxrOyrmwGif? &nf&G,faomypfrSwf yrmPrSm rd&kd;zvmwEdkifwydkif
ig;zrf;avSi,f (81) pD;yg0ifjyD;? erIemta&twGuf rSm (7) pD; jzpfygonf/ 'kwd, OyrmwGif
&nf&G,faomypfrSwfrSm pufrIqkdif&mig;zrf;a&,mOf (52) pD;jzpfjyD;? erIem ta&twGufrSm (6) pD;jzpfygonf/

99
pmuGuf 7
&nf&G,fOD;wnfcsuf ESifY erlem ta&twGuf qkdif&mta&twGuf qdkif&m trSwftom;jyKjcif;ocsFm
(Denoting mathematics of target and sample population)
pmvkH;tMuD;rsm; (Upper case letters) tm; &nf&G,fOD;wnfonfh yrmP tm;trSwftom;jyK&ef tjrJ
tokH;jyK ygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifY ypfrSwfta&twGuf pdwfcs&aom ysrf;rQudef;vu©Pm Y onf
𝜇 =
∑ 𝑌𝑖
𝑁
𝑖=1
𝑁
jzpfygonf/
&nf&G,fOD;wnfonfh ta&twGuf f vkdtyfcsuf ta&twGuf (Number of elements)(N) onf
MuD;rm;onfY twGuf rSefuefaomyrmP ysrf;rQudef; (True population mean) tm;rodEkdifyg/
4if;ysrf;rQudef;tm;cefUrSef;&ef uRefyfwkdUonf erIem,ljcif;jzifh MudK;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf/ tu,fí
erIemaumuf,l jcif;tm; rSefuefpGm aqmif&GufEIdifygu? erIemysrf;rQudef; (Sample mean) onf
rSefuefaom yrmP ysOf;rQudef; (True population mean) ESifh eD;uyfpGm&Sdrnfjzpfygonf/
pmvHk;ti,frsm; (Lower case letters) rsm; erIemyrmP owfrSwfcsufabmif (Parameters) rsm;tm;
trSwftom;jyK&ef tjrJwef;toHk;jyKygonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh - erIemyrmP pdwfcs&aom ysOf;rQudef; vu©Pm y onf
𝑦
̅ =
∑ 𝑦𝑖
𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛
jzpfygonf/

100
ykH- 4 OD;wnf&nf&G,fcsufESifh erlemaumuf,l&efOD;a& erlem ESpfck
(Two examples of target and sample populations)
5-2-2/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;ESifh tnGef;udef;rsm; (Variables and indicators)
ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; (Variables) xl;jcm;aom0daoovu©PmrSmvkyfief;wGifaumuf,l&mwGif wnfjidrfrI
r&SdbJ (ajymif;vJaeaom) wefzdk;rsm;jzpfygonf/ 4if;wdkUrSmig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm; aeUpOfig;xdrdrIrsm;?
ig;zrf;ud&d,mwck aeUpOfig;zrf;qD;&rdrI? vpOf0ifaiG? ig;trsdK;tpm;yg0ifrItcsdK;tpm;? zrf;qD;&rdrIwefzdk;
ponfrsm;jzpfygonf/
tnGef;udef;rsm; (Indicators) xl;jcm;aom0daoovu©PmrSm wnfjidrfrlr&Sdaomwefzdk;rsm;jzpfjyD;?
4if;wkdUtm; wkdif;wm EIdif;,SOf&eftwGuf^ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrI ESifh rl0g'taumiftxnfaz:&mwGif
&nf&G,fcsufrsm; pGrf;aqmif&nftm; axmufvSrf;&mwGiftoHk;jyKygonf/ tnGef;udef;rsm;onf
 vkyfief;cGifwGifwkduf&dkufwdkif;wm&&Sdaomajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;? aeUpOfig;txdtrdrsm;? ig;zrf;&ef
vHk;vpdkufxkwfrIrsm;? 0ifaiG? ig;trsdK;tpm;tvdkufyg0ifrItcsdK;tpm;? ponfrsm;?
 aumuf,lxm;aom ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;udkaygif;pyfjcif;? (Oyrm-aumuf,l&&Sdaom tnTef;udef;
rsm;) ig;vkyfief;rS pkpkaygif;jynfwGif;xkwfukef GDP tm;axmufyHhjznf;qnf;jcif;? jyefvnfaygufzGm;
rI rS om;aygufEdkifaomrsKd;ig;xkxnf/ ig;zrf;rIaMumifhaoqkH;EIef;? wpf,lepftxdtrd? ESifh ig;zrf;qD;
xkwfvkyfrIEIefxm;;? ponfwdkUjzpfonf/

101
5-2-3/ pm&if;tif;rsm; (Statistics)
erIemowif;tcsuftvufrsm;rSwGufcsuf&&Sdaomwefzdk;rsm;udk pm&if;tif;rsm; (statistics) rsm;[kac:ygonf/
wnfae&mqkdif&mpm&if;tif; (statistics of location) onf 0daoovu©Pmwck A[kdcsufae&m
tm;azmfjyjyD;? jyefUESHUrIqkdif&mpm&if;tif; (statistics of dispersion) onferIemwefzdk;rsm; jyefUESHUrIudk xifjrif
,lqcsuf (idea) ay;ygonf/
wnfae&mqkdif&mpm&if;tif;(statistics of location) OyrmrSm ocFsmqkdif&mysrf;rSsudef; (arithmetic mean)
(trsm;tm;jzifh orwfudef; (odkU) ysrf;rQ (mean or average) [kac:qkdMuonf)?
a*smfrufx&Dysrf;rSsudef;(geometric mean)? vdkufzufqDavSsmfaomorwfudef; (harmomic mean)? av;MudrfcGJ
ysrf;rSsudef; (quadratic mean)? tv,fudef; (medium) ESifh Mudrfrsm;udef; (mode) wdkUjzpfygonf/ wm (range)?
uGJjym;csuf (variance)? pHaoGzDcsuf (standard deviation)? ajymif;vJrItwGufajrSmufaz:udef;(coefficient of
variation) wkdUonf jyefUESHKrIqkdif&mpm&if;tif; (statistics of dispersion) Oyrmrsm;jzpfygonf/
5-2-4/ ysrf;rSs ESifh orwfudef;- (Averages and means)
orwfudef; (mean) onf ocFsmqkdif&myHkaoenf; (formulation) wpfckjzpfjyD;? udef;*Pef;wpHk,drf;,dkifrIrS
A[kdusaom 0daoovu©Pmudkazmfjy&ef toHk;jyKygonf/ ysrf;rQ (average) onf vltrsm;pkESifhydkrdk&if;ESD;
ygonf/ ausmif;om;b0pmar;yGJwGif bmom&yftvdkuf&&SdaomtrSwfrsm; pkpkaygif;tm;bmom&yfjzifh
pm;ygu ysrf;rSs odkUr[kwf orwfudef; trSwftm;&&Sdygonf/ odkU&mwGif pm&if;tif;bmom&yftaejzifh
4if;ysrf;rSs (average) tm; ocsFmqkdif&m orwfudef; (arithmetic mean) [kac:qkdygonf/
ta&twGuf n &Sdaom ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif(variable)rsm;yg0ifonfh tcsuftvufwpfpHktwGufocFsm qkdif&m
orwfudef; (the arithmetic mean) onf tcsuftvufwGifyg0ifaomajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif rsm;wefzdk;
pkpkaygif;tm; n jzifhpm;jcif;jzifh &&SdaMumif;owfrSwfxm;ygonf/
𝑦
̅ =
∑ 𝑦𝑖
𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛
a*smfrufx&Dorwfudef; (geometric mean) onf ysrf;rSsudef;(average) wpfckjzpfjyD;? udef;*Pef;tm;vHk;tm;
aygif;jyD; n xyfudef;tm;wGufcsuf&,ljcif;jzpfygonf/ 4if;wGif n onfudef;*Pef;tm;vHk;ta&twGufjzpf
ygonf/
owif;tcsuftvuftpHk (data set) [y 1, y2,----yn] geometric mean rSmatmufygtwkdif;jzpfygonf/
rSwfom;&efrSm capital pi oauFw t"dyÜg,frSm twGJtwGif;&Sd udef;*Pef;tm;vHk;tm;aygif;&ef jzpf
ygonf/ 4if;t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfcsufuqdkvdkonfrSm n ta&twGuf&Sdaomudef;*Pef;rsm;tm;aygif;&efjzpfjyD; n
xyfudef; (n-root) tm;&Sm&efjzpfygonf/ Geometric mean onf taygif;udef;rsm;jzifhom tvkyfvkyfEdkifyg
onf/
Goemetric mean udktoifhtwifhrsm;jym;aomyrmP&Sdonfhowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm;pDppf (evaluate) &ef
toHk;jyKavh&Sdygonf/ (4if;onftvGefjrifhrm;aom odkUr[kwf tvGefedrfhusaomwefzdk;rsm; oufa&mufrIudk

102
avsmhcs&efoHk;ygonf)/ xkdUtjyiftcsdK;tpm;rsm; (ratio)? &mckdifEHI;ajymif;vJrIrsm; (percentage changes)
odkUr[kwf okn jzihfckefoGm;aomtcsuftvuftpHkrsm; (data sets bounded by zero) twGuftoHk;jyKyg onf/
tv,ftvwf (Medium)
tu,fíoifonf "ysrf;rSsa&vkyfom; (the average fisher)" odkUr[kwf " ysrf;rSsig;zrf;aomtdrfaxmifpk (the
average fishing household)" rsm;taMumif;wckcktm;a&;om;vkdygu? oifhtaejzifh tv,ftvwf (mean)
tm;toHk;rjyKEdkiffyg/ oifhtaejzifh pm&if;tif;qkdif&mwGufcsufrIvkdtyfjyD;? vltrsm;tm;oifajymMum;vkdaom
wpfpHkwcktwGuf a&vkyfom;rsm; odkUr[kwf ig;zrf;aomtdrfaxmifpkrsm; tv,fykdif;usaom middle tydkif;
jzifhajymqdk&rnfjzpfygonf/ xdkUaMumifhtv,ftvwf (median) tm;toHk;jyK&jcif;jzpfygonf/ tv,ftvwf
(median) qkdonfrSm tjrifhqHk;ESifhtedrfhqHk;tMum;&Sd wefzdk;trsdK;rsdK;&Sdaom (range of values) twGif;
rStv,f wGif&Sdaomwefzdk;jzpfygonf/ oifhowif;tcsuftvufwpfpHk (data set)
twGif;rSwefzdk;rsm;tm;tMuD;qHk;rS ti,fqHk;txd tpOfvkdufwef;pDyg/
tv,fwnfhwnfhwGif&Sdaomwefzdk;rSmoifhtv,ftvwf (median) jzpf jyD;? udef;*Pef;wefzdk;tm;jzifh
erIem tay:ydkif;w0uftm;cGJjcm;xm;jcif;tjzpfazmfjyEdkifygonf/uefUowfxm; aomeHygwfrsm;jzpfaom
median tm;&SmazGvkdygu &&Sdxm;aomawGU&SdrIrsm;tm; tedrfhqHk;wefzdk;rS tjrifhqHk; wefzdk; odkU
jyefvnfwef;pDjyD;tv,fwnfhwnfhrSwvHk;tm; median tjzpfa&G;cs,fEdkifygonf/ &&Sdxm;aom awGU&Sd
rIrsm;onf pHk*Pef;jzpfaeygu tv,faumifwnfhwnfhtvHk;r&SdonfhtwGuf tv,fwnfhwnfh ESpf vHk;
wefzdk; rsm;tm; ysrf;rSs (mean) &Sm,l&rnfjzpfygonf/
udef;&SiftcsdKU y rS tv,ftvwf median ္ မ 𝑦
̅ jzifhtrSwftom;jyKygonf/
tao;pm;ig;vkyfief; (SSF) wcktwGuf? atmufygwdkUrSmavSydkif&Sif (၉) OD;wpfESpfwm &&Sdaom 0ifaiGrsm;
jzpfygonf
USD9 000
USD6 000
USD6 000
USD5 000
USD5 000
USD5 000
USD5 000
USD3 000
USD3 000
avSydkif&Sif (9) OD;jzpfonfhtwGuf? pm&if;tay:qHk;rSw0ufwdwdqif;ouf&m trSwfpOf 5 jzpfjyd;
wefzdk;tm; jzifh USD 5 000 jzpfygonf/ 4if;onftv,ftvwf median jzpfygonf/
wpfpdwfudef;rsm; (Quartiles)
Median ESifheD;uyfpGm qufoG,faeonfrSmav;ydkif;ydkif;jcif;(quartiles)jzpfygonf/ av;ydkif;ydkif;jcif;(quartiles)
onfi,fpOfMuD;vkdufwef;pDxm;aom (sorted) owif;tcsuftvuftpHk(data set)tm; nDrSsaom
tpdwftydkif; 4 ydkif; ydkif;jcm;xm;jcif; rS &&Sdaom wefzdk; 4 ckjzpfjyD;? tykdif;wpfykdif;onfav;yHkwyHkaomerIem
yrmPtm; udk,fpm; jyKygonf/
yxrwpfpdwfudef;[kac:ygonf (First quartile) (Q1[kowfrSwfonf) = tedrfhqHk;av;ykdif;wydkif; (lower
quartile) = owif;tcsuftvufrsm;rS teJqHk; 25% udkydkif;jzwfonf = 25 ckajrmuf&mcdkifEHI;*Pef;(25th
percentile)

103
'kwd,wpfpdwfudef; (Second quartile) (Q2 [kowfrSwfonf) = tv,ftvyf (median) = owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;rS wpf0ufwdwdtm;ykdif;jzwfonf = 50ckajrmuf&mckdifEIef;*Pef; (50th
percentile)
wwd,wpfpdwfudef; (Third quartile) ( Q3 [kowfrSwfonf) = tjrifhykdif;av;ykdif;wpfydkif; (upper quartile)=
tjrifhqHk;25% odkUr[kwf tedrfhqHk; 75% wGifykdif;jzwfonf = 75 ckajrmuf&mckdifEIef;*Pef; (75th
quartile)
FIGURE 5
Quartiles of a distribution
vdkufzufqDavSsmfaom ysrf;rSsudef; The harmonic mean.
yHkrSeftm;jzifht&Sdef (speed) uJhodkUaomESHK;xm;rsm;ysrf;rSs (average) udkvkdtyfaomtajctaersm;wGif
vkdufzuf qDavSsmfaomysrf;rSsudef; (the harmonic mean) onftxl;oifhavsmfygonf/
The harmonic mean: n/(1/y1+1/y2+1/y3+1/y4+.......+1/yn):
vdkufzufqDavSsmfaom ysrf;rSsudef;
5-2-5/ ysHUESHUjcif;ESifh ajymif;vJEdkifpGrf; (Dispersion and variablity)
atmufygwkdUrSmuGsefyfwdkU&&Sdxm;aomwm;ydkuf (gillnets) ESifh jrSHK;axmifajcmuf (traps)rsm; aeUpOf zrf;qD;
&rdaomukefcsdef rsm;erIem 5 ck &vm'frsm;jzpfygonf/
Sample y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 mean
scheme
Gillnets 12 15 19 13 11 14
Traps 8 15 22 7 18 14
4if;ig;zrf;ud&d,m 2 rsdK;vHk;ysrf;rSszrf;qD;&&SdrIrSm 14 uDvkd pDjzpfygonf/ 4if;tajctaewGif uGsefyfwdkUtae
jzifh atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udkar;p&m&Sdvmygonf/
 ysrf;rSs (mean)onf tcsuftvufrsm;trSwfrsm; (data points) tm;udk,fpm;jyKygovm;/

104
 tcsuftvufrsm;trSwfrsm;(data points) onfysrf;rSs (mean)
teD;wGifpkjyHKusa&mufaeygovm;/
 tcsuftvufrsm; (data) onf rnfuJhodkU jyefUusJaeygoenf;
uGsefyfwkdUonferIemtcsuftvufrsm; ysHUESHUrI odkUr[kwf ajymif;vJEdkifpGrf;udk jyefvnfMunfh&SK&rnfjzpf
ygonf/ tcsuftvuf (data) rsm;tm; yHk-6 wGifwifjyxm;jyD;? 4if; tcsuftvufrsm;t& jrHSK;axmifajcmuf
(traps) ig;zrf;ud&d,m erIemrsm;onfydkíjyefUusJaejyD;? jrifhrm;aomajymif;vJEdkifpGrf; &Sdonfudk &Sif;vif;pGm
awGUjrifEdkiffygonf/
ykH – 6
wm;ydkuf (gillnets) ESifY jrSKH;rsm; (traps) wkdY aeUpOfzrf;qD;&&SdrI
(Daily catch of gillnets and traps)
4if;ajymif;vJEdkifpGrf;tm;ukd uGsefyfwdkUonf uGJvGJudef; (variance) tm;wGufcsufjcif;jzifh wdkif;wmEdkifjyD;?
tcsuftvuftrSwf (data point) wpfckjcif;onf orwfudef;wefzdk; (mean value) rS rnfrQa0;uGmpGm
wnf&SdaeonfudkMunfh&IEdkifygonf/ Z,m; - 38 wGiferIemtm;wifjyxm;ygonf/
yxrOD;pGm uGsefyfwkdUonf erIemwefzdk; (sample value) rS orwfudef;wefzdk; (mean value) udkEIwf&ygrnf
(yi-𝑦
̅)/ tcsdKUaomudpö&yfrsm;wGif 4if;wefzdk;onf tEIwfvu©Pm aqmifaewwfygonf/ odkUygí?
'kwd,tqifh tjzpf uGsefyfwkdUonf 4if;wefzdk; ESpfxyfudef;tm;wGufcsuf,l&ygonf ([yi-𝑦
̅]2)/ tu,fí?
uGsefyfwkdUonf ig;zrf;ud&d,mwckjcif;twGuf 4if;wefzdk;rsm; pkpkaygif;wefzdk;rsm;tm;&SmazGygu? 4if;udk sum
of square (ss) [kac: qdkjyD;? wm;ykduf (gillnets)twGuf ss wefzkd;onf 40 jzpfjyD;? jrSHK;axmifajcmuftwGuf
ss wefzdk;onf 166 jzpfaMumif;awGU&ygrnf/ 4if;wGufcsufwkdif;wmcsuft&? jrSHK;axmifajcmuf (traps)
twGuferIem owif;tcsuf tvuf (sampled data) onfydkrdkíjyefUusJaejyD;? owif;tcsuftvuf trSwf
(data points) rsm;onf orwfudef;wefzdk; wefzdk; (mean value)ESifha0;uGmpGm wnf&SdaeaMumif;
od&Sd&rnfjzpfygonf/
Z,m; - 38
erlemuGJvGJudef; (variance) tm;wGufcsufjcif;
(Calculating the variance of a sample)
Sample Gillnets Traps
𝑦𝑖 Mean (𝒚
̅) yi-𝑦
̅ [yi-𝑦
̅]2 𝑦𝑖 Mean (𝒚
̅) yi-𝑦
̅ [yi-𝑦
̅]2
1 12 14 -2 4 8 14 -6 36
2 15 14 1 1 15 14 1 1
3 19 14 5 25 22 14 8 64
4 13 14 -1 1 7 14 -7 49
5 11 14 -3 9 18 14 4 16

105
Sum of squares 40 166
tu,fí?uGsefyfwkdUonf sum of squares tm;erIemta&twGuf tESKwf 1 (n-1 uif;vGwfrI'Du&D the
degree of freedom) jzifhpm;;ygu uGJvGJudef; (variance)tm; wGufcsuf&&Sdygonf/
uGJvGJudef; = 𝑠2
=
∑ ([yi−𝑦
̅]2)
𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛−1
txufygpm&if;tif;qkdif&mwGufcsufrIrSwqifh? uGsefyfwkdUonf tjcm;aom pm&if;tif;qdkif&mjyefUEIHUrIrsm; tm;
qufvuf wGufcsufEdkifygonf/
pHwdrf;csuf(Standard Deviation) = s = erIemuGJvGJudef; 2xyfudef;&if;
“square root of the sample variance” = √𝑠2
uGJvGJrIjyudef; (Coefficient of variance), cv = pHaoGzDcsuftm; orwfudef;wefzdk; mean jzifhpm;jcif;
(standard deviation divided by the mean) =
𝑠
𝑦
Standard error of the mean = sem =
𝑠
√𝑛
uGJvGJrIjyudef; (coefficient of variation) onferIemuGJvGJudef; (sample variance) ESifh erIem ysrf;rSs
(sample mean)wkdUtm;csdwfqufxm;onfUtwGuf? rwlnDaomerIemysrf;rSs (sample means) rsm;&Sdonfh
owif;tcsuf tvuftpHk (data sets) rsm;tm; EdIif;,sOfavhvm&mwGiftxl;toHk;0ifygonf/ uGJvGJrIjyudef;
(coefficient of variation) 0.1 qdkonfrSm erIem owif;tcsuftvufrsm;wefzdk;rsm; (values of sample
data) onf erIemysrf;rSs (sample mean) 10% twGif;jyefUusJwnf&SdaeaMumif;nGefjyygonf/
txufygwGufcsufrIrsm;onftvGefMuD;rm;aom&nf&G,fOD;wnfonfhta&twGuf infinite target population
(yrmPtvGef rsm;jym;aom very large population) rsm;twGufjzpfygonf/
ao;i,faom&nf&G,fOD;wnfonfh OD;a&- small target population twGuf? uGsefyfwdkUonf
trSm;jyifqifcsuf jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/ 4if;wGif N onf OD;wnf&nf&G,fcsufta&twGuf (size target
population) jzpfjyD; n onf erIem ta&twGuf (t&G,ftpm;) (sample size) jzpfygonf/
odkUjzpf&mao;i,faom&nfnTef;ypfrSwfrsm;twGuf
uGJvGJudef;=
(𝑁−𝑛)
(𝑁−1)
𝑠2
=
(𝑁−𝑛)
(𝑁−1)
(∑ (yi−𝑦̅)2
𝑛
𝑖=1 )
𝑛−1
pHrSm;,Gif;csuf
jzifhwGufcsuf&rnfjzpfygonf/

106
erIem&,ljcif;,HkMunf&rI (the reality of sampling SSFs) onf “MuD;rm;aomta&twGuf trSm; jyifqif
csufajrSmufaz:udef;” “finite population correction factor” jzpfjyD;trsm;tm;jzifh 1 teD;tem;wGif uyf
aewwfjyD;? erIemta&twGuf (sample size) ESifhqufEG,faeonfhypfrSwfta&twGuf (target population)
onfMuD;rm;aMumif;azmfjyygonf/
5-3/ yHkrSefjyefUcsuf (The Normal Distribution)
uGsefyfwkdUwGiftrSwftpHkwpHk&Sdaeygu? uGsefyfwdkUonf 4if;wkdUtm; yHkaoenf;jzifh azmfjyvdkaumif;azmfjyvkdrnf
jzpfygonf/ þodkUaqmif&Gufjcif;onfenf;vrf;wusazmfjyjcif; odkUr[kwf enf;pepfyHkpHi,f (model) jzpfyg
onf/ yHkrSef jyefUcsuf (normal distribution)onf pm&if;tif;ynmwGif ta&;MuD;aomjzefUa0jcif;rsm;teufrS
ta&;MuD; aomenf;wpfckjzpfygonf/ (yHk-7)/
ykH – 7
erlemaumuf,ljcif;ESifU ykHrSefjyefUcsuf
(Sampling and the Normal distribution)
yHkrSefjzefUa0jcif;onf acgif;avmif;yHko@ef&SdjyD;? nDrSsjcif;wGif 4if;tm;axmufvSrf;aom udef;,lepfrsm;
(parameter) 2 ck &Sdygonf/ 4if;wdkUrSm orwfudef; (mean)ESifh pHaoGzDcsuf (standard
deviation)wdkUjzpfygonf/ 4if;onf wpfqufwpfpyfwnf;aomajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif (variable) x jzpfjyD;
atmufyg odyfonf;jcif; vkyfaqmifcsuff (density function) jzifh *kPfowÅdudkazmfjyEdkifygonf/
4if;wGifudef;,lepf (parameter) rsm;jzpfaom wdkUrSm OD;a&orwfudef; (population mean) ESifh
OD;a&uGGJvGJudef; (population variance) wdkUjzpfMuygonf/odyfonf;jcif;vkyfaqmifcsuf (density function)
onf OD;a&orwfudef; (population mean) tm;jzwfoef;oGm;aoma'gifvkdufrsOf; (vertical ordinate)
ay:wGiftcsdK;nDpGmtrSDjyK (symmetrical relative) aeygonf/

107
yHkrSefjyefUcsuf (normal distribution) yHko@eftm;vTrf;rdk;aeonfh udef;,lepf (parameter) 2 ckMoZm
oufa&mufrItm; yHk-8 wGifrsufjrifazmfjyxm;ygonf/ wlnDaom orwfudef; rsm; (equal means) &SdjyD;
jrifhrm; aomuGJvGJudef; (variance) &Sdjcif;jzifh? jyefUcsuf (distribution) atmufajc (base) onfMuD;rm;
us,fjyefU (larger) vmjyD;? tcsuftvuftrSwfrsm; (data points) rsm;onfydkrdk jyefUESHUaeygonf/ wlnDaom
uGJvGJudef; (variance) &SdjyD;? ajymif;vJaeaom orwfudef; (means) wdkUtwGuf? rsOf;auG;yHko@ef onf
uGmjcm; rIr&SdbJ? orwfudef; (mean) wnfae&m (location) om a&jyifnDrsOf; (x-axis)
wavSsmufwGifajymif;vJaernf jzpfygonf/

108
ykH – 8
ykHrSefjyefYcsuf ykHpHtcsdKU
Some normal distributions
yHkrSefjyefUcsufxl;jcm;aom 0daoovu©PmwckrSm? yHkrSefjzefUa0jcif; wckrSa&;qGJaomwefzdk;rsm; 68%
onfpHaoGzDcsuf (standard deviation) wcktwGif; orwfudef; (mean) ta0;wGif&SdaejyD; 95%
aomwefzdk;rsm;onf pHaoGzDcsuf (standard diviation) 2 cktwGif;usa&mufjyD;? 99.7% onfpHaoGzDcsuf
(standard deviation) 3 cktwGif; usa&mufaejcif;jzpfygonf/ 4if;tm; 68-95-99.7 pnf;rsOf; odkUr[kwf
vufawGUrsufjrifudk tajccHaom Oya'o (empirical rule) odkUr[kwf 3-sigma rule [kac:qkdMuygonf/
ykH – 9
ykHrSefjyefUcsufwpfcktwGif;rS jyefUcsufrsm;
(Distributions within the normal distribution)
5-4/ pdwfcspnf;rsm; (Confidence limits)
yHkrSeftm;jzifh? uGsefyfwkdUonf &nf&G,fOD;wnfcsuf &nf&G,fxm;aomOD;a&yrmorwfudef; (target
population mean) ESifh ypfrSwf ta&twGuf uGJvGJudef; (target population variance) rsm;tm; rod&SdMuyg/
uGsefyfwdkUonfOD;wnf&nf&G,fcsuf ta&twGuftwGif;rS erIemrsm;tm;aumuf,ljyD;? erIemorwfudef;
(sample mean) ESifh erIem uGJvGJudef; (sample variance) wdkUudkwGufcsufMuygonf/ t"duusaom
ar;cGef;rSm cefUrSef;erIemorwfudef; (estimated sample mean) onf &nf&G,fonfhOD;a&orwfudef; (target
population mean) tm; rnfrSseD;uyfovJ Oyrm- uGsefyfwkdU erIemorwfudef; (sample mean) onf
b,fvdkudk,fpm;jyKovJ[laom ar;cGef;jzpfygonf/

109
erIemaumuf,lrnfhtpDtpOfwcktm; wnfaqmufjyifqifaecsdefwGif? tvGefta&;MuD;aom ar;cGef;rSm –
erIem rnfrSs aumuf,loifhovJ[laomar;cGef;jzpfygonf/ erIemrsm;rsm;aumuf,lavav? ajymif;vJrI
udef;&Sif (variable) rsm;cefUrSef;wefzkd; (estimated value) onf rSefuefaomta&twGufwefzdk; (true
population value) ESifh eD;uyfav jzpfEdkifajcrsm;ygonf/ tu,fí? cefUrSef;csufrsm; (estimates) onf
bufvkdufrIuif;jyD;? erIemrsm;tm;usyeff; (random) aumuf,lygu 4if;tcsufrSmrSefuefygonf/
cefUrSef;csufrsm;onf bufvkdufrIuif;onfqdkonfrSm? tu,fí? usyef;yHkpHjzifh aumuf,lrIwckwGif
,cifykHpHtwdkif;vkyfaqmifxm;aom cefUrSef;csufrsm;onf rSefuefonfhta&twGuf (true population value)
rS aoGzDoGm;jcif;udk qkdvdkygonf/ rSefuefaomta&twGufwefzdk; (true population value) onf
udef;*Pef;,lepfwefzdk; (parameter value) wckjzpfjyD;? ig;zrf;pufavS tm;vHk;rS xdrdaomig;tm;vHk;tm;
csdefwG,fjcif;jzifh &&Sdygonf/ tu,fí cefUrSef;csufwckonf enf;vrf;wusyHkpHjzifh
trSefwefzdk;rSaoGzDvmygu 4if;cefUrSef;csufonfbufvkdufonf (biased) [kac:qdkygonf/ bufvkdufrI
r&Sdaom cefUrSef;rIjzifh? uGsefyfwkdUonf erIemt&G,ftpm;tm; wdk;csJUjyD;? trSefwefzdk;ESifhteD;uyfqHk;jzpf&ef
uGsefyfwkdU vkdcsifoavmuftxd csOf;uyfEdkifygonf/
pm&if;tif;ynmwGif pdwfcsMum;ydkif; (confidence interval)udkcefUrSef;csufwcktay: ,HkMunfrItm; jyo&ef
(indicate) toHk;jyKygonf/ Mum;tuGm (interval)wGif udef;,lepf (parameter) yg0if&ef tvm;tvm rnfrSs&Sd
onfudk ,HkMunfrItqifh odkUr[kwf pdwfcspnf;rsm; (confidence level) (90, 95 or 99%) jzifhwkdif;wmyg onf/
cefUrSef;csufwckwdusrI (precision) udkcefUrSef;erIemorwfudef;"estimated sample mean" pdwfcspnf;rsm;
(confidence limits) jzifh azmfjyavh&Sdygonf/
pm&if;tif;ynmqkdif&m vufpGJpgtkyf (statistics manuals)rsm;wGif pdwfcspnf;rsm; (confidence limits)ukd
jyqdk&mwGif
 ၉၀ % ည႔တနအခညရနမ (90 percent confidence limit) ္ သ႔ု႕မ ုတန 1.64 x standard error of
the mean.
 ၉၅% ည႔တနအခညရနမ (95 percent confidence limit) ္ သ႔ု႕မ ုတန 1.96 x standard error of
the mean
 ၉၉% ည႔တနအခညရနမ (99 percent confidence limit) ္ သ႔ု႕မ ုတန 2.58 x standard error of
the mean [líjyqkdygonf/
4if;onf,cifpmydk'fwGifaqG;aEG;cJhaomyHkrSefjyefUcsuf(normal distribution) qkdif&m 3- Sigma rule ESifhvnf;
udkufnDrSK&Sdygonf/ odkU&mwGif ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; aumuf,l&mwGif uGsefyfwdkU
onf yHkrSefjzefUa0rI (pmuGuf 8 ) twGuf rjynfhpHkaomao;i,fonfherIem t&G,fyrmPrsm;jzifhom vkyfudkif&
avh&SdonfhtwGuf pdwfcspnf;rsm; udkwGufcsuf&mwGif t – distribution udkomtoHk;jyKwGufcsufavh&Sdygonf/

110
95% txufESifhatmuf pdwfcspnf;rsm; (upper and lower confidence limits) qkdonfht"dyÜg,frSm uGsefyf
wdkUonf &nf&G,fonfhOD;a&trSeforwfudef;(true target population mean) onf pdwfcspnf;ykdif;
(confidence interval) twGif; txufESifhatmuf pnf;rsm;twGif; wae&m&mwGif &SdaeaMumif; 95%
aocsmonf[kqkdkvkdygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh orwfudef;trSef (true mean) onf cefUrSef;orwfudef; (estimate
mean) ywf0ef;usifwGifom aoGzDaeygonf/ erIemt&G,ftpm;tm; wkd;jrifhjcif;onf pdwfcspnf;ydkif;
(confidence interval) tm;usqif;apygonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf t-fractiles wefzdk;avSsmhusvmcg (yHk-
10) vdkcsifaompdwfcs&rItqifh wkd;jrifhvmjcif;(increasing the desired confidence level)(90% > 95% >
99%)onf t-fractile tm; wkd;jrifhvmapjyD;? pdwfcspnf;ydkif; (confidence interval) tm; ydkrdk us,fjyefUvm
apygonf/
ydkrdkrSefuefjcif; - pdwfcsrIjyudef; (confidence coefficient)qdkonfrSm orwfudef;trSef (true mean) yg0if
rnf[karSsmfvifhxm;aom ay;tyfxm;onfh erIemrsmtwGifwGif yg0ifonfh erIemtpdwftydkif; wck jzpfyg
onf/ 4if;rSm 95% pdwfcsMum;ykdif;(Confidence interval)twGuf? tu,fíerIemtrsm;tjym;tm; aumuf
,lpkaqgif;jyD;? pdwfcsMum;ydkif; (Confidence interval) tm; wGufcsufygu? a&&SnfwGif 95% aom
4if;Mum;ykdif;rsm;wGif orwfudef;trSef (true mean)yg0ifrnfjzpfygonf/

111
ykH – 10
erlemyrmP? pdwfcspnf;rsm;ESifY cefYrSef;orwfudef;wkdU erlem
(Example of sample sizes, confidence limits and estimated means)
pmuGuf 8
yHkrSefjzefUa0jcif; ESifh t - distribution (Normal distribution and t-distribution)
erIemt&G,ftpm;MuD;rm;ygu? Oyrm 100 ESifh txufqdkygu? t-distribution onf pHyHkrSefjzefUa0jcif;
(standard normal distribution ESifh rsm;pGmwlnDaejyD;? erIemyrmPwdk;jrifhvmygu 𝑡𝑛−1 onf wefzdk;
1.96 teD;odkU csOf;uyfvmygonf/ odkU&mwGif erIemyrmP ao;i,fygu? t-distribution onf
leptokurtic jzpfvmygonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm yHkrSef jzefUa0jcif; (normal distribution) xuf tjrD;ydkif;wGif
trSwfydkrsm;vmygonf(more scores in the tails) odkUjzpf&m tajztaejzifh oifonf ay;xm;aom
{&d,m tpdwftydkif;wGif yg0if&ef ysr;frQ rS ydkrdk us,fjyefUatmif wdk;ay;&rnfjzpfygonf/
jyefvnftrSwf&oifhonfrSm? yHkrSefjyefUcsuf (normal distribution)wGif? jyefUcsuf (distribution) 95%
onf orwfudef; (mean) 1.96 pHaoGzDcsuf(standard deviation) twGif;usa&mufygonf/ t-
distribution udk toHk;jyKygu? tu,fí oifonf erIem ta&twGuf 5 ckom &&Sdygu? 95% aom
{&d,monf ysrf;rQrS 2.78 pHaoGzDcsuf (standard deviation) twGif; usa&mufygonf (from t-
distribution fractiles table)/ odkUjzpf&m pdwfcspnf;rsm; (confidence limits) tm; &&Sd&ef twGuf standard
error of the mean (sem) tm; 1.96 tpm; 2.78 jzifh ajrSmuf&rnfjzpfygonf/ erIemyrmP tm;
jrSifhwifygu 𝑡𝑛−1 onf 1.96 teD;odkU eD;uyfvmrnfjzpfonf/

112
Z,m; 39
Fractiles of the t-distribution (Student’s distribution)
No. of Degrees of 90% tf 95% tf 99% tf No. of Degrees of 90% tf 95% tf 99% tf
samples freedom samples freedom
2 1 6.31 12.71 63.66 16 15 1.75 2.13 2.95
3 2 2.92 4.30 9.93 17 16 1.75 2.12 2.92
4 3 2.35 3.18 5.84 18 17 1.74 2.11 2.90
5 4 2.13 2.78 4.60 19 18 1.73 2.10 2.88
6 5 2.02 2.57 4.03 20 19 1.73 2.09 2.86
7 6 1.94 2.45 3.71 26 25 1.71 2.06 2.79
8 7 1.90 2.37 3.50 31 30 1.70 2.04 2.75
9 8 1.86 2.31 3.36 41 40 1.68 2.02 2.70
10 9 1.83 2.26 3.25 51 50 1.67 2.01 2.68
11 10 1.81 2.23 3.17 61 60 1.67 2.00 2.66
12 11 1.80 2.20 3.11 81 80 1.67 1.99 2.64
13 12 1.78 2.18 3.06 101 100 1.66 1.98 2.63
14 13 1.77 2.16 3.01 oo oo 1.65 1.96 2.58
Microsoft Excel wGif? t-fractile wefzdk; udk function TINV jzifh cefUrSef;EdkifjyD;? 4if;rS jyefvnfí
jzpfEdkifajcudef; (Probability) ESifh uif;vGwfrI'D*&D (degree of freedom) wdkU function tjzpf t-value of
the Student’s t-distribution tm; &&Sdygonf/
erIem 30 twGuf t-fractiles tm; jzpfEdkifajcudef;tqifh (probability level) 95% jzifh wGuf,l&mwGif
TINV(0.05,29) = 2.04523 &&SdjyD;
erIem 30 twGuf t-fractiles tm; jzpfEdkifajcudef;tqifh (probability level) 90% jzifh wGuf,l&mwGif
TINV(0.1,29) = 1.699127 tm; &&Sdygonf/
5-5/ wdusrIESifh rSefuefrI (Precision and Accuracy)
5-5-1/ EdIif;,SOftrSm; (Relative error)
pdwfcspnf;rsm; (confidence limits)tm; yuwdwefzdk; (absolute values)rsm;jzifhazmfjyygonf/ pdwfcspnf;
rsm;tm; erIemorwfudef; (sample mean) jzifhpm;ygu? tjrifhqHk;EIdif;,SOftrSm; (maximum relative error)
tm;&&Sd jyD;? 4if;tm; orwfudef;&mckdfifEIef; (percentage of the mean) jzifh azmfjyygonf/ 4if;nGef;udef;
(parameter) tm; rSefuefaomerIemyrmPrsm; (correct sample size)tm; tajccs&eftoHk;jyKygonf/
8
MuD;rm;aomyrmP odkUr[kwf ra&wGufEdkifaomyrmPtwGuf
yHk- 11 wGifrnfuJhodkU tjrifhqHk;EdIif;,SOftrSm; (maximum relative error) onfjrifhrm;vmonfh erIemyrmP
(sample size) tvkdufavSsmhusvmaMumif; erIemwifjyxm;ygonf/ uGsefyfwkdUonf rSefuefaomta&twGuf
orwfudef; (true population mean) onfcefUrSef;erIem orwfudef; (estimated sample mean)
ywf0ef;usifwGif aoGz,f aejyD;? pdwfcsMum;ydkif; (confidence intervals) rsm;twGif; wnf&SdaeaMumif;
xyfrHjrifawGU&ygonf/ tjrifhqHk; EdIif;,SOftrSm; (maximum relative error) 10% ESifh 95% pdwfcspnf;rsm;
(confidence limit) jzifh wGuf csufjcif;u nGefjyonfrSm orwfudef; (true mean) onfcefUrSef;orwfudef;
(estimated mean) wefzdk;rS 10% xufrydkbJ aoGz,faeaMumif;udk uGsefyfwkdUonf 90% aocsmaMumif;
nGefjyygonf/ tjrifhqHk;EdIif;,SOftrSm; (maximum relative error ) onf eJyg;aom erIemt&G,ftpm;twGuf
80% rS erIem 10 ckxufydkaom erIemt&G,f tpm;twGuf 10-15% odkUavSsmhusoGm;ygonf/

113
ykH – 11
erlemyrmP ESifY EIdif;,SOftrSm;wkdYtm; erlemjyojcif;
(Example of sample size and relative error)
tjrifhqHk;Edlif;,SOftrSm; (maximum relative error) avSsmhusrIrSm ao;i,faom erIemyrmPwGif txl;
odomaomoufa&mufrI&Sdygonf/ odkU&mwGif trSwfwcka&mufonfhtcsdefwGif erIemyrmPtm; xyfrH
wkd;jrSifhay;aomfvnf; xda&mufrIodyfr&SdawmhbJ? wdusrI (precision) tm;wkd;wuf&ef MudK;pm;&mwGif
ukefuspm;&dwf tvGeftrif;rsm;jym;ygonf/ 4if;jzwfawmuftrSwf (cut-off point) tm; wkdif;wm&eftwGuf
cefUrSef;udef;,lepf (estimated parameter) rsm; uGJvGJudef; (variance)^pHaoGzDcsuf (standard deviation)
wkdUudk toHk;jyK&ygonf/ (yHk – 12)/
jyefv,ftrSwf&&efrSm tn-1 onf MuD;rm;aomerlemyrmPwGifန 1.96 odkU csOf;uyfoGm;onfhtwGuf
oifherlemaumuf,ljcif;rsm; ESdKif;,SOftrSm; (relative error) udk &nf&G,fonfhOD;a&yrmP (target
population) uGJvGJjcif;(variance) rSt"duwGufcsufcefUrSef;Edkifygonf/
ykH – 12
EIdkif;,SOftrSm;ESifY erlemyrmPudk wkd;jrSifYjcif;
(Relative error and increasing sample sizes)

114
ESdkif;,SOftrSm; (relative error) ESifhpdwfcspnf;rsm; (confidence limits) rsm;onfoifhcefUrSef;csufrsm;
(estimates) wdusrI (precision) udkjyoEdkifonfhnGefjycsuf (indication) wckjzpfjyD; a&G;cs,fxm;aom
pdwfcspnf;tqifh (selected confidence level) wcktwGuf wm (range) wcktm; ay;tyfcg bufvkdufrI
uif;jcif; ESifh usyeff;erlemaumuf,lrIwdkUudk ,lqvufcH (assume) apygonf/
ykH – 13
bufvkdufjcif;ESifY bufrvkdufjcif;qkdif&merlemrsm; wdusrIESifY rSefuefrI
(Precision and accuracy of biased and non-biased samples)
odkUaomfjim;vnf; wdusrI (precision ) onf rSefuefrI (accuracy) ESifh rwlnDyg/ rSefuefrIqkdonfrSm yuwd
wkdif;wmcsufwckjzpfjyD;? trSefwefzdk; (true value) onfcefUrSef;orwfudef; (estimated mean) rS rnfrSsuGma0;
onfudk wkdif;wmjcif;jzpfygonf (yHk 13 ESifh 14)/ tjcm;wpfenf;tm;jzifhajymqkdygu? tu,fí oifhwGif
bufvkdufaomerIemrsm;&SdjyD;? oifhwGifvHkavmufaomerIemyrmP trsm;tjym;&Sdaeygu? oifh
cefUrSef;wefzdk; (estimated value) onf tvGefwdus (precise) rnfjzpfygonf/ odkUaomf?
4if;cefUrSef;wefzdk;onf vHk;0rSefuefrI r&SdbJ (highly inaccurate) bufvkdufrIrsm;aMumifh
rSefuefaomOD;a&orwfudef; (true population mean) rS a0;uGmpGm vGJacsmfaernfjzpfygonf/
ykH – 14
rSefuefrIESIifYwdusrI
(Accuracy and precision)
rSefuefrIr&Sd? wdusrIvJr&Sd rSefuefrI&SdaomvJ wdusrIr&Sdyg
rjywfom;aom rSefuefjcif;
wdusonf rSefuefrIr&Sdyg
(wduspGmvGJrSm;jcif;)
rSefuefrI&Sd? wdusrIvJ&Sd

115
 avhusifhcef;jyKvkyfyg/ ‘Module 4 Exercise 1 ysrf;rSsudef;wGufcsufjcif; (Calculating
averages)tm;MS excel jzifhwGufcsufyg/
 avhusifhcef;jyKvkyfyg/ ‘Module 4 Exercise 2 jyefUESHUrIwGufcsufjcif; (Calculating dispersion) tm;MS
excel jzifhwGufcsufyg/
 avhusifhcef;jyKvkyfyg/ ‘Module 4 Exercise 3 orwfudef;udef;ajymif;vJjcif;ESifhpH (Changing mean
and std) tm;MS excel jzifhwGufcsufyg/
 avhusifhcef;jyKvkyfyg/ ‘Module 4 Exercise 4 ESdkif;,SOftrSm; (relative error) tm;MS excel jzifh
wGufcsufyg/

116
6/ oif&dk; 5 erlemaumuf,laomykHpH
ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mpm&if;tif;enf;ynmrsm;onf vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? ZD0aA'ESifY obm0ywf0ef;usif rlabmif
rsm; tMum;&Sd ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mvkyfaqmifrIrsm;tm;wkdif;wm&mwGiftajccHjzpfonf/ ig;vkyfief;qdkif&m tcsuf
tvuf aumuf,l&mwGif oabmw&m;rsm;ESifY csOf;uyfrIrsm; uJUokdUao;i,faom tkyfpkrsm; zrf;qD; &rd
onfUyrmP (zrf;qD;&&SdrI)? ig;zrf;vkyfief; MumcsdefumvESifY qufEG,faeonfYtrsdK;tpm;
(ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrSk pGrf;tm;)? ig;zrf;&mwGif tokH;jyKonfY pD;yGm;a&;t& ukefuspm;&dwfESifYjyefvnf&&SdrI?
zrf;rdig;rsm; tm; jzefYjzL; onfYtcsdef ESifY Mum;umvponfwkdYtay:tajccHonf/
oifcef;pm&nf&G,fcsuf-erlemtajcjyKppfwrf; aumuf,ljcif; ocsFmykHpHoDftkd&Denf;pepftm;em;vnfap&ef/
6-1 ed'gef;
wurmÇvkH;qkdif&mig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrI 45 &mckdifEIef; (wefcsdef 48 oef;) onf tao;pm;ig;vkyfief; rS
&&Sdvmjcif; jzpfjyD; 4if;rS 81 &mckdifEIef; (wefcsdef 41 oef;) onf zGHjzdK;aomwkdif;jynfrsm;rS zr;fqD; &&SdrIjzpf
onf/ a&csdK ESifh a&ief tao;pm;ig;vkyfief; rSzrf;qD; &&SdrIrsm; ESifY tvkyftukdiftcGifUtvrf;rsm;ukd tcsuf
tvuf tpD&ifcHpmwif&ef ysufuGufrSkrsm; jzpfay:avU&Sdyg onf/ tcsuftvuf tpD&ifcH&efysufuGuf avY
&SdonfY t"dutaMumif;&if;rsm;rSm-
 tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm;rSm ysHUusJpGmwnf&Sdaejcif;?
 rsm;pGmaomzGHUjzdK;onfYwkdif;jynfrsm;wGif pGrf;aqmif&nfjrSifYwifaomtzGJYtpnf;r&Sdjcif;?
 tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;qkdif&mcsOf;uyfrIenf;vrf;rsm;onf zGHUjzdK;aomwkdfif;jynfrsm;rS
tajccHvmjcif; ESifYrsm;pGmaom rsdK;pdwfrsm;twGuf rsm;pGmaom ig;zrf;ud&d,mwkdYjzifY vkyfukdifaeaom
tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm;ywf0ef;usifwGiftokH; jyK&efcufcJjcif;?
tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;onf tjynfUt0pm&if;aumuf,lwGufcsufjcif;jzifY apmifUMuyfMunfY&Ijcif;tm; rvkyfEkdif
aomfvnf; erlem ppffwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsm;jzifYjyKvkyfEkdifonf/ erlemppffwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsm;onf ukefus
pg;&dwfrsm;jcif;? vkdtyfrIrsm; jzpfay: jcif;ESifY &kH;wGif;trIxrf;rsm;twGuf ukefusp&dwfrsm;&Sdjcif;? &kH;taqmuf
tOD ESifY &kH;vkyfief;vnfywf&efwkdYtwGufvkyfief;cGif wGifjyKvkyf&rnfUukefusp&dwfrsm;ESifY tjcm;aom jyKjyif
xdef;odrf; pg;&dwfrsm;&Sdjcif; ponfwkdYjzpfonf/ zGHUjzdK;aomwkdif;jynfrsm;wGif pkpkaygif;ukefuspg;&dwfonf
ig;vkyfief; pm&if;Z,m; zGHjzdK;&ef t"duuefUowfxm;aomt&mwpfckjzpfonf/ odkUaomfvnf; ukefus pg;&dwf
ukdxda&mufapaom ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m erlemppffwrf;aumuf,ljcif;ukd atmufygtcsufrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;jzifY
atmifjrifEkdif onf-
 tcsuftvufpkaqmif;rItwGuf acGswmjcif;ESifY ,kHMunfpdwfcs&aom cefYrSef;csufrsm;ay;Ekdifjcif;?
 tcsuftvufaumuf,lpkaqmif;jcif; wGif vuff&SdS vleSifYb@ma&;t&if;tjrpfrsm; yg0ifjcif;ESifY
tcsuftvuf rsm;a&;oGif; wGufcsufrI ukd xdxda&mufa&mufjyKvkyfjcif;?
 tokH;jyKolrsm; (tpDtpOfa&;qGJolrsm;? pDrHcefYcGJolrsm;? odyHÜynm&Siffrsm;) vkdtyfcsufukd tcsdefESifh
wajy;nD wkHUjyef ay;jcif;ESifY ,kHMunfpdwfcspGmvkyfaqmifEdkifjcif; ponfwkdYyg0ifonf/
erlemppffwrf;aumuf,ljcif; a&&SnfwnfjrJa&;rSm 4if;tm; ykHpHa&;qGJpOfumvuyiff *&kpkdfufoifUaom
t"dutcsuf wpfck jzpfygonf/ erlemppffwrf;aumuf,ljcif;onf atmufygtcsufrsm;jzifh jynfhpHkygu
a&&Snf wnfjrJEdkifygonf-
 pm&if;aumuf,lonfhykHpH'DZdkif;onf vkHavmufaomcdkifrmrI&SdjyD;? ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m tajymif;tvGJ
rsm;jzpfay:onfhwdkif pm&if;tif; pepfESifh apmifhMunfhtuJcwfpOf qufvufvkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;/

117
 atmufajcuGif;qif;0efxrf;ESifh&kH;0efxrf;rsm;udk tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;ESifh tuJjzwf wGufcsuf
enf; rsm;udk oifhwifhaomtcsdef? odkUr[kwf ykHrSef oifwef;ydkUcsjcif;aqmif&Gufjcif;/ odkUrSom 0efxrf;
tajymif;tvJESifh vlpm;vJjcif;jzpfay:vmygu vkyfief;rysufapbJqufvufaqmif&GufEdkifjcif;/
 xdkppfwrf;aumuf,lonfh0efxrf;rsm;wGif |mejyifyrS enf;ynmtultnD &,lrI tenf;qkH;
(odkU) vkH;0rvdktyfjcif; wdkUjzpfygonf/
okdYaomfvnf;? erlemppffwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsm;wGif ukefusp&dwfukdxda&mufapjcif;ESifY a&&SnfwnfjrJjcif;wkdY rS
,kHMunfpdwfcs& aom tcsuftvufjzpf&ef erlemppffwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsm; tajccHusaom tcsufrsm;
jzpfonfY tqifYrsm;? Erlem ,lonfYvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;? bufvkdufrIrsm;ESifYerlemtrSm;rsm; ponfwkdYtm;
em;vnf&ef ta&;MuD;onf/
6-2/ erlem,ljcif;
6-2-1/ usyef;erlem,ljcif;
oifcef;pm 3 ESifU 4 wGif usyef;erlem,ljcif;? bufvkdufrIrsm;? wdusrIESifYrSefuefrI wkdUtm; aqG;aEG; jyD; jzpf
aomfvnf; atmufyg tykdif;cGJrsm;jzifY aemufwpfMudrfta&;MuD;onfUtcsufrsm;ukd tusOf;csKyfí az:jyxm;
ygonf/ usyef; erlem,ljcif;onf erlemppffwrf; aumuf,ljcif;rsm;qdkif&m pm&if;Z,m;rsm;tcsuftcsm
usaom tpdwftydkif; 2 ck xJrS wpfckjzpfonf/ usyef;erlem,ljcif; qkdonfrSm &nf&G,fxm;aomt&mrsm;
(ig;? a&,mOfrsm;ponf) tm;vkH;onf erlem,ljcif;wGif wlnDpGmyg0ifvm&ef tcGifY ta&;&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/
6-2-1-1/ bufvkdufrI
t"dujyoemwpfckrSm cefYrSef;csufrsm;wGif erlembufvkdufrIukdavQmUcs&efjzpfonf/ bufvkdufrIqkdonfrSm
tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;ouJUokdY rSefuefaomwefzkd;rSuGJvGJaomwefzkd;tay: A[dkcsOf;uyfrI jzpf&ef
erlemcefYrSef;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&mwGifjzpfaom ,drf;,kdifrIukdqkdvkdonf/ xkduJUodkUjzpfjcif;rSm tcsuftvuf
pkaqmif;olrsm;onf MuD;aom ig;ukdOD;wnfa&G;jcif; (okdU) a&,mOf rsm;rSerlem,l&mwGif tvkyfvkyf&
vG,fulaom a&,mOfrI;rsm; ,mOfukdom OD;wnfjcif; ponfwdkUaMumifYjzpfonf/
tqkdygtajctaeukd ykH 15 wGifaz:jyxm;onf/ pm&if;aumufolrsm;wGif csrf;omaomuEl;avSykdif&Sifrsm;
zrf;rdrIudk erlem ,l&efykdESpfoufjcif;? tb,faMumifUqkdaomf 4if;wkdYtawGYtMuHKt& tqdkygydkif&Sifrsm;ESifY
tvkyfvkyf&mwGif ykdvG,fuljcif; aMumifUjzpfonf/ okdUaomfvnf; csrf;omaomuEl;avSykdif&Sifrsm;onf
ykdaumif;jyD; MuD;aom ig;zrf;udd&d,mtokH;jyKaomaMumifU aeUpOfavSi,frsm; pkpkaygif;txdtrdysrf;rQ
wefzkd;ESifY,SOfygu tenf;i,frsm;aeonfukdawGU&onf/ usGekfyfwkdUwGif aeUpOf txdtrdysrf;rQcefYrSef;jcif;wGif
bufvkdufrI (okdU) rrSefuefaomcefYrSef;jcif;&Sdonf/ aeYpOfzrf;rdrIcefYrSef;jcif;onf avSi,ftm;vkH;
tm;udk,fpm;rjyKyg/ avSi,ftm;vkH; pkpkaygif;aeYpOfzrf;rdrIcefYrSef;jcif;onf ykdrkdcefUrSef;jcif;omjzpfonf/

118
ykH 15
erlem,ljcif;bufvkdufrI Oyrm
vufawGUtm;jzifYqkdaomf urf;uyfaomae&mrsm;wGif tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;twGuf jynfYpkHpGmusyef;erlemudk
aumuf,lEdkif &efrSm rvG,fulyg/ tb,faMumifYqkdaomf pm&if;aumufolrsm;pdwfudk rjumcP tcuftcJ
jzpfapaomaMumifYjzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&Ha&,mOfrsm;onf eHeufapmapmwGifurf;uyfaomaMumifh a&,mOfrsm;
tm;vkH;rS 4if;wkdYzrf;rdrIpm&if;udk aumufEkdif rnfvm;qdkonfUtcsufrSmar;cGef;jzpfonf/ avSi,frsm;wGif
erlem ,l&jcif;onf tjyifbufwGif tvkyfvkyf&jcif; (outdoor) ESifY &moDOwktajctaetm;vkH;wGif urf;uyf
aom ae&m rsm;ü vkyf&aomtvkyfjzpfaomaMumifY tcsuftvufaumufolrsm;onf tvkyfjyD;&ef r vG,f
ul yg/ xkdUaMumifY a&,mOfwkdif;wGif tvkyfvkyfekdifrnfvm;qkdonfukd ar;cGef;jzpfvmonf/ tcsuftvuf
aumuf olrsm;onf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI&Sdaom a&,mOfrI;rsm;ESifU twl tvkyfwGJvkyfcsifvdrfUrnfjzpfonf/
okdYaomf usGEkfyfwkdUonf bufvdkufrI jzpfEkdifajctm; owdxm;rI&Sd&rnf/
6-2-2/ usyef;erlemaumuf,l&mwGif wdusaocsmjcif;ESifY tqifYtqifYjyKvkyfjcif;/
erlem,l&mwGif 'kwd,owdjyK&rnfYtcsufrSm oifUcefYrSef;wefzkd;onfwdus aocsmjcif;jzpfonf/
oifYcefYrSef;wefzkd;ukd EdIif;,OftrSm; (Relative error Ɛ) jzifY wGufcsufEdkifonf/
Relative error (Ɛ)=
𝐶𝐿
𝒳
− =
𝑡𝑛−1𝑆
√𝑛 𝑥̅
þae&mwGif- CL = ,kkHMunfrItuefUtowf
𝑥̅ = erlemorwfudef;cefYrSef;jcif;
EdIif;,OftrSm; ukd&mckdifEIef;jzifYaz:jyonf/ EdIif;,OftrSm; 10&mcdkifEIef;onf ,kHMunfrI tuefYtowf 95
&mcdkifEIef;ESifY wGufonf? qkdvkdonfrSm 95&mckdifEIef;onf aocsmaom orwfudef; wefzkd;jzpfjyD;? 4if;onf
cefUrSef;orwfudef;wefzkd;uGJvGJrIonf 10 &mckdifEIef;xufrykdaMumif;nTefjyonf/ ed,mrtm;jzifY EdIif;,OftrSm;
onf 10 &mckdifEIef;xufenf;jcif;jzpfonf/ qufEG,frItrSm;wefzkd;ukd atmufygtcsufrsm;jzifY
qkH;jzwfEkdifonf-
 &nf&G,fxm;aomtkyfpktwGif;uGJvGJrI
 erlemt&G,ftpm;
4if;ukd ykH 16wGif Oyrm2ckjzifY &Sif;jyxm;onf/
4if;wGif rwlnDaom &nf&G,fxm;aomtkyfpk 2ck&Sdonf-s

119
 avSi,f 1000 onf wlnDaom ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsdK;tpm; ESifU ta&twGuf jzifY vkyfief; vnfywf
&mwGif 4if;wkdY aeUpOf zrf;rdrIrsm;onf vGefpGmwlnDaejcif; (okdU) OD;wnftkyfpktwGif;zrf;rdrIuGJvGJrIrSm
enf;yg;jcif; tajzawGY&onf/ aeUpOf zrf;rdrIysrf;rQrSm 30 uDvkd*&rfjzpfonf/
 avSi,f 800onf rwlnDaomig;zrf;ud&d,mjzifY vkyfief;vnfywf&mwGif 4if;wkdY aeUpOf zrf;rdrIrsm;
onf vGefpGm uGJvGJ aejcif; (okdU) OD;wnftkyfpktwGif;zrf;rdrIuGJvGJrIrSm jrifYrm;jcif; tajzawGU&onf/
aeUpOfOD;wnftkyfpkzrf;rdrIysrf;rQrSm 30 uDvkd*&rfjzpfonf/
uREkfyfwkdUonf OD;wnf&nfrSef;tkyfpk 2 ckvkH;rS erlem p,ljcif;ESifYwjznf;jznf;erlem,laomt&G,ftpm;ukd
wkd;jrSifYaomtcg &&Sdaomtajzukd ykH-16 wGif jyxm;onf/
yxrtkyfpkwGif OD;wnftkyfpktwGif;uGJvGJrIrSmenf;jcif;? usGEkfyfwkdUawGU&onfrSm erlem,llaom
t&G,ftpm;wkd;aomtcgwGif cefYrSef;erlemorwfudef; ,kHMunf&rI uefYowfcsufrsm;onf ao;i,fjcif;ESifY
avQmUusjcif;jzpfonf ukdawGU&onf/ xyfajym&rnfqkdygu uEl;avS15pif; rS vwkdif;erlem,laomtcgwGif
qufEG,frItrSm; 10&mckdifEIef;cefYjzpfvmonfukd &Sif;vif;pGmawGU&onf/ tqkdyguEl;avSrsm;tkyfpkrS
erlem,ljcif;rSm&dkd;&Sif;ygonf/
'kwd,tkyfpkwGif OD;wnftkyfpktwGif;uGJvGJrIrSmrsm;jcif;? uREkfyfwkdUawGU&onfrSm erlem,laom t&G,ftpm;
enf;aomtcg (qdkvkdonfrSm erlem,laomt&G,ftpm; wkd;jcif;ukdwjznf;jznf; avQmYcsaomtcg)
,kHMunf&rIuefUowfcsufrsm;onf MuD;rm; onfukdawGU&onf/ okdUaomfvnf; 4if;wkdUonferlemt&G,ftpm;
MuD;rm; aomfvnf;,kHMunf&rIuefhowfcsufrsm; rSmqufvuf MuD;rm;aeonfawGU&jyD; qufEG,frItrSm;onf
10&mckdifEIef; okdYa&mufrvmonfukdawGU&onf/ tqkdygtkyfpktm; erlem,l&mwGif txl;*&kjyK&efvkdtyfjcif;ESifY
OD;wnftkyfpktwGif;MuD;rm;aom uGJvGJrIjzpf&onfYtaMumif;&if;tm; euf&Idif;pGmMunfU&I&efvkdtyf ygonf?
xkdt&mwGif taMumif;&if;ESpfckjzpfEdkifonfrSm -
 MuD;rm;aomuGJvGJrIjzpf&onfrSm uEl;avSrsm;onf wpfcsdefwnf;wGif rwlnDaomig;zrf;ud&d,m trsdK;
tpm;rsm; tokH;jyKjcif;aMumifUjzpfjyD; 4if;ukd polyvalent avSi,f rsm;[kac:onf/ tqkdyg
tajctae wGiferlem,l&efcufcJjyD; qufEG,frItrSm; jrifYvmjcif;ukd vufcH&rnfjzpfonf/
tajz&Sm&ef twGufjzpfEkdifajcenf;vrf;r&Sd[kqkdvkdonf/
 MuD;rm;aomuGJvGJrIjzpf&onfrSm avSi,frsm;onf uGJvGJaomig;zrf;ud&d,m trsdK;tpm;rsm;
tokH;jyKjcif;aMumifU [kqkdaomfvnf; 4if;wkdUonf wlnDaomyHkpH wGifig;zrf;ud&d,mwpfrsdk;
ukdomtokH; jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ þae&mwGif erlem ,lpOfumvtwGif;cGJjcm;xm;jcif;jzifY
usGEkfyfwkdUtajztm; wkd;wuf aumif;rGefEkdifonf? Oyrm- erlem,laomtcgwGif
rnfonfUig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsdK;tpm;okH;onfukd rSwfwrf;jyKxm;&efjzpfonf/
ußREkfyfwkdUonfferllem,ljcif;udk tvTmvdkuf (stratify) jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/

120
ykH 16
uGJvGJaomOD;wnftkyfpk2ckrSerlem,ljcif;ESifUpyfvQOf;onfh qufEG,frItrSm;
Stratification ( tvTmrsm;cGJjcm;jcif; ) qkdonfrSm erlemcefUrSef;jcif;twGif; qufEG,frItrSm; ukd erlem
ykHpHrSjzpfEkdifajc&Sdaom tcsuftvufajymif;vJrIrsm;tm; pepfuspGmavQmUcsjcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;onf OD;wnf
tkyfpktwGif;rS wlnDaomtkyfpkrsm; (okdU) tvTmvkdufcJGjcm;jcif;jyKvkyf&mwGifatmifjrifaponf/ Oyrm-
industrial a&,mOfrsm;ukd wpfykdifwpfEdkif ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm; uJUodkY oD;jcm; tvTm wpfcktjzpf
vkyfaqmifEdkifvdrfYrnf (okdU) rwlnDaom ig;zrf;ud&d,m trsdK;tpm;jzifY wpfykdifwpfEdkifig;zrf;jcif;ukd
rwlnDaom tvTm uJUokdYpOf;pm;ekdifonf/ 4if;ESifYpyfvQOf;jyD; tykdif;4.7 wGif ykH2 jzifYOyrmxm;jyD; aemufxyf
&Sif;xm;onf/
pmuGuf-9
erlemrsm;twGif;uGJvGJjcif;ukdavQmUcsjcif;
erlem,laomt&G,ftpm;rsm;wkd;jcif;ESifY stratification ( tvTmcGJjcm;jcif;) wkdYjyKvkyf jyD;onfYaemuf wpfcg
wpf&H wGif erlemrsm; twGif; cefUrSef;orwfudef; wefzkd;uGJvGJrItay: wGif&IyfaxG;aponf/ ed,mr tm;jzifY
uGJvGJrIonf erlemt&G,ftpm; (finite population correction factor uefUowf OD;a& jyifqifcsuf =
(1 −
𝑛
𝑁
) 𝑜𝑟
(𝑁−𝑛)
(𝑁−1)
ay:rlwnfjyD; uGJvGJrIukd (𝑁−𝑛)
(𝑁−1)
𝑆2
jzifYwGufcsufEdkdifonf/ odkUaomfvnf;?
tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm; erlem,l&mwGif correction factor jyifqifcsuf onf MuD;rm;aom OD;wnftkyfpk
t&G,ftpm; aMumifY 1 em;wGifuyfaeonf/
tvTmcGJjcm;jcif; wGifusGEkfyfwkdUonf wlnDaomuGJvGJrIESifYtwl OD;wnftkyfpk wpfck&Sdonf/ zrf;rdrItm;
erlem,l&mwGif OD;wnf tkyfpk twGif;uGJvGJrIonf erlemuGJvGJrI cefYrSef; &mwGif t"du tcsufjzpfonf/
erlem,ljcif;rsm;vmyguerlemtwGif;uGJvGJrIonf odompGmavQmUusEkdifrnf jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifY oifh
OD;wnf tkyfpkudk tvTmcGJjcm;jcif; onftpGrf;ukefta&;ygonf/
erlemt&G,ftpm;rsm;wkd;aomtcgwGif rSefuefaom orwfudef;wefzkd; ESifY uGJvGJrI wkdYudk cefYrSef;&mwGif
aumif;rGefaom tajz ESifY ,kHMunf&rItuefYtowfrsm;apygonf/
,kHMunf&rItuefUtowfrsm;ESifY qufEG,fcsuftrSm; ykHaoenf;tm;MunfYygu tcsufwpfckrSm 𝑡𝑛−1onf
erlem t&G,ftpm; (n) wkd;ygu avQmUusvmonfYtaMumif;rSm √𝑛 onfykdif;ajcwGif&SdjyD; qufEG,fcsuftrSm;
ESifY,kHMunf &rItuefUtowfonf erlemt&G,ftpm;wkd;ouJUokdUjzpfjcif;aMumifY avQmUus aom
tajz&&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/

121
Relative error (Ɛ)=
𝐶𝐿
𝒳
− =
𝑡𝑛−1𝑆
√𝑛𝑥̅
,kHMunf&rItuefUtowfrsm; = ±𝑡𝑛−1
𝑠
√𝑛
= t –fractiles × (orwfudef;pHaoGzDcsuf) standard
error of mean
tqkdygjzpfpOftm;ykHwGifaz:jyxm;onf/ erlemrsm;twGif;uGJvGJrIrsm;ukdaz:jyonfU erlemrsm;
pHaoGzDjcif; (s) onf OD;wnftkyfpk pHaoGzDjcif; (δ)ESifYtjrJeD;uyfaomfvnf; erlem t&G,ftpm; wkd;
aomtcgwGif (s) onf (δ) tm;ykdaumif; atmifcsOf;uyfonf/ erlemt&G,ftpm;wkd;jcif;jzifY
pHaoGznfjcif;trSm; orwfudef; wefzkd; (sem) ESifU t-fractiles wkdYusvmjyD; EdIif;,OftrSm;
wefzkd;onfvnf;usvmonf/
erlemt&G,ftpm;wkd;jcif;jzifY STD, SEM and t-fractiles tay:oufa&mufrI?
f ဓဓ
6-3/ tvTmcGJjcm;jcif; (Stratification)
tykdif; 4.7 wGifaqG;aEG;xm;ouJUokdY tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;tpDtpOfwGifyg0ifaom stratification
(tvTmcGJjcm;jcif;) wGif t"dutrsdK;tpm;2rsdK;&SdjyD; 4if;rSm-major strata (t"du tvTm ) and minor strata (
omref tvTm ) wkdYjzpfonf/ tydkif;4.7wGifaz:jy xm;onfU t"dyÜg,fzGifYqdkcsufrsm;onf stratification
(tvTmcGJjcm;jcif;) pHt"dyÜg,fjzpfonf/ okdUaomfvnf; ig;vkyfief;wGif erlem,ljcif;wGif
tcsdefMumvmaomtcg atmufygvufawGUusaomcsOf;uyfrItm; stratification (tvTmcGJjcm;jcif;) wGif
tokH; jyKvmonf/
 Major strata: (t"dutvTm) tykdif;cGJrsm;onf tkyfcsKyfa&;? yx0D (okdU) ,m,DpHnTef; tay:
tajccH xm;jyD; 4if;wkdYonf tpD&ifcHpmwif&ef&nf&G,fí tcsuftvufpkaqmif;onfYtpDtpOf
jzpfonf/
 Minor strata: (omref tvTm) aemuftqifYwGif? uREkfyfwkdUonf minor strata (omref tvTm) udk
t"dyÜg,fzGifYqdkjyD; 4if;wkdYonf (ae&m (odkh) tcsdef) space or time ESifY qufEG,ffaejyD;? 4if;tm;
tqkdyg minor strata (omreftvTm) twGif;owfrSwfxm;aom vkyfief;vnfywfaeaom
,lepfrsm;wGif trsdK;rsdK;aomzrf;qD;rIrsm;^ MudK;yrf;rIrsm; ^rsdK;pdwfrsm;&dSaomtcgwGif tokH;jyKonf
(pmuGuf 10)/

122
 Fishing/operational unit; ig;zrf;jcif;^vkyfief;vkyfaqmifaeaomae&m-þt&m
onfig;zrf;jcif;vkyfief;jzifY toufarG;vQuf&Sdaom?wlnDaomrsdK;pdwfrsm;(okdU) rsdK;pdfwftkyfpkukd
zrf;aeaom? pD;yGm;a&;wnfaqmufrIykHpH wlnDrI &SdonfYig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;tkyfpkwpfckjzpfonf/
þt&monff first stratification (yxrtqifh tvTmcGJjcm;jcif;) jzpfjyD; zrf;qDjcif;rsm;ESifY
ig;zrf;qD;tm;xkwfMudK;yrf;jcif;wkdYonf ig;zrf;,lepfwpfcktwGif; wpfom;wnf;usrIESifY qufEG,fae
onf[k arQmfvifYxm;Ekdifonf/
6-3-1/ ig;zrf;vkyfief;tkyfpkrsm;ESifh omref tvTm (ig;zrf;,lepfrsm;ESifY minor strata)
a,bl,stm;jzifY tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;onf avSudk tajccHjcif; jzpfouJUokdY-
 ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsm;uefhowfcsufwGifavSwpfckpDtwGuft"duusaomig;zrf;ud&d,mtcsuf
tvufrsm;ESifYavS rsm;ta&twGufwkdYtjrJyg0ifonf/
 ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrSk pGrf;tm;onf ig;zrf;aomaeUrsm;(okdU)avSwpfckrS ig;zrf;xGufaomaeUrsm;
ta&twGufukd ykHrSeftm;jzifYwkdif;wmjcif;jzpfonf/
wpf,lepfig;txdtrd (CPUE) onf aocsmaomig;zrf;ud&d,mwpfckjzifU zrf;qD;aeaoma&,mOfwpfck
aeUpOfzrf;rdrI uJUokdYykHrSeftm;jzifYaz:jyonf/ ig;zrf;ud&d,mwpfckwnf;jzifYvkyfaqmifaeaom tao;pm;ig;
vkyfief;rsm;wGif tqdkygowif;ukd &&Sd&efrSm tvGef&IyfaxG;jyD; þ&IyfaxG;jcif;taMumif;aMumifY ,kHMunfvkdYr&
aomcefUrSef;csufrsm;jzpfvmvdrfYrnfjzpfonf/
tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm;erlem,l&mwGifavSudk tajccHjcif;onf b,faomtcgrQjynfYpkHrnfr[kwfyg? vkyfief;
vnfywfonfU,lepfrsm;wGifa&G;cs,fouJUokdY uRekfyfwkdUonfig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsdK;tpm;? t"dutokH;jyKaom
ig;zrf;ud&d,m? t"duOD;wnfaomrsdK;pdwfrsm;? tcsdeftwdkif;twmt& ESifU ae&muGufvyfwnf&SdrI tm;vkH;ukd
csKHMunfU&rnf/ Z,m;40 wGif tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;wGif stratification (tvTmrsm;cGJjcm;jcif;) ykHpHwpfcktm;
jyxm;onf/

123
Z,m; 40
tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;twGif;&Sd ig;zrf;,lepfrsm;ykHpH
pmuGuf-10
Major and minor strata (t"dueSifh omreftvTm ) wkdYqufEG,frIrsm;
tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;tcsuftvufodrf;qnf;jcif;ESifY pdppfjcif;wkdYtwGuf FAO’s ARTFISH software wGif
az:jyxm;onfrSm minor strata (omreftvTm) wpfckonf major strata (t"dutvTm) wpfckwnf; ukdom
csdwfqufEkdifonf/ vrf;nTefcsufrsm;wGifnTefjyxm;onfrSm major stratum ( t"dutvTm) wpfckwGif&Sdaom
minor strata (omreftvTm) onf tjcm;aom major stratum (t"dutvTm)ESifUrcsdwfqufEkdifyg/
tqkdygtcsufonf minor stata (omreftvTm) wpfckvHk;ukd ajym aom tcgwGifrSefuefonf/ okdYaomfvnf;
tqkdyg,lqcsufonf (minor stratum (omreftqifh) wpfckonf major strata (t"dutvTm)
eHygwfwpfckESifU xyfaernfqkdygu) erlem rsm;,l&mwGif rvkdtyf rIrsm;wdk;vmvdrfUrnf/ þtaMumif;tm; ykH
A and B jzifY &Sif;xm;onf/ tqkdygykHwGif ao;i,faom avSrsm; tm;vkH;wGif tenf;ESifYtrsm; wlnD
aomvu©Pmrsm; &SdonfukdawGU&onf/ xkdUaMumifY? ed,mrwGif? xkdt&monf minor stratum (omreftvTm)
wpfckjzpfjyD; uRekfyfwkdUonf 4if;wkdY aeUpOfzrf;rdrItm;,kHMunfpGmcefYrSef;Edkif&ef wpfvwGiferlem 60
,l&efvkdtyfonf/ a&,mOfrsm;onf c&kdifrS urf;okdUtpD&ifcHjcif;vkyfekdif&eftwGuf c&kdif 2 ck vkH;twGif;
(4if;wkdYrSm major strata (t"dutvTm) 2ckvkH;jzpfonf) 4if;wkdY urf;uyf&ef ae&mrsm; &Sdonf/ tu,fí
minor strata (omreftvTm) onf major strata (t"dutvTm) wpfckxufykdjyD; qufEG,frIr&Sdygu minor
strata (omreftvTm) ukd c&kdif 1ESifYqufEG,f&eftwGuf a&,mOf 60 rSerlem ,l&efvkdtyfjcif;ESifY minor
strata (omreftvTm) ukd c&kdif 2 ckESSifYqufEG,f&ef twGuf tjcm;a&,mOf 60rS erlem,l&ef vdkdtyfonf (ykH
A)/
trSeftm;jzifYqkdaom uRekfyfwkdUonfc&kdif 1 ESifY 2 ESifYqufEG,faom a&,mOfrsm; ta&twGuf
xufausmf vGefjyD; cefYrSef;rIrsm;wdk;&efESifY cefYrSef;rItay:,kHMunfekdif&eftwGuf a&,mOf60rS erlem
,l&rnfjzpfonf/
ig;zrf;,lepf a&,mOf
trsdK;
tpm;
a&,m
Of
tvQm
;
armfwm
(hp)
ig;zrf;ud&d,m
trsdK;tpm;
ig;zrf;ud&d
,mrsdK;pdwf
OD;wnf
rsdK;pdwf
rsm;
&moDOwk)
(minor
strata
yx0Dqkdif
&mt
aetxm;
(minor
strata)
uEl;avS
ta&
twGuf
ysrf;rQ
CPUE
(kg/day)
eHygwf 1 vHk;xGif;
avSi,f
14 50 0ef;0kdif;aom
wm;ykduf
700 a&ay:vTm
aeig;
wpfESpfvkH; wpfwkdif;
jynfvkH;
1750 125
eHygwf 2 vHk;xGif;
avSi,f
12 r&Sd 0ef;0kdif;aom
wm;ykduf
250 a&ay:vTm
aeig;
jynfvkH;
2200 33
eHygwf 3 vHk;xGif;
avSi,f
14 50 ig;rsSm;csdwf
eSifhjudk;;
csdwfrsm;
200
a&ay:vTm
aeig;MuD;
jynfvkH;
800 75
eHygwf 4 vHk;xGif;
avSi,f
16 50 0kdif;csKyfykduf 700 a&ay:vTm
aeig;ao;
6 v wdkif;jynf
ajrmufbuf
700 125
eHygwf 5 vHk;xGif;
avSi,f
16 50 ig;rsSm;csdwf
eSifhjudk;;
csdwfrsm;
150
a&ay:vTm
aeig;MuD;
6 v wdkif;jynf
ajrmufbuf
700 90
eHygwf 6 ysOfpyfavS
i,f
8 r&Sd wpfrsdK;xufydk
aomig;zrf;ud&d
,m
atmufajc
Murf;jyif
wpfESpfvkH; wkdif;jynf
awmifbuf
1880 15
eHygwf 7 ysOfpyfavS
i,f
9 r&Sd jrHK; jrHK;15ck ql;ygausm
ufykpGef
wpfESpfvkH; wkdif;jynf
awmifbuf
700 8

124
ykH A
Major strata (t"dutvTm) 2 ckESifY minor strata (omreftvTm) 2ckwkdYqufEG,frI
ykH B Minor strata (omreftvTm) 1 ckESifY major strata (t"dutvTm) 2ckwkdYqufEG,frI
6-4/ erlemaumuf,ljcif;
6-4-1/ erlemcGJa0owfrSwfjcif;
oiftao;pm;,mOfrSpkpkaygif;zrf;rdrItm;cefYrSef;vkdaomtcgwGif aumif;pGmjyifqifxm;&rnfUt&mrsm;rSm-
1/ oifonfppfwrf;aumuf,laomuefhowfcsufabmifwpfck vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifY oifavSi,frsm;onf
rwlnD aomurf;qkduf&m ae&mrsm;ukdausmfvGefaomta&twGuf? trsdK;tpm;? tokH;jyKaom
ig;zrf;ud&d,m ESifU ysHUESHUjcif; ykHpH ponfwkdYtm; od rnf jzpfonf/
2/ atmufygvkyfief;,lepfrsm;wGif tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;jzifY oifa&,mOftwGuf tvTmrsm;cGJjcm;
&&SdrSm jzpfonf/
(u)MuD;rm;aomarmfwmwyfavSi,frsm;onf0dkif;csKyfykdufrsm;tokkH;jyKjyD; ao;i,faoma&ay:aeig;zrf;jcif;
(avSi,frsm; 1000)
(c)MuD;rm;aom armfwmwyfavSi,frsm;onfig;rsSm;csdwfESifYMudK;tokH;jyKjyD;MuD;rm;aoma&ay:aeig;zrf;jcif;
(avSi,frsm;) 3500
(*)ao;i,fíarmfwmrwyfxm;onfUavSi,frsm;onfwm;ykdufrsm;tokH;jyKjyD;a&atmufMurf;jyifig;rsm;
zrf;jcif;(avSi,frsm; 6000)
(C)ao;i,fíarmfwmrwyfxm;onfUavSi,frsm;onfhjrHk;rsm;tokH;jyKjyD;ausmufykpGefzrf;jcif; (avSi,frsm;
1500)
,cktcgwGifoifonf avSi,f 4 rsdK;wGifzrf;rdrIESifU ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; wkdYukd apmifYMunf&ef erlem
pkaqmif;jcif; tpDtpOfwpfck zGHUjzdK; atmifvkyfcsifrnfqkdygu ar;cGef;rSm wpfvwGif avSi,f ta&twGuf

125
rnfrQrS erlem,lrnfenf; ESifY rnfonfYae&mwGifenf;/ csOf;uyfrI 2 ck&SdjyD; oifUwGif avSi,frsm;zrf;rdrI
yPmr tcsuftvuf&&SdjyD;jcif; (okdU) r&&Sdjcif; tay:wGifrlwnfygonf/
6-4-2/ yPmrtcsuftvufrsm;&&Sdjcif;
yxrar;cGef;rSm qufEG,frItrSm; ESifUerlemt&G,ftpm;tMum;pyfvQOf;rIukdajz&Sif;Edkif&eftwGuf oif,l&ef
vkdtyfaomerlem rsm;rSmrnfrQenf;/ oifUwGifaeUpOfzrf;rdrIESifY aeUpOfzrf;rdrItwGif;ajymif;vJjcif; ponf
,ciftcsuftvufwkdY&Sdygu tqkdyg tcsufonfjzpfEkdifonf/ vkdtyfaomerlemrsm;ukd qufEG,frItrSm;rS
qif; oufvmaom ykHaoenf;jzifYcefYrSef;onf/
𝑛 = [
𝑡𝑛 − 1𝑆
Ɛ 𝑥̅
]
þae&mwGif
𝑡𝑛−1=t-fractiles
s = erlemrSpHaoGznfjcif;
𝑥̅ = erlemorwfudef;wefzkd;
Ɛ qufEG,frItrSm; cHEkdif&nf&SdrI (cGifhjyKedkifaom qufEG,frItrSm; )
𝑛 ESifY 𝑡𝑛−1onfqufEG,faeouJUokdU? n ukd erlem t&G,ftpm;rsm ;uGJvGJrIwpfck twGuf wGufcsufjcif; rvkyf
Ekdif aomfvnf; qufEG,frItrSm; tm;wGufcsufjcif;jzifY cefYrSef;jcif;&&SdEkdifonf? erlemt&G,ftpm;a&G;cs,f&m
wGif qufEG,frItrSm; onf (cGifhjyKedkifaom qufEG,frItrSm;) Ɛ ukdcsOf;uyfonf/
Z,m; 41 rSm txufwGifaz:jyxm;onfY uEl;avS twGuf qufEG,frItrSm; 10&mckdifEIef;&&Sd&ef vkdtyfaom
erlemt&G,ftpm;ukd Oyrmjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
Z,m; 41
qufEG,frItrSm; 10&mckdifEIef;&&Sd&ef vkdtyfaomerlemt&G,ftpm;Oyrm
uEl;trsdK;tpm; uEl;ta&twGuf aeUpOfzrf;rdrIIorwfudef; aeUpOfzrf;rdrI STD Coefficient of
variation (%)
10%trSm;twGuf
erlemta&twGuf
MuD;aom?0dkif;csKyfykduf
rsm;
1000 125 45 36.0 53
MuD;aom?
ig;rsSm;csdwfeSifhjudk;
3500 90 17 18.9 17
ao;i,faom?
wm;ykdufrsm;
6000 18 6 33.3 46
ao;i,faom?
jrHK;rsm;
1500 9 4 44.4 79
tqkdyga&,mOftm;apmifYMunfY&mwGif wpfvvQif avSi,f 190 rSerlem,l&efvkdtyfonf/ tajzrsm;u
&Sif;vif;pGmjyxm;onf rSm stratum (tvTm) wpfckpDtwGif;&dS avSi,frsm;pkpkaygif;ta&twGufonf
vkdtyfaom erlemrsm;ta&twGuftay: tuefU towf jzifYvTrf;rkd;xm;onf/ xkdYaMumifYarYxm;&rnfrSm
oifUa&,mOfrS aocsmaom &mckdifEIef;wpfck (5 okdY 10%) erl,l xm;&effqkdonfYtcsufjzpfonf/ uEl;avSrsm;
10000 (okdU) 500 tMum; erlemrsm;vkdtyfonfYta&twGuftwGif; MuD;rm;aom uGJvGJrIrawGU&yg/
erlemt&G,f tpm;onf oifh erlemrsm; twGif;uGJvGJrIukdMunfYjyD;qkH;jzwfonf/ (ykH17)? 'Da& rSwfedrfYygu
oifYavQmfaom stratification (tvTmcGJjcm;jcif;) vkyf&efta&;MuD;onf/

126
ykH 17
qufEG,frItrSm; 10okdU5% &&ef coefficient of variation ( uGJvGJrIjyudef;) ESifY vkdtyfaomerlemt&G,ftpm;
tMum;qufEG,frI
ykH 17wGif regression &D*&uf&Sif; qufoG,frIavhvmjcif; rsm;ukd erlemt&G,ftpm; yxrqkH;
tMurf;ysOf;cefUrSef;jcif; jyKvkyf &eftokH;jyKxm;Edkifonf/
6.4.3 tcsuftvufr&&Sdjcif;
wpfcgwpf&H? erlemtpDtpOfudk ykHaz:aomtcgwGif yPmrtcsuftvufr&&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm
uRekfyfwkdU onf zrf;rdrI orwfudef;ESifY4if;pHaoGznfjcif;ukdrodjcif;ESifY? uRekfyfwkdUonf erlem
t&G,ftpm;rsm; cefYrSef;&mwGif qufEG,frItrSm; ukd tokH;rjyKEdkifjcif;jzpfonf/
tqkdygudpötm;vkHjcHKap&ef Stamatopoulos (2002)onf tcsdKUerlemt&G,ftpm;rsm;ukd Z,m; 42 jzifYp&ef
cefYrSef;jyxm;onf/ tay:twef;wGif? vkdtyfaom accuracy level (wdusrSefuefrSktqifh) ukdaz:jyxm;onf
(usyef;[k,lq&mwGif bufrvkdufaomerlemjzpfjcif;) ESifU yxrwkdifonf OD;wnftkyfpkt&G,ftpm;jzpfonf/
OD;wnftkyfpkt&G,ftpm;onf avSi,frsm; ta&twGufr[kwfyg/ uRekfyfwkdUonfaocsmaom
vwpfcktwGuf aeUpOfzrf;rdrIukdapmifYMunfUygu 4if;onf (xkdvtwGuf uEl;
avSwpfckrSig;zrf;aomaeYrsm; ta&twGuf ysrf;rQ tm;ajrSmufjcif;jzifY&vmaom)
avSi,frsm;ta&twGufjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdUonf c&D;xGufjcif;jzifY zrf;rdrI ukdapmifYMunfUygu OD;wnftkyfpk
t&G,ftpm;onf (xkdvtwGufavSwpfpD;rS c&D;xGufjcif; ta&twGuf ysrf;rQtm;ajrSmufjcif; jzifY&vmaom)
avSi,frsm;ta&twGufjzpfvdrfYrnf/
Oyrm- ao;i,faomavSi,frsm;onf jrHK;udk okH;jyD; wpfvvQif &uf 20 ig;zrf;xGufvdrfYrnf/ OD;wnf
tkyfpkt&G,ftpm;onf 1500 avSi,frsm; × 20ig;zrf;aomaeUrsm; = 30000 urf;uyfjcif;jzpfvdrfYrnf/
ußGekfyfwkdUonf 95% accuracy (wdusrSefuefrSk) &vkdygu uRekfyfwkdYonf urf;uyfxm;aom avSi,f 128
pD; rSerlem,l&ef vkdtyfonf/
ußRekfyfwkdUwGifa&,mOf 50 &SdjyD; a&,mOfwkdif;onfwpfvwGifc&D;pOf 8 MudrfoGm;jcif;jyKvkyfaomtcgwGif?
OD;wnf tkyfpkt&G,f tpm; onf 50×8 = 400 acguf jzpfjyD; 95% accurate (wdusrSk) jzpf&ef tacgufa&
97 acguf tm; erlem ,l&rnfjzpfonf/ uRekfyfwkdU xyfawGU&onfrSm OD;wnftkyfpkonf erlemt&G,ftpm;
tay:tueffY towf jzifY vTrf;rkd;xm;onf/ erlemt&G,ftpm;ukd accuracy level (wdusrSkhtqifhtwef;) jzifY
t"du xm; qkH;jzwfonf/
erlemt&G,ftpm;axmufyHUrIwGif oifonferlem,ljcif;tpDtpOftopfjzifYpcJJYygu vkHavmufvdrfYrnf jzpf
onf/ tcsuftvuf rsm; ukdpkaqmif;cJYaomfvnf; erlemt&G,ftpm;rsm;ukd qufEG,frItrSm; eSifY
ppfaq;oifYonf/ xkdduJUokdYjyKvkyfjcif;jzifY tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;1ESpfjyD;aomtcg? oifonf minor

127
stratum (omreftvTm) twGuf a&,mOfta& twGufrnfrQavmufrSerlem,l&efvdktyfrnfqkdonfukd
tMuHaumif;&vmrnfjzpfonf/
Z,m; 42
trsdK;trsdK;aom Accuracy levels (wdusrSefuefrSk tqifhtwef;rsm;) ESifYOD;wnftkyfpkt&G,ftpm;wGif
vkHjcHKaom erlem t&G,ftpm;rsm;
accuracy cy% 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
OD;wnftkyfpkt&G,ftpm; vkHjcHKaomerlemt&G,ftpm;rsm;
300 29 35 43 54 69 90 120 163 218 274
400 30 36 44 56 73 97 133 188 267 356
500 30 37 45 58 75 102 143 208 308 432
600 30 37 46 59 77 106 150 223 343 505
700 31 37 47 60 79 108 156 236 373 574
800 31 38 47 60 80 110 160 246 400 640
900 31 38 48 61 81 112 164 255 424 703
1 000 31 38 49 61 82 114 167 262 445 762
2 000 31 39 49 63 85 120 182 302 572 1 231
3 000 32 39 49 64 86 123 188 318 632 1 549
4 000 32 39 49 64 87 124 191 327 667 1 778
5 000 32 39 50 64 87 125 192 332 690 1 952
6 000 32 39 50 65 88 125 194 336 707 2 088
7 000 32 39 50 65 88 126 195 339 718 2 197
8 000 32 39 50 65 88 126 195 341 728 2 286
9 000 32 39 50 65 88 126 196 342 735 2 361
10 000 32 39 50 65 88 126 196 343 741 2 425
15 000 32 39 50 65 88 127 197 347 760 2 638
20 000 32 39 50 65 89 127 198 349 770 2 760
25 000 32 39 50 65 89 127 198 351 776 2 838
30 000 32 39 50 65 89 128 199 352 780 2 893
35 000 32 39 50 65 89 128 199 353 782 2 933
40 000 32 39 50 65 89 128 199 353 785 2 964
45 000 32 39 50 65 89 128 199 353 786 2 989
50 000 32 39 50 65 89 128 199 353 788 3 009
>50 000 32 40 50 65 89 128 200 356 800 3 201
Source: Stamatopoulos (2002)
6-5/ erlem t&G,fcGJa0jcif;
oifYavQmfaom (tvTmcGJjcm;jcif;) onftcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif; aumif;rGefapvdrfYrnf/ okdYaomfvnf; over
-stratifiy (tvGeftuRHtvTmcGJjcm;jcif;) rjzpfoifYay/ txufwGifaqG;aEG;xm;ouJUokdY tcsuftvuf
pkaqmif; &mwGif tajccHtcsufay: A[kdjyKxm;jcif;jzifY tcsuftvuftay:wGif oif tokH;jyKEdkifvdrfUrnf
jzpfonf/ odyHÜ ynm&Sif ^pDrHcefYcGJrItjrifjzifY MunfYygu ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsdK;tpm;ESifY ig;zrf; ud&d,m
vu©Pmt& tvTmcGJjcm; ygupdwf0ifpm;ekdif rnfjzpfonf/ yxrar;cGef;rSm ußGekfyfwkdUonf xkdtcsuftvuf
rsm;ukd toHk;jyK&ef oGm;ae onfvm;? 'kwd,ar;cGef;rSm ußGekfyfwkdY xdktcsufukdMudK;pm;vkyfaqmifaevm;
[líjzpfonf? xkd (tvTmcGJjcm;jcif;) wpfckpDtwGuf wpfvvQifcefYrSef;ajc erlem 50-100 aumuf,l&ef
vkddtyfonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif ppfaq;jcif; rvkyf&ao;aomerlemt&G,ftpm;rsm; aygif;xm; jcif;jzifY
(tvGeftuRHtvTmcGJjcm;jcif;) over- stratify jzpf&ef ,drf;,kdiffaejyD; xkdt&monf pm&if;enf;ynm t&
tusHK;r0ifaomaMumifU cef;rSef;csufrsm; qufvkyff&rnf jzpfonf/ Oyrm-erlem 4cktay:tajccHjyD; 1000
wm;ykdufrSzrf;rdrI pkpkaygif;tm; cefYrSef;jcif; (odkU) minor and major urf;uyfae&mrsm;xufausmfonfY
(tvTmcGJjcm;jcif;) vkyfjcif; wkdYonf vkHavmufpGmerlem,ljcif; r[kwf aomaMumifU aemufqkH;cefYrSef;csuf
rsm;onf ,kHMunf&rIr&Sdjcif;ESifY tusHK;0if rnf r[kwfyg/
uRekfyfwkdUonfwkdif;jynfwpfckvkH;twGif;vpOf erlem,ljcif;tm;aocsmonfYta&twGuf&,lEdkif&ef 0efxrf;ESifU
&HykHaiGwpfckwnf; &SdvQif bmvkyfoifYoenf;/ Oyrm-wpfvvQif erlem 300 ,lEkdifonf qkdygu

128
uGsekfyfwkdUonf erlem rsm;ukd rwlnDaom vkyfief; vnfywf aeonfY,lepfrsm;ESifY^minor strata omreftvTm
wkdUtm;cGJa0csxm;&efrnfuJYokdY jyKvkyf &rnfenf;/
vkyfief;vnfywfonfY,lepf 7ckESifY^minor strata omreftvTm wkdUtm;Z,m; 43 wGifaqG;aEG;xm; Murnfjzpf
onf/ tqkdyg Z,m;wGif? ig;vkyfief;,lepfwpfckpDtwGuf yPmrerlem,ljcif;tpDtpOfjzifYa&,mOf 50 rS &&Sd
xm;aom ig;vkyfief;,lepf rsm;ESifYwpf,leSpfig;txdtrd CPUE vu©Pmrsm;&Sdonf9/
---------------------------------------------------
9 tcsuftvufrsm;onfcefYrSefjcif;tm;jzifY&&Sdxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ yxr? OD;wnftkyfpktm; usyef;aumuf,lcJUonf/ xkdYaemuf usyef;
erlemrsm;tm; rwlnD aomOD;wnftkyfpkrsm;rS&,lcJUonf/
Z,m; 43
tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm;twGif; vkyfief;vnfywfonfY,lepfrsm;^tao;pm;ig;vkyfief; omreftvTm Oyrm
7ck
a&,mOftrsdK;
tpm;
a&,mOft
vQm;
(rDwm)
armfwm
(hp)
ig;zrf;ud&d,m
trsdK;tpm;
owif;ay;ydkh&aom
tuGmta0;(min
or strata)
uEl;avS
ta&t
wGuf
yPmrtcsuftvuf (n=50)
ysrf;rQ
CPUE
STD of
CPUE
CV
vHk;xGif;uel;avS 14 50 vkH;0ef;aomwm;ykdu wpfwkdif;jynfvkH; 1750 128 54 0.42
vHk;xGif;uellll;avS 12 r&Sd vkH;0ef;aomwm;ykduf wpfwkdif;jynfvkH; 6600 33 5 0.15
vHk;xGif;uel;avS 14 50 ig;rsSm;csdwfESifYMudK; wpfwkdif;jynfvkH; 800 77 17 0.22
vHk;xGif;uel;avS 16 50 0kdif;csKyfykdufrsm; wkdif;jynfajrmufbuf 700 136 10 0.07
vHk;xGif;uel;avS 16 50
ig;rsSm;csdwf
ESifYMudK;
wkdif;jynfajrmufbuf 700 88 23 0.26
ysOfpyfuel;avS 8 r&Sd
wpfrsdK;xufydk
aomig;zrf;ud&d,m
wkdif;jynfawmifbuf 2000 22 4 0.38
ysOfpyfuel;avS 9 r&Sd jrHK;rsm; wkdif;jynfawmifbuf 900 13 5 0.38
Uuel;avSta&
twGufpkpkaygif;
13050
erlem 300 ukd rwlnDaomenf;vrf; 3 ckokH;í vkyfief;vnfywfonfYlae&m^minor strata (omreftqifh)
jzifY cGJa0Ekdifonf? rwlnDaomenf;vrf;rSm-tcsdK;nDpGmcGJa0jcif;? Neyman enf;jzifYcGJa0jcif;ESifY ajymif;vJrI
ajrSmuf az:udef; tokH; jyKjyD;cGJa0jcif; wkdYjzpfonf/
6-5-1/ tcsdK;nDpGmcGJa0jcif;
tcsdK;nDpGmcGJa0jcif;wGif?tvTm wpfckpDwGif&Sdaom uEl;avSrsm;ta&twGuf wpfckwnf;udkom
a&wGufjcif;jzifU ,lxm; aomtvTm strata tm; jzifY erlemrsm;ukdjzefYa0jcif;jzpfonf/
erlemt&G,ftpm;=erlemta&twGuftrsm;qkH;
𝑛𝑜.𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜.𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑒𝑠
𝑛𝑖 = 𝑛
𝑁𝑖
∑ 𝑁𝑖
𝑛
𝑖=1
uREkfyfwkdYonf Z,m;44wGiferlemrsm;ukd tcsdK;nDpGmcGJa0xm;ykHtm; OyrmtaejzifYjyxm;onf/tcsdK;nDpGm cGJa0
xm;jcif;wGif? Strata-4 (tvTmtqifh-4) wGif EdIif;,OftrSm; onf vkdtyfaom 10% ra&muf&Sday
(Z,m;44)/ tMuD;qkH;erlemrsm;ta&twGuf (152) ckukd vkH;0ef;aomwm;ykduf tokH;jyKaom vHk;xGif;uel;avS
a&,mOftrsdK;tpm; qDokdYcGJa0xm;onf/ okdYaomfvnf;? 4if; tvTmwGif pHaoGzDrI onf edrfYjcif; (STD=5)
aMumifY aemufykdif;wGif erlemrsm;cGJa0jcif;twGuftaumif;qkH;wpfck jzpfvdrfUrnf/

129
Z,m; 44
tcsdK;nDpGmcGJa0jcif;&v'f
a&,mOftrsdK;tpm; uEl;avSta&twGuf erlemrsm;cGJa0jcif; erlemt&G,ftpm;cGJa0jcif;jzifY&vmaom
qufoG,fcsuftrSm;
vHk;xGif;avSi,f 1 750 40 0.155
vHk;xGif;avSi,f 6 600 152 0.022
vHk;xGif;avSi,f 800 18 0.110
ysOfpyfavSi,f 2 000 46 0.050
ysOfpyfavSi,f 500 11 0.325
avi,fS
ta&twGufpkpkaygif;
13 050 300 0.839
1. qufoG,fcsuftrSm; onf OD;wnftkyfpkrS usyef;aumuf,lxm;aom erlemt&G,ftpm;rsm;ukd cGJa0jcif;tm;jzifY&&Sdxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
6-5-2 / Nyeman enf;jzifh cGJa0csxm;jcif; (Nyeman allocation)
Nyeman allocation (okdU) ‘optimum stratified sampling equation toifhawmfqkH;tvTmcGJxm;aom erlem
aumuf,lonhf nDrQjcif;ukd ig;vkyfief;rsm;twGif; erlem,l jcif; tajccHonfY ppfwrf; aumuf,ljcif; twGuf
vrf;nTefcsufrsm;wGif rMumcP az:jyxm;onf/ xdkt&monf tajccHpnf;;rsOf;tokH;jyKxm;jyD; 4if; tvTm
wpfckerlemt&G,ftpm;onf atmufyg tcsuf (2) ckjzpfaomtcgwGif MuD;oifYonf-
 tvTm MuD;aomtcg (tqifhrsm;aomtcg )
 pHaoGzDrIMuD;aomtcg (rsm;vmaomtcg) ponftajctaewkdYwGifjzpfonf/
Nyeman cGJa0csxm;&mwGif? erlemt&G,ftpm;cGJa0&mjcif;onf tvTm wpfckpDtwGif; pHrSm;,Gif;rI ESifY
a&,mOfrsm; ta&twGuf ponfwkdYESifY tcsdK;nD&rnfjzpfonf/
𝑛𝑖 = 𝑛
𝑁𝑖 𝑠𝑖
∑ 𝑁𝑖 𝑠𝑖
𝑛
𝑖=1
Nyeman cGJa0csxm;jcif;tm;MunfY&mwGif? uGsekfyfwkdUonf tcsdK;nDpGm erlem,lxm;ouJYokdY
wlnDaomvkyfxkH; vkyfenf;ukdtokH;jyKonf/ Z,m;-43 wGif
yPmrerlem,ljcif;rS&&SdaomtcsuftvuftcsdKUtm;jyxm;jcif;jzpfjyD; xkdtcsuftvuf rsm;ukd Nyeman
cGJa0csxm;jcif; okH;jyD; erlemrsm;cGJa0jcif;wGiftokH;jyKxm;onf/ Z,m; 45 wGif erlemt&G,ftpm; rsm;cGJa0
xm;jcif;ESifY simulate cefhrSef;csuftm;jzifh EdIif;,OftrSm; rsm;ukd az:jy xm;ygonf/
uRekfyfwkdYOyrm&SdyxrqkH;ig;zrf;xGufaom,lepftwGuf? erlemrsm;ta&twGufrSm 162 jzpfvdrfUrnf
= 300
1750∗54
(1750∗54 +6600∗5 + 800∗17 + 700∗10 +700∗23 +2000∗4 +500∗5)
erlemrsm;ta&twGuftMuD;qkH;jzpfonfU (162) ukd ig;vkyfief;,lepf 1 wGifcGJa0xm;onf?
t"dutaMumif;&if; rSm yPmr tcsuftvufrsm;udkjyKpkjcif; data set (Z,m;43) twGif;wGif pHaoGzDjcif;
rSmwefzkd; 54 rSmjrifYaeaomaMumifYjzpfonf/ tvTm 3 wGifwGufcsufxm;aom EdIif;,OftrSm; wefzkd;onf

130
10%atmufokdYrusaejcif;ESifY tvTm 7 &Sd jrHK;jzifY zrf;aom planked canoes (ysOfpyfavSi,f) wGif
EdIif;,OftrSm; wefzkd;onfjrifYaeonfawGU&onf/
rSwfom;oifYonfrSm Nyeman cGJa0csxm;jcif;onf erlemrsm;tm;vkH; uGJvGJrI tm;vkH;ukd csKHhjyD; avQmUcs
&ef&nf&G,fonf/ 4if;onf erlemwpfckcsif;pDtwGif;uGJvGJrIukdavQmUcsjcif;ukdrjyKvkyfyg/ Nyeman cGJa0cs
xm;jcif; onf uGJvGJrI wefzkd;ukdtMuGif;rJUtokH;jyKjyD; pHrSm;,Gif;rI udk az:jyjcif;jzpfonf/
okdUaomfvnf;? wpfcgwpf&Hig;vkyfief;rsm;wGiferlem,ljcif;ESifYpyfvQOf;jyD; orwfudef; (mean) oD;oefYwefzkd;
rsm;twGif; MuD;rm;aomuGJvGJrI&SdaomtcgESifY xkdae&mwGifuRekfyfwkdUonf tvTmwpfckpD cefYrSef;jcif;rsm;ukd
wdusrIjrifYrm;ap&ef &nf&G,f aomtcg ponftajctaewkdYwGif Nyeman cGJa0csxm;jcif;ukd erlemrsm;
cGJa0jcif; twGuf trsm;qkH;oifYavQmfonfU enf;r[kwfyg/
xkdtajctaewGif rwlnDaomtvTmwGiferlemrsm;tm;cGJa0&ef tvTmwpfckpDtwGif; coefficient of
variation (CV) uGJvGJrIjyudef; ukdtokH;jyKygu ykdrSefuefvdrfYrnfjzpfonf/
Z,m; 45
Nyeman cGJa0csxm;jcif;enf;jzifYcGJa0xm;aom erlemrsm;&v'frsm;
a&,mOftrsdK;tpm; avSi,fta&
twGuf
STD avSi,fta&
twGuf× STD
cGJa0xm;
aom
erlemrsm;
erlemt&G,ftpm;cGJa0jcif;jzifY&vmaom
EdIif;,OftrSm;
vHk;xGif;avSi,f 1 750 54 94 500 162 0.062
vHk;xGif;avSi,f 6 600 5 33 000 57 0.043
vHk;xGif;avSi,f 800 17 13 600 23 0.093
vHk;xGif;avSi,f 700 10 7 000 12 0.053
vHk;xGif;avSi,f 700 23 16 100 28 0.149
ysOfpyfavSi,f 2 000 4 8 000 14 0.151
ysOfpyfavSi,f 500 5 2 500 4 0.276
UavSi,fta&twGufpkpkaygif; 13 050 174 700 300 0.827
6-5-3/ uGJvGJrIjyudef; (Coefficient of variation)
Nyeman cGJa0csxm;jcif;wGif tajccHusaompnf;rsOf;&SdjyD; xkd tvTm wpfck erlemt&G,ftpm;onf
tajctae 2ck wGif MuD;oifYonf? (1) tvTm MuD;aomtcg? (2) pHrSm;,Gif;rI MuD;aomtcgwkdUwGifjzpfonf/
(rsm;aomtcg)
okdUaomfvnf;? (1) OD;wnftkyfpkt&G,ftpm;onf erlemtajccHonfYtcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;jzifY &&SdcJU
aom cefYrSef;rIrsm; wdusrItay:tenf;i,fomvTrf;rkd;rI&Sdonf (2) ußGEkfyfwkdUonf tvTm wpfckcsif;pD
cefUrSef;rI rsm; tm; wdusrIjrifYrm; ap&ef&nf&G,faeonf[k,lqvQif? the coefficient of variation
(uGJvGJrIjyudef;) (standard deviation^ mean) (pHaoGzDjcif; ^orwfudef;)onf erlemrsm; cGJa0jcif;twGuf
ykdaumif;aompHEIef;wpfckjzpfEkdifygonf10/
tqkdygudpöwGif? cGJa0onfYerlemt&G,ftpm;onf tvTm wpffcktwGif;&Sdajymif;vJaom ajrSmufudef; ESifYtcsdK;
nDygonf/
𝑛𝑖 = 𝑛
𝐶𝑉𝑖
∑ 𝐶𝑉𝑖
𝑛
𝑖=1
erlemrsm;ta&twGuf 74 ckukd yxrig;zrf;,lepfokdY cGJa0owfrSwfaomtcgwGif
𝑁𝑜. 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠= 300
0.42
(0.42 +0.17 +0.22 +0.08 +0.26 +0.20 +0.37)

132
tqkdygerlemcGJa0jcif;enf;tm;tokH;jyKxm;jyD; erlem,lxm;onfYtajzukdZ,m;-46 wGifjyxm;onf/ trsm;qkH;
erlemrsm;ta& twGuf (75) ukd tvTm 1 wGifcGJa0xm;jyD; tvTmtqifh 7 wGif (erlem 68)ukd jyxm;onf/
tvTmtm;vkH;wGif EdIif;,OftrSm; onf ußGekfyfwkdY (cGifhjyKedkifaom) cHEkdif&nf&SdaomtrSm; 10%
atmufwGifjzpfonf/
Z,m;-46
Coefficient of variation (uGJvGJrIjyudef;) ukdtokH;jyKjyD;erlemcGJa0jcif;
a&,mOftrsdK;tpm; uEl;avSta&twGuf CV erlemrsm;cGJa0jcif; erlemt&G,ftpm;cGJa0jcif;jzifY&vmaom
EdIif;,OftrSm;
vHk;xGif;avSi,f 1 750 0.42 75 0.087
vHk;xGif;avSi,f 6 600 0.15 27 0. 059
vHk;xGif;avSi,f 800 0.22 39 0.080
vHk;xGif;avSi,f 700 0.07 13 0.027
vHk;xGif;avSi,f 700 0.26 46 0.077
ysOfpyfavSi,f 2 000 0.18 32 0.053
ysOfpyfavSi,f 500 0.38 68 0.013
avSi,fta&
twGuf pkpkaygif;
13 050 1.70 300 0.396
6-5-4/ enf;vrf; 3 ck tm;EIdif;,SOfjcif;
ig;zrf;,lepfwpfcktwGif;cefUrSef;rIrsm;twGuf EdIif;,OftrSm; ESifYig;zrf;,lepfrsm;tm;vkH;jcKHjyD;pkpkaygif;
EdIif;,OftrSm; wkdUukdMunfY&mwGif coefficient of varitation uGJvGJrI jyudef; jzifY cGJa0 jcif;onf
taumif;qkH;tajzukd ay;EkdifvdrfUrnfjzpfonf (Z,m; 47)/
Z,m;-47
rwlaomenf; 3 cktm;tokH;jyKjyD;erlemrsm;jzefYa0jyD;onfUaemufrSpkpkaygif; EdIif;,OftrSm;
ESifY stratum wpfck EdIif;,OftrSm;
a&,mOftrsdK;tpm; ig;zrf;ud&d,m
trsdK;tpm;
uEl;avS ta&
twGuf
tcsdK;nDpGm
cGJa0jcif;
Neyman
allocation
enf;jzifY&&Sdaom
qufEG,frI
ig;zrf;ud&d,m
trsdK;tpm;
vHk;xGif;avSi,f vkH;0ef;aomwm;ykduf 1750 15.5 6.2 8.7
vHk;xGif;avSi,f vkH;0ef;aomwm;ykduf 6600 2.2 4.3 5.9
vHk;xGif;avSi,f ig;rQm;csdwfESifYMudK; 800 11.0 9.3 8.0
vHk;xGif;avSi,f 0kdif;csKyfykdufrsm; 700 3.8 5.3 2.7
vHk;xGif;avSi,f ig;rQm;csdwfESifYMudK; 700 13.9 14.9 7.7
ysOfpyfavSi,f wpfrsdK;xufydk
aomig;zrf;ud&d,m
2000 5.0 15.1 5.3
ysOfpyfavSi,f
avSi,fta&
twGuf pkpkaygif;
jrHK;rsm; 900 32.5 27.6 1.3
T 13050 83.9 82.7 39.6
10 / tqkdygerlemrsm;cGJa0xm;jcif;enf;onf ,cifuykHESdyfxkwfa0jcif;rjyK&ao;yg/ FAO onf scientific pmapmifxkwf&efjyifqifaeygonf

133
6-6 / tpkvdkuferIemaumuf,ljcif; ESifh ESpfqifherIem aumuf,ljcif; (Cluster sampling and Two-stage
sampling )
,ckoifwef;oifcef;pmwGif tokH;rsm;aom csOf;uyfrIjzpfonfY stratified sampling (tvTmcGJ erlem aumuf
,ljcif;) wpfckwnf;udkom jyKvkyfrnf jzpfonf/ okdYaomfvnf;? tjcm;aomcsOf;uyfrIrsm;jzpfonfU
tpkvkduferIem aumuf,ljcif; ESifh ESpfqifherIemaumuf,ljcif; (cluster sampling and Two-stage
sampling) wdkUukd tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm;rSpkpkaygif;urf;uyfrItm;cefUrSef;&mwGif wpfcgwpf&HtokH;jyKonf/
tpkvkduferIem aumuf,ljcif; Cluster sampling ukd uREkfyfwkdYwGif erlem,laomae&mrSmrsm;jyD;
a&,mOfta&twGuf tenf;i,fom&Sdaom tcgwGiftokH;jyKEkdifonf? okdUaomfvnf; rwlnDaom trsdK;tpm;
rsm;jzpfonf/ tqkdygudpöwGif urf;uyfaom ae&m rsm; rS eHygwfwpfckukd a&G;cs,fjcif;(Clusters)ESifY
urf;uyfaom a&,mOfrsm;tm;vkH;ukd rSwfwrf;jyKxm; &rnf/
ESpfqifherIemaumuf,ljcif; (Two-stage sampling ) ukd urf;uyfaomae&mwpfckwGif rwlnDaom
trsdK;tpm;rsm;jzpfonfUa&,mOf ta& twGufrsm;jcif; ESifY twl urf;uyfaomae&mrsm; ta&twGufrsm;
aomtcgwGif tokH;jyKonf? xdkUaMumifY tqkdyg udpöwGif ußGEkfyfwkdUonf urf;uyf ae&mwpfck&Sd a&,mOfrsm;
tm;vkH; urf;uyfjcif; rsm;ukd rSwfwrf;jyK &ef rvkyfedkifyg/ tpkvkduferIem aumuf,ljcif; ESifh
ESpfqifherIemaumuf,ljcif; (Cluster sampling and Two-stage sampling)
ESifUpyfvQOf;onfUtcsdKUaomtcsuftvufrsm;ukd Cadima et al. (2005) wGifaz:jyxm;onf/
6-7/ avUusifUcef;rsm;jyKvkyf&ef
 oifcef;pmjyKvkyf&efrSm Ms Excel wGif oifwef;oif&dK; 5 avhusifhcef;-1
erlemt&G,ftpm;wGuf&ef”
 oifcef;pmjyKvkyf&efrSm Ms Excel wGif “oifwef;oif&dK; 5 avhusifhcef; 2 erlemcGJa0jcif;jyKvkyf&ef”

134
7/ oif&dk; (6) tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;wGif tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;jcif;twGuf erlemaumuf,ljcif;
tpDtpOf (SET-UP OF A STRATIFIED SAMPLING SCHEME FOR SMALLSCALE FISHERIES ROUTINE DATA
COLLECTION)
oifwef;oif&dk; (6) &nf&G,fcsuf- tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;wGif erlemaumuf,ljcif;ykHpHtm; a,bk,stm;jzifY
em;vnfap&efjzpfonf/
7-1/ pm;&dwfoufomaomenf;jzifY ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsm;
(COST-EFFECTIVE FISHERY SURVEYS)
ykHrSefvkyfaqmifaeaom ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;wGif pm;&dwfrsm;&jcif;rSm vkyfief;cGif ESifY
&kH;ykdif;qkdif&m0efxrf;pm;&dwf? vkyfief;vnfywfpm;&dwf? tjcm;aom&kH;ydkif;qkdif&m tajccHtaqmuftOD jyKjyif
xdef;odrf;jcif;pm;&dwfrsm;ESifU vnfywf&rnfYpm;&dwfrsm;ponfwkdUaMumifYjzpfygonf/ tcef; (6-1) wGif
az:jyxm;ouJYokdUzHGUjzdK;aom wkdif;jynftrsm;pkwGif pkpkaygif;ukefuspm;&dwfrsm;onf a&xGufukef
pm&if;Z,m;rsm; zGUHjzdK;rItay:t"duusaomt[efUtwm;jzpfapEkdifffygonf/ okdYaomfvnf; atmuf
az:jyyg p&dwfoufomaom tajccHusaomig;vkyfief;qkdif&mppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsm;tokH;jyKygu
atmifjriffEkdifygaMumif;/ 4if;wdkYrSm-
 pD;yGm;a&;wGufajcukdufaomenf;jzifY tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;ESifY rSefuefíjzpfekdifajc&Sdonfh
cefYrSef;wGufcsufjcif;?
 tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;ESifY jyKjyifxkwfvkyfrIvkyfief;aqmif&Gufjcif;wGif wnf&Sdonfhvlom;
t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifYb@ma&; t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; xda&mufpGmtokH;jyKjcif; (xnfUoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;)?
 vufawGUvkyfukdifaeolrsm; (tpDtpOfa&;qGJolrsm;? pDrHcefYcGJolrsm;? ynm&Sifrsm;) vkdtyfcsufrsm;
tm;rSefuefpGmESifY tcsdefrDSpGGmaqmif&Gufay;jcif; ponfwkdYjzpfygonf/
7-2/ a&&SnfwnfwYHaprnfU ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsm;
(SUSTAINABLE FISHERY SURVEYS)
pm&if;enf;ynmt& pDppf&mwGifykHrSefig;vkyfief;qkdif&mppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;jzifY &&Sdvmaom tcsuftvuf
rsm;onf tpDtpOfusaomtcsdef&Sd&efvkdtyfygonf/ atmufaz:jyyg &kd;&Sif;ítajccH usaomenf;jzifY
ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;onf a&&SnfwnfwHUrnf[kpOf;pm;ekdifygonf/ 4if;wkdUrSm-
 pm&if;enf;ynmt& apmifYMunfYppfaq;xm;onfY ig;vkyfief;jzpfygu 4if;ykHpH'DZkdif;tm; qufvuf
cGifYjyK&ef tm;ay;Ekdifygonf?
 &kH;ykdif;qkdif&m0efxrf;rsm;ESifY uGif;qif;0efxrf;rsm;tm; oifwef;ay;jcif;onfoifYavQmfygonf/
okdYrSom 0efxrf;ajymif;vJjcif; (odkY) vnfywfaiGaMu;tajctaewkdY tajymif;tvJvkyfaomtcg
tcsuftvuf aumuf,ljcif;ESifY pDppfjcif;wkdY twGuftqifoifYjzpfapygonf?
 jynfyenf;ynm&Sifrsm;tultnDtay: rSDckdrIenf;jcif; (okdU) rSDckdrIr&Sdjcif;ponfwkdYjzpfygonf/
7-2-1/ uGif;qif;0efxrf;rsm; tcef;u@ (Role of field staff)
ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;wGif ta&;MuD;onfrSm tcsuftvufaumuf,lonfY tzGJUESifU
4if;wkdUtm; MuD;MuyfonfYtzGJUwkdUjzpfygonf/ xdktzGJYwkdYonf ig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyfudkifolrsm;ESifh
ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mpDrHcefUcGJrItMum;wGif ta&;MuD;qkH;jzpfygonf/ xdktzGJYrsm;onf a&SUquf&rnfh vkyfief;pOf
rsm; vkyfaqmif&ef ig;vkyfief;qkdiff&m pm&if;tif;tzGJUtpnf;okdY tcsuftvufrsm;tm;aumuf,ljcif;ESifh
ay;ykdYjcif;wkdYtm;vkyfaqmif&ygrnf/ atmufyg tcsufrsm;onf tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif;wGifyg0ifaom
uGif;qif; 0efxrf;rsm; ta&;MuD;aom tcef;u@tm; az:jyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/

135
7-2-2/ pkaqmif;xm;aom tcsuftvuft&nftaoG;ESifY tokH;csrI
(Quality and utility of collected data)
pm&if;tif;enf;ynmt&nftaoG; ,kHMunf&rIonf vkyfief;vnfywfumvwGif tcsuftvuf
aumuf,lolrsm;ESifU MuD;Muyfolrsm;tcsdefrDjyD;pD;atmifvkyfaqmifrIESifY xda&mufrIwkdYtay: wkduf&kduf
rlwnfygonf/ tcsuftvuft&nftaoG;onf 4if;wkdY&nf&G,fcsuftwkdif; awGUqkHaqG;aEG;aumuf,l
xm;onfY tcsuftvuftm; tokH;csrIESifU,kHMunfpdwfcsvufcHEkdifzG,fjzpfonfY pm&if;enf;ynmwkdUtay:
oufa&muf rI&Sdygonf/
7-2-3/ oifwef; (Training)
tcsuftvufaumuf,lolrsm;tm; aphpyfaocsmap&ef? oifUavsmfaomwm0efay;tyfekdif&efESifY
nTefMum;csuftwkdif; pGrf;aqmifrIjynfY0&ef oifwef;ay;jcif;ESifU jyefvnfavUusifYay;rIrsm;jyKvkyf&rnf/
7-2-4/ vufawGUusaom ppfwrf;aumuf,lonfhykHpH (Realistic survey design)
tm;vkH;aomppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;ykHpHonf jynfUrDaomwm0efjzpf&rnfjzpfygaomaMumifU tcsuf tvuf
aumuf,lolrsm;onf nTefMum;csufrsm;tm; jywfom;pGmvkyfaqmifjcif;ESifY tvkyftpDtpOf a&;qGJ xm;onfY
twkdif; vufawGU jynfUpkHatmif vkyfaqmifEdkdif&rnfjzpfonf/
7-2-5/ tcsuftvufaumuf,lolrsm;ESifY MuD;Muyfolrsm; c&D;oGm;jcif;
(Mobility of data collectors and supervisors)
tcsuftvufaumuf,lolrsm;ESifY MuD;Muyfolrsm;c&D;oGm;jcif; (taxmufYtyHUESifYvrf;nTefay;rI) onf tcsuf
tvuf aumuf,ljcif;wGiftusdL;oufa&mufrI&SdouJUokdU 4if;wkdUtwGuf ta&;MuD;aom taxmuftyHY udk
jzpfap onf/ c&D;p&dwfraxmufyHUay;í c&D;oGm;vmrIenf;ygu pm&if;enf;ynmt& ,kHMunf&rI (tcsdefESifY
ae&m) avQmUenf;apygonf/ tb,faMumifUqkdaomf tcsuftvufaumuf,l&ef ppfwrff; aumuf,laom
ae&mrSm wlaejyD; enf;yg;aomaMumifY tcsuftvufbufvkdufrI qkd;usddK; rsm;apaomaMumifYjzpfygonf/
7-2-6/ pdwfyg0ifpm;rI ESifY vkyfief;vnfywfrItawGUtMuHK (Motivation and operational experience)
tcsuftvufaumuf,lolESifU MuD;Muyfolrsm;onf aiGa&;aMu;a&;twGufomru tvkyfvkyf
aqmif&mwGifvnf; pdwfyg0ifpm;rI&SdoifUygonf/ 4if;wkdYonf tvkyf ta&;ygrIIESifY &nf&G,fcsufwkdUtm;
aumif;pGm em;vnf&ef? pm&if;tif;enf;ynmtzGJUESifUpyfvQOf;onftykdif;tm;em;vnf&ef? ppfwrf;
aumuf,ljcif;enf;vrf; ESifY taumiftxnfaz:&mwGif 4if;wkdYpGrf;aqmifekdifap&ef ponfwkdYtwGuf
todtrSwf jyKvkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;tm; axmufyHUay;oifYygonf/ xkduJokdUpGrf;aqmifekdifap&ef vkyfief;cGif
0efxrf;onf tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif; ESifYpyfvQOf;onfU tvkyf&kHaqG;aEG;yGJESifY oifwef;rsm; wufa&muf
oifYygonf/ okdYrSom4if;wkdYonf vkyfief;vnfywfonfY tawGYtMuHKESifYpyfvQOf;onfU ppfwrf;aumuf
,lonfYykHpHESifY tpDtpOfwkdUwGif aumif;pGmjzefYa0Ekdifrnf jzpfygonf/
7-3/ &kH;0efxrf;rsm; tcef;u@ (Role of office staff)
pm&if;tif;twGuf oifUavQmfaomtajccHtaqmuftODr&Sdygu tcsuftvufaumuf,laom vkyfief;cGifrS
0efxrf;onf tcsuftvuftenf;i,fom&&SdEkdifrnfjzpfonf/ pm&if;tif;&kH;0efxrf; wm0efESifhvkyfief;rsm;

136
rSm- ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif; 'DZkdif;ESifYpDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;tygt0if taumiftxnf az:a&;
tcsdefZ,m; a&;qGJjcif;? oifwef;ay;jcif;? ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;axmufyYHay;jcif;? vkyfief;cGiftwGif;ESifU &kH;ykdif;
qkdif&m vkyfaqmifrIrsm;wGifapmifUMunfYíyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;wkdYyg0ifonf/
vkyfief;cGifrS&&Sdaomtcsuftvufrsm;tm;apmifUMunfUjcif;? pkpnf;jcif;ESifh jyefvnfokH;oyfjcif; tygt0if
wnf;jzwfjcif;? tcsuftvufppfaq;jcif;ESifY rSefuefaomvkyf&yfrsm; ponfwkdY vkyfaqmif&ef vkdtyfygonf/
7-4/ yHkrSefppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;ESifY oD;jcm;ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsm;
(ROUTINE AND AD-HOC SURVEYS)
tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;twGuf vkdtyfaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;wGif uefaz:jcif;? zrf;qD;jcif;?
jyKjyifxkwfvkyfjcif;? aps;uGufwifa&mif;csjcif;? ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mtzGJUtpnf;? tpm;tpmab;uif;vHkjcHKrI?
toufarG; 0rf;ausmif;ESifY tjcm;aomu@rsm; ponfwkdU yg0if&ygrnf/ ykHpHrwlaom tcsuftvufrsm;
aumuf,l&efESifY rwlnDaomu@rsm;twGuf tokH;jyK&ef tnTef;udef;rsm;tm; oif&dk;oifwef; (2) wGif
aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf/ ykHpHrwl aomtcsuftvufrsm;aumuf,l&ef csOf;uyfrI enf;vrf; trsdK;rsdK;
tokH;jyKekdifygonf/ okdYaomfvnf; tcsuftvufaumuf,l&mwGif yHkrSefppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;ESifY
oD;jcm;ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsm; tMum;wGif odomxif&Sm;pGm&SdoifYygonf/ tcsuftvufonf ig;vkyfief;
tcsuftvufpepfwGif yg0ifaom ig;vkyfief;qkdif&m a*[pepfcsOf;uyfrI? tpm;tpm ab;uif; vHkjcHKHKrIESifY
qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavQmUcsa&; rl0g'rsm;ESifY &moDOwk ajymif;vJa&;rl0g' wkd;wufaumif;rGefrIwkdUtm;
rpkaqmif;ekdifaom yHkrSefppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif; tcsuftvuf aumuf,ljcif;pepfwGif taxmuftyYH
ay;ekdif&ef vkdtyfygonf/ vkyf&kd;vkyfpOf tcsuftvuf aumuf,ljcif; pepfonf aocsmjyD; &kd;&Sif;oifUonf/
4if;wkdYonf oabFmay:wGiftajccHtm;jzifY pOfquffrjywf aumuf,lxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;?
a&vkyfom; ta&twGuf? ig;zrf;oabFm qkdufuyfaomae&m? ig;txdtrd? t"dursdK;pdwfrsm;? wefzdk;ESifY
wpfcgwpf&H? ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;ponfh tcsuftvufrsm; tm; ay;Ekdifygonf/
aemufqufwGJtaejzifY ig;xkxnf? ig;zrf;ud&d,mjzifY wpf,lepfig;txdtrd? ZD0rsdk;pHkrsdK;uGJrsm;? ae&ma'o
a*[pepf? aps;uGuftajctae? vlrIpD;yGm;ESifY toufarG;0rf;ausmif; ponfwkdYonf apmifUMunfYaom
tpDtpOf (okdU) oD;jcm;^odyHÜenf;usppfwrf;aumuf,lxm;rIwkdYwGifyg0if&rnf/ vlESifY b@ma&;
tuefYtowf &SdygaomaMumifY tao;pm; ig;vkyfief; yHkrSeftcsuftvuf aumuf,ljcif;pepf
a&&SnfwnfwHU&ef tajccHusjyD; tokH;jyK&efoifYavQmfonfY pm&if;tif;enf;ynmtm; OD;wnfjcif; onf
pdwfcs&onfY enf;jzpfygonf/
tqkdygoifwef;wGif tao;pm;ig;vkyfief; tajccHtcsuftvuf? pkpkaygif;zrf;qD;rI? a&,mOfjzifY
aeUpOfzrf;pD;&&SdrI? rsddL;pdwftvkdufzrf;qD;&&SdrIponfU yHkrSef tcsuftvuf aumuf,ljcif; twGuf t"du
usaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;tm;OD;wnfygonf/
7-5/ tajccHtqifhrsm; (THE BASICS)
erlemtajccHíajymrnfqkdygu? pkpkaygif;ig;txdtrd tm;cefUrSef;&mwGif wpfaeUvQifzrf;qD; &&Sdaom
ig;txdtrdrQajcwefzkd;ESifY erlem,laoma&,mOfwpfpif;rS ig;zrf;aomaeYta&twGuf rQajcwefzkd;
wkdYtm;,ljyD; ajrSmufygu a&,mOfwpfpD;zrf;qD;&&SdrIrQajctm;odekdifygonf/ pkpkaygif; ig;txdtrdonf
rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfY a&,mOf (odkU) ppfwrf;jyKpkjcif;rS (linear function) ykHaoenf;jzifY ajrSmufaz:udef;
&,lxm;aom) &&Sdxm;aom a&,mOf rsm; pkpkaygif;ta&twGufwkdYtm; ajrSmufjcif;jzifY &&Sdekdifygonf/
tqdkyg cefUrSef;csufwGufcsufjcif; a,bk,sykHaoenf;tm; ykH (18)wGifazmfjyxm;ygonf/
ykH (18) erlemrsm;tm; tajccHí pkpkaygif;ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI ig;txdtrdwGufcsufonfYykHaoenf;

137
= x
pkpkaygif;ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrItm;cefYrSef;edkif&ef atmufyg ajymif;vJekdifaomtcsuftvufrsm; &&Sd&efvkdygonf/
4if;wdkUrSm-
 ig;zrf;ud&d,mygaoma&,mOfjzifY aeYpOfig;txdtrd
- wpf,lepfig;txdtrd ig;csqdyfurf;rsm;rS (okdY) zrf;qD;&&SdrIwpfck tuJjzwfppfwrf;aumuf,jlcif;
(CAS)
 ig;zrf;qD;jcif;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;
- a&,mOfrsm; pkpkaygif;ta&twGuf? trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;jcif;ESifY jzefYjzL;jcif;wGif tajccHtm;jzifY
4if;onf vkdifpif^rSwfykHwifjcif;pepf (okdU) ppfwrf;jyKpkjcif;enf;wkdYjzifY tcsuftvufrsm;
pkaqmif;jcif;ESifU ig;zrf;qD;rIpGrf;&nfwdkYjzpfonf/
- trSefwu,fig;zrf;qD;aoma&,mOfrsm;? tcsdKUaoma&,mOfrsm;onfjyKjyifae&aomaMumifYa&,mOf
tm;vkH;onf ig;zrf;ekdifrnfr[kwfyg/ tcsuftvufonf zrf;qD;&&SdrIwpfck tuJjzwfppfwrf;
aumuf,jlcif; (CAS) jzifYpkaqmif;&rnfjzpfonf/
- ig;zrf;aomaeU&ufrsm;? a&,mOfrStrSefwu,fig;zrf;aom&ufukd a&wGuf&rnfjzpfonf (okdU)
a&,mOf rSvpOfig;zrf;aom&ufukdwGuf&rnfjzpfonf/ tqkdyg tcsuftvufrsm;tm; tuJjzwf
ppfwrf; aumuf,ljcif;rSzrf;qD;&&SdrI (tvQm;vkduferlemaumuf,ljcif;) (okdU) tjcm;aomenf;jzifY
ppfwrf; aumuf,l&&Sd vmaom (a'gifvkduferlemaumuf,ljcif;) tcsufrsm;rS&ekdifonf/
7-6/ tcsuftvuf&,ljcif; (okdU) erlemaumuf,ljcif;abmifowfrSwfjyKvkyfjcif;
(STRUCTURAL DATA OR THE SAMPLING FRAME)
txufaz:jyygykHt& erlem,l&mwGif uREkfyf wkdUonf erlemZ,m;ykHpH (okdU) tcsuftvuf ,l&ef vkdygonf/
tcsuftvuf,ljcif;tm; ppfwrf;jyKpkjcif;wpfckrS&ygonf/ ppfwrf;jyKpkjcif;qkdonfrSm ig;vkyfief; u@rS
OD;pm;ay; zGJUpnf;xm;jyD;jynfUpkHpGmaz:jyxm;onfU qdyfurf;rsm;pm&if;? qdyfurf;ae&mrsm;? ig;zrf; ,lepf
trsdK;tpm;ESifY ta&twGuf (ig;zrf;avSrsm;ESifY ig;zrf;ud&d,m)? ig;zrf;jcif;ESifY qdyfurf;uyfaomykHpH?
ig;jzefYjzL;aom vrf;aMumif;rsm;? jyKjyif xkwfydk;jcif;ESifY aps;uGufykHpHrsm;? ukefpnfrsm;ESifY0efaqmifrItwGuf
axmufyHUa&; A[kdtcsuftcsmrsm; ponfwkdYtm; qkdvkdygonf/
ppfwrf;jyKpkjcif;onftajccHtm;jzifYpm&if;aumuf,ljcif;jzpfjyD; 4if;onfukefusp&dwfjrifYrm;onf/ wpfcgwpf&H
wGiftjrifYqkH;ukefuspm;&dwfonf 0efxrf;c&D;pm;&dwfjzpfonf/ ukefuspm;&dwf tm;jynfU0pGm tokH;csEdkif&ef
tcsuftvufzGJUpnf;wnfaqmufykHomru u@xJwGif rwlnDpGmyg0ifolrsm;vlrIpD;yGm;ESifU
trSeffwu,f
ig;zrf;qD; aom
a&,mOfrsm;
tao;pdyf
ppfwrf;aumuf
,ljcif;
ig;zrf;aomaeU
&ufrsm;
ig; txdtrd wpf,lepf
ig;txdtrd
ig;zrf;qD;xkwf
vkyfrIpGrf;tm;
ig;csqdyfurf;rS
ppfwrf;
aumuf,ljcif;

138
toufarG;0rf;ausmif; tcsuftvufrsm;tm;aumuf,l&eftMuHjyKjyD; tqkdygtcsuftvufonf rl0g'
wkd;wufrI jzpfay:ap&ef ta&;MuD;qkH;jzpfygonf/
oabFmay:rStcsuftvuf,l&mwGif ig;zrf;aeaom rSwfykHwifxm;onfUa&,mOfESifU ESpfpOf ig;zrf;
vkdifpifwkdYtm;aygif;pnf;jcif;jzifY&ekdifygonf? 4if;onf ig;zrf;a&,mOfcefUrSef;&efESifY pkpkaygif; a&,mOfwkdUtm;
od&SdekdifjyD; pkpkaygif;tcsuftvuf,l&efjzpfEkdifygonf/ rSwfykHwif^vkdifpifokH;jcif;onf tukeftusrsm;jyD;
tusdK;&Sdygaomfvnf; 4if;qkd;usdL;rSm vlrIpD;yGm; (odkU) toufarG;0rf;ausmif; tcsuftvufrsm;tm;
aumuf,lír&jcif; jzpfygonf/
ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;onf erlem,ljcif;tpDtpOfESifY erlem tcsuftvufaumif;pGm,ljyD; pkpkaygif;tcsuf
tvuftm; od&Sd&eftwGufaxmufyHYay;onf/ okdjzpfygí owif;tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;jcif;twGuf
tpGrf;ukeftm&kHpkdufrIay;oifUjyD; 4if;onf Oyrm - fleet segments (FS) (twloGm;aeaom oabFmrsm;
tkyfpkwpfck) ESifY Operational Units (OU) (vkyfief;vkyfaqmif vnfywfol) wkdU tcsuftvufrsm;tm;
rSwfom;apjcif;jzifY aumif;pGmod&SdEdkifygonf/
A Fleet Segment (FS) qkdonfrSm a&,mOff0daoovu©Pmrsm; tenf;ESifYtrsm;wlaom avSrsm;
tkyfpkwpfckjzpfonf/ atmufygwkdYjzpfEdkiffygonf-
 pD;yGm;jzpf tMuD;pm; wlem 0dkif;csKyffykdufrsm;
 pD;yGm;jzpf tMuD;pm; wlem ig;rQm;wef;rsm;
 urf;&kd;wef; ykpGefw&GwfqGJ zrf;ykdufrsm;
 &SnfvQm;íjym;jyD;opfom;ESifYjyKvkyfxm;onfU wpfydkifwpfEdkdkif ig;zrf;avSi,frsm;
 armif;wHESpfzufyg wpfydkifwpfEdkdkif avSi,frsm;
 aomifqGJydkufokH;jyD;ig;zrf;olrsm;
 vufypfuGefypfjyD; ig;zrf;olrsm;
An operational unit/métier (vkyfief;vkyfaqmifvnfywfaeolrsm;) onf ig;zrf;oabFm vkyfaeonfY
tkyfpkrsm; jzpfjyD; 4if;wkdUonf ig;vkyfief;tm;wlnDaomykHpHjzifY vufawGUvkyfukdifaejcif;? wlnDaom
rsdK;pdwfrsm; (okdU) rsdK;pdwfrsm; tkyfpktm; OD;wnfcsufxm;jcif;ESifY wlnDaompD;yGm;a&;wnfaqmufyHk&Sdonf?
Oyrmtm;jzifY vkyfief;vkyfaqmif vnfywf aeolrsm;onf-
 pD;yGm;jzpf tMuD;pm; wlem 0dkif;csKyfig;zrf;a&,mOffonf wlemig;tm; t"duxm;zrf;jcif;
 pD;yGm;jzpf tMuD;pm; wlem ig;rQm;wef;vkyfukdifolonf wlemig;tm; t"duxm;zrf;jcif;
 urf;&kd;wef; ykpGefw&GwfqGJ ig;zrf;a&,Ofvkyfolonf ykpGeftm; t"duxm;zrf;jcif;
 0dkif;csKyfykdufyg&SdjyD; apmifYMunfhppfaq;onfY armif;wHESpfzufyg wpfydkifwpfEdkdkif avSi,fonf
ao;i,faom a&ay:aeig;tm; t"duxm;zrf;jcif;
 csdwfESifYMudK;yg&Sdaom apmifhMunfhppfaq;onfY armif;wHESpfzufyg wpfydkifwpfEdkdkiffavSi,fonf
MuD;rm;aom a&ay:vTmaeig;tm;t"duxm;zrf;jcif;
 jrSKH; (&SnfvQm;íjym;jyD;opfom;ESifYjyKvkyfxm;onfhaxmifacsmuf) jzifh wpfydkifwpfEdkdkif ig;zrf;
avSi,fonf ql;cRefygonfUykpGefxkwftm; t"duxm;zrf;jcif; ponfwkdY vkyfaqmifMuygonf/
tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;vkyfukdifaeoltwGuf vkyfief;vkyfaqmifvnfywfonfY,lepfrSm &kd;&Sif; vG,ful
ygaomfvnf; ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;pGmokH;jyD; tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;vkyfukdifaeolrSm *&kpkduf&rnf/ &moDwpfck
xJwGif ig;zrf; ud&d,mtrsdK;tpm;rsm;ajymif;ygu FS onf OU ta&twGufrS uGJxGufrnfjzpfonf (Z,m;
48)/ qkdvkd onfrSm OU ta&twGufonf ppfwrf;aumuf,laom avSi,f ta&twGuf aygif;xuf
ausmfvGefekdifonf/

139
Z,m; (48)
tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;wGif *D,mrsm;pGmESifY rsdK;pdwfrsm;pGmokH;xm;onfh Oyrm
a&,mOf
trsdK;tpm
;
a&,mOf
eHygwf
a&,mOf
trsdK;t
pm;
a&,mOf
*D,mt
okH;
jyKjcif;ESifY
*D,mta
&twGuf
OD;wnf
rsdK;pdwf
rsm;
ig;zrf;&moD ESifY ig;zrf;&ufrsm;
J F M A M J J A S O N D
pufryg?
avSi,fys
Ofpyf
8rDwm
1000 a&,mOf
trsdK;t
pm;
atmufaj
cwm;ykd
uf၊
uEl;avS
wpfpD;
200
rDwm
ausmuf
ig;
2
0
20 15 10 10 20 2
0
2
0
a&,mOf
trsdK;t
pm;
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300
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ql;yg
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1
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25 20 10
tqkdygOyrmwGif wpfykdifwpfEdkdif avSi,f onf the fleet segment jzpfonf/ ig;zrf;ud&d,m
ESpfrsdK;okH;xm;jcif;onf xif&Sm;jyD; tqkdyg the fleet segment wGif operational unit ESpfck&Sdonf/ 4if;wkdYrSm-
 atmufajcwGifwm;ykduftokH;jyKí atmufajcopfom;ESifYjyKvkyfxm;onfU avSi,fonf ausmufig;
zrf;jcif;/
 axmifacsmuftokH;jyKíatmufajcopfom;ESifYjyKvkyfxm;onfUavSi,fonfql;ygonfUausmufykpGef
zrf;jcif;/
okdYaomfvnf; uGJjym;aom ig;zrf;ud&d,mtm; tcdseftwlwltokH;jyKrnfqkdygu ykd&IyfaxG;EkdifjyD; tqkdyg
avSi,frsm;pGmygaomtkyfpktm; polyvalent tjzpf trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;Ekdifonf/
7-7/ ig;txdtrd tcsuftvufaumufjcif; (okdU) ig;csqdyfurf;rSppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;
(CATCH ASSESSMENT OR LANDING SURVEY)
ed,mrtm;jzifY erlem,lenf; 3 enf;&SdjyD; 4if;wkdY yg0ifrItcsuftvufonf 0efxrf;ESifU bwf*suftay:
rlwnf ygonf/
7-7-1/ tcsdefwpfcktwGif; w&m;0ifpm&if;aumufjcif; ESifh ae&mvyfcsefí erlem,ljcif; (Census in time
(CT)) and sampling in space (SS)
CT and SS wkdYonf ykH-19 wGifaz:jyxm;jyD; erlem,laom ig;zrf;ae&m 3 cktm; jc,fxm;onf/
jyu©'def wGifjyxm;ouJUokdUaeYpOf ae&m 3 ckrS erlem,lygonf/
tqkdygcsOf;uyfrIwGif ig;zrf;,lepfrsm;onf pm&if;enf;ynmt&ausmfvGefjyD; vGefpGmjyefYusJaejcif; ESifY ig;zrf;
ae&mrsm;tm;vkH;rS tcsuftvuf&&efenf;vrf;r&Sd[k,lqonf/
4if;tjyif erlem,l&efa&G;cs,fxm;onfae&mrS tcsuftvuftm;aeYpOfaumuf,l&eftwGuf 0efxrf;tcsdef
&&SdekdifrI jzpfonf/ qkdvdkonfrSm tcsdKUaomig;csqdyfurf;ae&mrsm;wGifaexkdifaom tcsuftvuf
rSwfwrf;wifolrsm;jzpfonf/
ykH (19)

140
Census in time (CT) (tcsdefwpfcktwGif; w&m;0ifpm&if;,ljcif;) and (sampling in space) (SS)
ae&mvyfcsefí erlem,ljcif;
7-7-2/ ae&mvyfcsefí w&m;0ifpm&if;,ljcif; ESifh tcsdefwpfcktwGif; erlemaumuf,ljcif; Census in Space
(CS) and sampling in time ( ST)
ykH (20) wGifjyxm;ouJUokdU ig;zrf;ae&mrsm;tm;vkH;ESifY avSrsm;tm;vkH;jc,fxm;jyD; 4if;wkdYtm;wpfckcsif;
a&wGuf rnfjzpfonf/ jyu©'defwGifjyxm;onfUvGwfaeaomtuGufonf aeYtm;vkH;rSwfwrf;tm; ra&;oGif;
jcif; udk az:jyonf/tqkdygcsOf;uyfrIwGif ußGEfkyfwkdUonf ig;zrf;aomae&mtm;vkH;rS tcsuftvuf aumuf,l
Ekdifaomfvnf; aeYpOf vkyf aqmif ekdifjcif;r&Sd[k,lqygonf/
ykH (20)
Census in Space (CS) (ae&mvyfcsefí w&m;0ifpm&if;,ljcif;) and sampling in time (ST) (tcsdefwpfck
twGif; erlem,ljcif; )
7-7-3/ ae&mvyfcsefí ESifY tcsdefwpfcktwGif; erlemaumuf,ljcif; (Sampling in space and in time (SST))
SST enf;tm;ekdifiHtrsm;pkwGifvkyfaqmifaejyDjzpfonf/ uefUowfxm;aom ig;csqdyfurf;onf owfrSwf
xm;aom &ufrsm;tm;zkH;vTrf;ekdifonf (ykH-21)/ odkYaomfvnf; omreftvTm tm;aumif;pGmrSwfEkdifjcif;ESifY
tvTmwpfckcsif; twGuf erlem,ljcif;vkHavmufygu tqdkygcsOf;uyfrIrS aocsmaomtajz&ekdifonf/

141
ykH (21)
Sampling in space and in time SST (ae&mvyfjcif;ESifY tcsdefwpfcktwGif;erlemaumuf,ljcif;)
7-8/ ig;csqdyfurf;rS ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsm; (LANDING SURVEYS)
ig;csqdyfurf;rSppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;onf ig;csqdyfurf;ae&mrsm;rS tcsuftvuf erlempkaqmif;aom
&nf&G,fcsufjzpfonfU pkpkaygif;ig;txdtrdESifY rsdK;pdwftrsdK;tpm;? aps;EIef;? ig;t&G,ftpm; (tav;csdef)
wkdYtay:rlwnfonf/ txl;ojzifY
 zrf;qD;&&Sdaom rsdK;pdwftm;vkH;
 a&maESmqufpyf ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI
 wpf,lepfig;txdtrd
 rsdK;pdwfrsm; tvdkufzrf;qD;rI
 tjrifYqkH;&aomaps;EIef;rsm;
tajccH&nf&G,fcsufrSm omreftvTm wpfckpDtwGuferlemtajccH? wpf,lepfig;txdtrdESifY rsdK;pdwftcsdK;
wkdYtay:cefUrSef;&efjzpfonf/
wpf,lepfig;txdtrd,lepfwGif ig;zrf;,lepfwpfckzrf;qD;&&SdrIrQajcjzpfonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm wpfaeUtwGif;
avSi,fjzifYzrf;rdrI? ig;zrf;c&D;oGm;jcif;jzifYavSi,fjzifYzrf;rdrI? wpfvtwGif; ig;zrf;olrS zrf;rdrI? wpfaeUtwGif;
wm;ykdufjzifYzrf;rdrI (okdU) wpfaeUtwGif; jrHSK;jzifYzrf;rdrI ponfwkdYjzpfonf/
7-9/ erlem,l&ef ig;csqdyfurf;ae&mrnfodkYa&G;cs,frnfenf;
(HOW TO SELECT THE LANDING SITES FOR SAMPLING)
tvTm wpfcktwGuf once sample sizes (erlemrsm;t&G,ftpm;rsm;tm;) az:jyxm;jyD; jzpfaomfvnf;
tcsuftvufpkaqmif;&rnfYae&mESifY rnfonfYig;csqdyfurf;rS pkaqmif;&rnftm;&Sif;jy&ef usefaeonf/
erlem,l&rnfU ae&ma&G;cs,fjcif;wGif t"dutcsufrsm;rSm-
 erlem,l&rnfYae&mrsm;onf pm&if;tif; {&d,mrsm; yx0Doabmt& aocsmpGm vTrf;jcKHxm;rI
wpfck&SdoifYonf/ uefYowfvlom;t&if;tjrpf (okdU) o,f,lykdYaqmifa&; ponfwkdYonf tqkdyg
vTrf;jcHK rItwGuf t"duyg0ifrIjzpfvdrfUrnf/
 Site (ae&m)? avSESifY ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsdK;tpm;MunfYjyD; avSrsm;rl&if;eHygwftm; ppfwrf;
aumuf,ljcif; onf ae&mta&;ygrI (tvGefta&;MuD;? ta&;MuD;ESifYtenf;i,fta&;MuD;)
ESifYqufEG,faeaMumif; nTefjyonf/ erlem,llonfYae&mrsm;onf ppfwrf;wGifyg0ifaom
avStm;vkH;ESifY ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrdsK;tpm; tm;vkH;tm;ukd,fpm; jyK&rnf/
xyfrHíajymrnfqkdygu oifodxm;ouJYokdY csOf;uyfrI 2 rsdK;&Sdonf/

142
7-9-1-1/ ueOD; tcsuftvufr&&SddEkdifaomtcg csOf;uyfenf; (No preliminary data available)
uREfkyfwkdUonf ,ciftcsuftvufr&Ekdifaomae&mwGif owday;csOf;uyfrIwpfck tokH;jyKjcif; ESifY erlem
t&G,ftpm;rsm;onf vkHjcHKonfUerlemt&G,ftpm;Z,m;okH;jcif;jzifY (Z,m;-42) qkH;jzwfonf/ þuJYokdU
vkyf&jcif;rSm rwlnDaomig;csqdyfurf;ae&mrsm;tay: wpf,lepf ig;txdtrd (CPUE) uGJvGJrI (okdU)
rwlnDaom geographical areas tay: CPUE uGJvGJrI&Sdr&SdwkdUtm; uREfkyfwkdU rodao;aom aMumifYjzpfonf/
Oyrm - ao;i,faom ig;csqdyfurf; ae&mwpfckrS avSi,fwpfckESifY MuD;rm;aom ig;csqdyfurf;ae&mwpfckrS
avSi,fwpfckwdkUonf wlnDaom zrf;rdjcif;&Sdr&Sdtm;rodjcif;? erlem,ljcif; yxrESpftwGif;
tqkdygtcsuftvufrsm;&Ekdifonf/ okdYjzpfí ig;cs qdyfurf;ae&mtm;vkH; uGJvGJaom trsdK;tpm;tm;vkH;
pm&if;,l&efESifY ig;csqdyfurf;ae&mrsm; t&G,ftpm; tvdkufoifYavQmfpGm cGJxm;&rnf/ qkdvkdonfrSm
ig;csqdyfurf;MuD;aomae&mrsm;rSavSi,frsm;onf ykdjyD;erlem,lEkdif onf/
7-9-1-2/ ueOD; tcsuftvuf&&SddEkdifaomtcg csOf;uyfenf; (Preliminary data available)
qdyfurf;ae&ma&G;cs,fjcif;onf uGJjym;aomtvTm twGuf erlemt&G,ftpm;rsm;onf yPmr tcsuftvuf
&&Sdjcif; ESifY qufEG,faeaom error pm&GufwkdYESifYtwlawGU&aomtcg vG,fulygonf/ Oyrm -
pufrwyfxm;aom avSi,fokH;í axmifacsmufjzifYzrf;jcif;onf urf;&kd;wef;wpfavQmufzrf;jcif; uJUodkY
tenf;ESifYtrsm;wlnDjcif;ESifY ao;i,faomig;csqdyfurf;rSavSi,f ig;csrIESifY MuD;rm;aomig;csqdyfurf;rS
avSi,fig;csrIwkdUtm; uGJvGJrI rawGU&jcif; ponfwkdUtm;od&Sdaomtcgjzpfonf/ tqkdygtaMumif;wGif
trsm;qkH;tusdK;aMumif;qDavQmfaom a&G;cs,fjcif;onf MuD;rm;aomig;csqdyfurf; rS ae&mrsm;rS erlemwpfck
ukdom,l&efjzpfonf? tb,faMumifYqkdaomf 4if;onftvG,fulqkH;ESifY ukefusp&dwf tenf;qkH;jzifY
csOf;uyfrIjzpfonf/ okdYaomfvnf; &HykHaiGESifU 0efxrf;rsm;onf ig;csqdyfurf;rsm;pGmrS erlem,l&ef
vkHavmufygu erlemtrSm;rsm;jzpfaom ab;tEå&m,frS avQmUcsay;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf/
vufoHk;jzwfvrf;en;f (Rule of thumb) qkdonfrSm 0efxrf;ESifY bwf*swftm; uefUowfxm;cH
&aom tajctaewGif MuD;rm;aomig;csqdyfurf;rsm;rS oifYavQmfpGm tvTm jyKvkyfjcif;ESifY tcsuftvuf
pkaqmif;jcif;wkdYjzpfonf/
7-10/ ig;csqdyfurf;wGif zrf;qD;&&Sdaom ig;txdtrd tcsuftvuftm; rnfodkYpkaqmif;rnfenf;
(HOW TO COLLECT LANDING/CATCH DATA)
ig;csqdyfurf;ae&mrsm;rS&&Sdaomig;rsm; ig;rsdK;pdfwftvdkuf tav;csdefcsdefjcif;onf tao;pm; ig;vkyfief;
ig;csqdyfurf;rsm;wGifpkaqmif;&ef trsm;qkH;tokH;jyKonfUenf;jzpfonf/ tcsuftvufonf ig;cs qdyfurf;
ae&mrsm;wGiff&Sdaom pm&if;oGif;olrsm;rSaumuf,l&rnfjzpfonf/ ig;csqdyfurf;ppfwrf; aumuf,lolrsm;
csrSwfxm;aom ykHpHay:rlwnfjyD; pm&if;oGif;olrsm;onfpm&if;ykdoGif;jcif;rsm; rjzpfap&ef aocsm*&kpkduf&rnf/
keep thing simple! ppfwrf;aumuf,l&mwGif ykd&IyfaxG;jyD; tEå&m,fjzpfaponfrsm;rSm erlem,lenf;trSm;rsm;?
ig;arG;jrLa&;vkyfukdifolrsm;ESifY yl;aygif;rIr&Sdjcif;ESifY tcsuftvufrsm;vdrfvnf xJhoGif;jcif; wkdYaMumifYjzpfonf?
Oyrmtm;jzifY rsdK;pdwftm;vkH;tm; erlem,l&efvkdtyfjcif; (okdY) ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefYcGJrI tpDtpOfrS
yg0ifxnfhoGif;xm;aom rsdK;pdwfrsm;ukdom tm&kHpkduf&efvkdtyfjcif;wkdYjzpfonf/
aemufxyfwkduf&kdufavYvmawGU&SdrIrSm ig;csqdyfurf; (ig;&&SdrItm;) tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;jcif;twGuf
atmufygtjcm;enf;vrf;tm;okH;Ekdifonf-
 vlawGYar;jref;rIrsm;jyefvnfjyKvkyfjcif; - ig;vkyfief;vkyfukdifolrsm; ESifY^(okdY) avSydkif&Sifrsm;tm;
4if;wkdY aeYpOfcefYrSef;ajc zrf;qD;&&SdrItm;vlawGYar;Ekdifonf/ xdkolwkdYonfwpfaeU (okdU) c&D;wpfck
twGif; zrfqD; &&Sdaom rsdL;pdwfESifY tav;csdefwkdYtm; cefYrSef;ajctm;jzifY rSwfrdMurnfjzpfonf/

143
tajzrsm;onfwkduf&kdufavYvmawGY&SdcsufuJUokdYrrSefuefekdifaomfvnf;aumif;usdK;rSmtcsdefwkdtwGif;
erlemrsm;pGm&&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/
 tpD&ifcHpmwifjcif; - tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;wGif rSwfwrf;pmtkyfrsm;tm; rMumcPtokH;jyKjcif;
rjyKaomfvnf; w&kwfEdkifiHwGifjyKvkyfaom FAO rSaxmufyYHonfY a&SUajy;pDrHudef;wGif aumif;rGef
aomtajzrsm; &&Sdonf/ &kd;&Sif;aomrSwfwrf;pmtkyfrsm;onf ukefusp&dfwfenf;enf;jzifY
tcsuftvuf pm&if; wnfaqmufrItwGuf taxmuftyHYaumif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí ig;vkyfief;
vkyfukdifol wpfOD;csif; ESifY &if;ESD;pGmaygif;ícsOf;uyfjcif;? ig;vkyfief;vkyfukdifoltwGuf oifwef;ay;í
csOf;uyfjcif; ESifY tcsuftvuf,HkMunf pdwfcs&ícsOf;uyfjcif;ponfwkdYvkdtyfonf/
7.11/ ig;zrfqD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; pkaqmif;jcif; (FISHING EFFORT COLLECTION)
ed,mrtm;jzifY ig;zrfqD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; (Fishing effort) wGif tpdwfykdif; 3 ckygonf-
 a&,mOfrsm; pkpkaygif;ta&twGuf (F)
 trSefwu,fzrf;qD;aoma&,mOf pkpkaygif;ta&twGuf
 a&,mOfwpfckpD ig;zrf;aomaeUrsm;ta&twGuf (A)
ig;zrfqD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; (Fishing effort) tm;atmufygtwkdif;az:jyEkdifonf/
ig;zrfqD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; (Fishing effort) (ig;zrf;aomaeYrsm;ta&twGuf) = AC x F x D
þae&mwGif-
AC onf wpfvtwGif;ig;zrf;a&,mOfta&twGuf (odkU) ig;zrf;,lepfrSig;zrf;xGufjcif; tMudrfta&twGuf
ajrSmufaz:udef;tm;nTefjyonf/
F onf a&,mOfrsm; pkpkaygif;ta&twGufjzpfonf/
D onf wpfvtwGif;&Sd aeU&ufrsm; ta&twGufjzpfonf/
tpdwftykdif;rsm;rS wpfckpDonf oD;jcm; tcsuftvuf,lxm;jcif;pepfjzifY cefYrSef;onf/
7-11-1/ ig;zrf; a&,mOfrsm; pkpkaygif;ta&twGuf (Total number of vessels)
txufwGif aqG;aEG;xm;aom ig;zrf; a&,mOfrsm;a&,mOfrsm; pkpkaygif;ta&twGufonf frame survey
(odkU) rSwfykHwifxm; jcif;jzifY pkaqmif;Ekdifonf/
7-11-2/ ig;zrf;qD;aomaeY&ufrsm;? avS xGuf&uf (okdU) ig;zrf;qD;vIyf&Sm;rIudef;
(Number of fishing days, boat activity or fishing activity coefficient)
wpfvtwGif;pkpkaygif; ig;zrfqD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; (okdU) wpfvtwGif; ig;zrf;aomaeYrsm;?
ig;zrf;aom c&D;tuGmta0;;pkpkaygif; ta&twGufwkdUonf ig;zrf;,lepf ig;zrf;xGufaom&ufrsm;
ay:rlwnfonf/ ig;zrf;,lepfrsm; ig;zrf;xGuf&uf wpfckrQomjzpfonf/ tqkdygtaMumif;onf frame
survey tm; vTrf;jcHKEkdifjcif;r&Sdyg/
ig;zrfqD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; (Fishing effort) (ig;zrf;qD;aomaeY&ufrsm;) = AC x D
ig;zrf;,lepfrsm; ig;zrf;xGufaom&ufonf ig;zrf;avSxGufonfY&ufajrSmufaz:udef; (BAC, a'gifvkduf
erlem,ljcif;) (okdU) ig;zrf;qD;jcif;xGufaom&uf ajrSmufudef; (FAC, horizontal sampling) wpfckckjzpfekdifonf?
ig;zrfqD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; (Fishing effort) (ig;zrf;qD;aomaeY&ufrsm;) = BAC x D
(okdU)

144
ig;zrfqD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; (Fishing effort) (ig;zrf;qD;aomaeY&ufrsm;) = FAC x D
4if;wGif-
F onf frame survey wGif&Sdaom a&,mOfrsm; pkpkaygif;ta&twGufjzpfonf/
BAC (okdU) FAC onf avS (okdU) ig;zrf;jcif; avSxGufaom&uf ajrSmufaz:udef;jzpfonf?
D onf BAC twGuf wpfvtwGif; ig;zrf;qD;aomaeUrsm;rS trsm;qkH;ta&twGuf (okdU) FAC twGuf
wpfvtwGif;aeUrsm;ta&twGufjzpfonf/
tvQm;vkduferlem,ljcif; (Horizontal sampling) - ig;zrf;qD;aomaeY&ufrsm; ysrf;rQta&twGuf
tcsuftvuf&&Sd&ef tvG,fulqkH;onf CAS xJwGif ar;cGef;wpfckyg0if&efjzpfonf/ ig;zrf;olrsm;onf
,ciftywfrsm;u &ufaygif;rnfrQig;zrf;xGufcJUonftm; od&SdygaomaMumifY 4if;wkdUtm; ,cifftywfu
ig;zrf;xGufjcif; &ufrnfrQ&Sdonftm; tvG,fwular;EkdifjyD; vkHavmufaomtajz&&Sdrnfjzpfonf/ 4if;tm;
fishing effort twGuf tvQm;vkduf erlem,ljcif; [kac:onf/
a'gifvkduferlem,ljcif; (Vertical sampling) - a'gifvkduferlem,ljcif;wGif oD;jcm; fishing effort
tcsuftvufaumufpkaqmif;jcif; pepfwpfcktm; ykHpHxkwfxm;onf/ ig;zrf;qD;aomae&mrsm;? wpfvvkH;
awmufavQmuf? wpfaeUwm vkyfaqmifrItajctae? a&,mOfrsm; pkpkaygif;ta&twGufESifU ig;zrf;oGm;
aom a&,mOfrsm;ponfwkdYtm;rSwfwrf;jyK&rnf/ tqkdygpepfonf tenf;i,fykdí&IyfxG;jcif;ESifY tenf;i,f
p&dwfMuD;jcif;wkdYjzpfapygonf/ okdUaomfig;zrf;jcif;vIyf&Sm;rIonf vESifYqkdifaomvnfywfrI (vjynfU
vuG,f) vTrf;rkd;jcif;MuHK&aomtcsdefwGif 4if;a&,mOfonf ta0;okdY ajymif;a&GU&ef vkdtyfonf/ (Oyrm-
tvif;a&mifjzifhzrf;qD;aom ig;aowåmig; zrf;vkyfief;/)
BAC cefYrSef;&mwGif cufcJrIr&SdygaMumif;ESifY ig;csqdyfurf;ae&mrsm;rS t"duowif;ay;Ekdifolrsm;
(Key informants) tm;ar;jref;jcif;tm;jzifY wpfvtwGif; vkyfaqmifrItajctaersm; od&SdEkdifonf/
ig;zrf;qdyfurf; ae&mrsm;onf tvGefrrsm;jym;ygu jyifqifxm;aom (okdU) tvkyfrvkyfaom a&,mOfrsm;
ta&twGuf tm; wpfcgwpf&H aumif;pGmodEkdifonf/
okdUaomfvnf; a&,mOfrsm; pkpkaygif;ta&twGufESifY a&,mOfrsm;vIyf&Sm;rIta&twGufonf
a&,mOf a&TUajymif;aomtcsdefESifY 4if;wkdYonf ig;&Sd&mae&mrsm;ESifY ig;zrf;ae&mwpfckrS tjcm;aom ae&mokdY
a&TUajymif;aomtcgwkdYwGif &IyfaxG;Ekkdifonf/ tcsdKUaomtaemuftmz&duwkdif;jynfrsm;wGif tqdkyg
a&,mOfrsm;onf wdkif;jynfwpfckrStjcm;aomwkdif;jynfokdY ajymif;a&TUMuonf/ ajymif;a&TUrIMuD;rm;aom
tcgwGif tajzwpfckrSm tm;vkH;aomig;csqdyfurf;ae&mrsm;rS Frame surveys tm;
vpOfaumuf,l&rnfjzpfonf/ tqkdygtaMumif;onf pOf;rsOf;t&rjzpfraevkyf&aom tpD&ifcHpmjzifY
&Ekdifonf/
þae&mwGif aumif;aom'DZkdif;ESifYtaumiftxnfaz:&ef twGuf a'gifvkduf? tvQm;vkduf
erlemaumuf,l&mwGif wpfv twGif;ig;zrf;qD;aomaeY&ufrsm; ta&twGuf wlnD&efvkdonf/ (Z,m;
49)
pkpkaygif; ig;txdtrdtm;cefUrSef;wGufcsufjcif;
ig;zrf; a&,mOfrsm; tay:tajccHjcif;
pkpkaygif;ig;txdtrd = pkpkaygif; ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm; x ig;zrf;qD;aomaeU&ufrsm; x wpf,lepfig;txdtrd
ig;zrf;ud&d,mtay:tajccHjcif;
pkpkaygif;ig;txdtrd = pkpkaygif; ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm; x ig;zrf;ud&d,mvIyf&Sm;rIudef; x ig;zrf;qD;aomaeUrsm; x
wpf,lepfig;txdtrd

145
Z,m; 49 - ig;zrf;qD;aomaeY&ufrsm;tm; a'gifvkduf (okdkU) tvQm;vkduferlem,ljcif;
7-12/ ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm;yg0ifrI (SPECIES COMPOSITION)
rsdK;pdwfrsm;yg0ifrIonf ig;zrf;&&SdrItuJjzwfpm&if;aumuf,ljcif; (CAS) umvtwGif; ig;csqdyfurf;
ae&mrS wkduf&kdufpkaqmif;Edkkifonf/ 4if;onf rSefuefaom tcsuftvuf&&SdEdkifaomfvnf;
rdsK;pdfwfrsm;vGef;aom ygu xkdenf;onf rSm;,Gif;&IyfaxG;Ekdifapjcif; ESifY vdktyfonfhtcsuftvufrS aoGzDjcif;
(counterproductive) jzpfEdkifonf/ xkduJUokdY jzpf&onfrSm rsdK;pdwfwpfck (okdU) rsdK;pdwfrsm; tkyfpktwGuf
zrf;qD;&&SdrItm; cefUrSef;jcif; onf ig;vkyfief;vkyfukdifolrsm;ESifY avSydkif&Sifrsm;twGuf tcsdefukefjcif;ESifY
wpfcgwpf&HwGif tusdL;ouf a&mufrItm; em;rvnfjcif;wkdYaMumifYjzpfonf/
tjcm;enf;jzifYcsOf;uyf&mwGif CAS umvtwGif; pkpkaygif; zrf;qD;&&SdrIwpfckwnf;ukdom aumuf
,ljcif; ESifY odyHÜenf;us ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif; (okdU) rSwfwrf;pmtkyfjzifY,ljcif;tm;jzifY rsdK;pdwfrsm; yg0ifrItm;
oD;jcm; aumuf,lEdkifonf/ rsdK;pdwftvkdufpkpkaygif;zrf;qD;&&SdrIonf ppfwrf;aumuf,l jcif;jzifY rsdK;pdwfrsm;
yg0ifjcif;jzifY &&SdcJYaomrsdK;pdwfrsm; tcsdK;ESifY CAS rS&&SdcJUaom pkpkaygif;ig;txdtrd ajrSmufjcif; jzifY wGuf
csufEkdifygonf/
zrf;qD;&rdaomig;rsdK;pdwfpkpkaygif; = pkpkaygif;ig;txdtrd x rsdK;pdwfrsm;tcsdK;
7-13/ avUusifYcef; (EXERCISE)
 avusifYcef;jyKvkyf&ef oifcef;pm (6) avUusifYcef; 1 rS pkpkaygif;ig;txdtrd Ms Excel jzifYwGuff&ef?

146
8/ oif&dk; (7) tcsuftvufrsm;cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; (DATA ANALYSIS)
oifwef;oif&dk; (7) &nf&G,fcsuf- tcsuftvufrsm;rSefuefaMumif;twnfjyKjcif; ? cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; ESifY
okH;oyfwifjyjcif; ponfwkdYtm;tajccHtm;em;vnfap&efjzpfonf/
8-1/ tcsuftvufrsm;ppfaq;jcif; (CHECKING OF DATA)
uGefjyLwmqkdif&mtcsuftvufrsm;odrf;qnf;&mwGif tcsuftvuffrsm; pkaqmif;jcif;ESifY tcsuf
tvufrsm;oGif;jcif;wdkY jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ 4iftcsuftvufrsm;tm; cefUrSef;jcif;ESifY cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; jzpfpOf
wkdYwGif tokH;rjyKrD 4if;wdkU t&nftaoG;rsm;onfaocsmrSefuef&rnfjzpfonf/
8-2/ tcsuftvufrsm; rSefuefaMumif;twnfjyKjcif; (VALIDATION OF DATA)
yxrtqifhonf tcsuftvufrsm; rSefuefaMumif;twnfjyKjcif;jzpfonf/ tqkdygjzpfpOfwGif
tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;jcif;ESifY tcsuftvufrsm;oGif;jcif;jyKvkyf&mwGif tcsuftvufrsm;wGif rnfonfh
trSm;t,Gif;rS r&Sdatmif ppfaq;Mu&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkt&monf vG,fulonf [kxif&ygaomfvnf; tvQm;
160 rDwm (okdU) ig;zrf;ud&d,m 2 uDvkddrDwm&Sd avSi,ftenf;pkonf oifcGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;tm; vTrf;rkd;Ekdif
onf/
ykH (22) tcsuftvuf rSefuefaMumif;twnfjyKonfU tcsdKUaomerlemrsm;
8-2-1/ Outliers
Outliers rsm;onf tcsuftvufoGif;jcif;trSm;rsm;aMumifh wlnDjcif;r&SdyJ^uGJvGJoGm;onf? Outliers
rsm;onf tcsuftvuf trSefa&;oGif;jcif;jzifY rSefuefEdkifaomfvnf; 4if;tcsuftvufrsm;onf
useftcsuftvufrsm;rS odomxiff&Sm;pGmuGJvGJygonf/ Outliers onf
tenf;i,faomysHUESHUrIrStcGifYta&;&í jzpfEkdifaomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&HwGif wkdif;wmrI rSm;,Gif;jcif; (okdU)
vlOD;a&ysHUESHUrI ykHrSefr[kwfjcif; wkdUaMumifY awGU&jyD;? 4if;onf wdrf;acsmfjcif; (okdU) has kurtosis jzpfjcif;
jzpfonf/ Outliers rsm;tm; aocsmpGm ppfaq;oifYonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif 4if;wkdYü pkHprf;ppfaq;jcif;atmufrS
vkyfief;pOf (okdU) tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;jcif;vkyffief;pOfESifY rSwfwrf;,ljcif;vkyfief;pOf
ponfwkdYESifYpyfvQOf;onfU wefzkd;&Sdaom tcsuftvufrsm;yg0ifonf/
tqkdygtcsufrsm;jzpfEkdifonfrsm;tm; z,fxkwfjcif;rjyKrD em;vnf xm;&rnfUt&mwpfckrSm
tb,faMumifUxkdt&mrsm; awGU&Sd&onfESifY 4if;ESifY wlnDaomwefzdk;onf qufvufjyD;
jzpfekdifrnfvm;qkdonfY tcsuftm;em;vnfxm;oifYonf/ ykH (23) wGif arSsmydkufig;zrf;vkyfief; (gillnet
fishery) jzifh Oyrmjyxm;ygonf/ ysrf;rQ wpf,lepfig;txdtrd (CPUE) onfwpfaeUwGif 38
uDvkd*&rfjzpfjyD; tcsdKUaom xl;jcm;onfUig;zrf;rIwGif wpfaeUvQif 70-100 uDvdk*&rf zrf;rdonfudkawGU&onf/
tcsuftvufrsm;tm; tjyeftvSefppfaq;jcif; (cross-checking) jyKvkyfaomtcgwGif avSi,frsm;rS

147
ta&twGuftenf;pkonf avSi,fwpfpD;xufykdjyD; &&Sdaom zrf;rdrItm; urf;ajcokdUqkdufuyfcJJUjcif;tm;
awGU&jyD; 4if; tcsuftvufrsm;tm; z,f&Sm;&rnfjzpfonf/
ykH (23) arSsmydkufig;zrf;vkyfief;rS Oyrm outliers rsm;
tcsuftvufrsm;oGif;&mwGiftrSm;&Sdjcif;rsm;ESifY outliers rsm;onf oifherlemrsm; ysHUESUHjcif;tm;
MunfY&mwGif ta&;MuD;jyD; 4if;onf pdwf&IyfaxG;rI (stresses) jzpfaponf/ tqkdygjzpfpOftm; tykdif; (8-3)
tcsuftvufrsm; ydkif;jcm;okH;oyfwifjyjcif; wGifaqG;aEG;xm;ygonf/
8-2-2/ erlemt&G,ftpm;rsm;ppfaq;jcif; (Check sample sizes)
tcsuftvuftpkHonf &dk;&Sif;jywfom;jcif; (clean) jzpfaMumif;ESifY rSefuefaMumif;twnfjyKjyD;ygu
a&SUqufí cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;rsm;rvkyfaqmifrD omreftvTmwpfckcsif; cefYrSef;xm;rIrsm;ESifh pyfvQOf;onfU
trSm;tm;ppfaq;&rnfjzpfonf/ 4if;onf tajccH erlem ppfwrf;aumuf,lí tcsuftvuf odrf;qnf;
onfhpepfrsm;wGif pHowfrSwfxm;aom ykHrSefvkyf&kd;vkyfpOfwpfckjzpfonf/

148
Box 11
Activation Toolpak in Excel
8-3/ tcsuftvufrsm;ydkif;jcm;okH;oyfwifjyjcif; (DATA PRESENTATION)
tcsuftvufrsm;ydkif;jcm;okH;oyfwifjyjcif;onf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; ESifY tpD&ifcHpmwifjyjcif;wkdYtwGuf
ta&;MuD;onf/ txufwGifaz:jyxm;ouJUokdU oifUtcsuftvufrsm;ysHESHUjcif;tm;odygu a&SUquf&rnfU

149
tcsuftvufrsm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; twGuf ta&;MuD;qkH;tcsufjzpfonf/ Ms Excel wGifaz:jyxm;onfU
Toolpack onf tcsuftvuf avUvmprf;ppfjcif; vG,fulpGm vkyfEkdif&ef vG,fulaom
ud&d,mwpfckjzpfonf/ oifa&SUrqufrD pmuGuf Toolpack tm; ppfaq;&rnfjzpfonf (pmuGuf 11
wGifMunfYyg)/ Z,m;ykHpHwGif tcsuftvufpDpOfjcif;tMudrfESifY ysHUESYHjcif; tMudrfonf
t"duta&;MuD;onfYt&mjzpfonf/
8-3-1/ jyefUcsufMudrfEIef; (Frequency distributions)
8-3-1-1/ jyefUcsufwpfcktm; tHh0ifcGifusjzpfatmifvkyfjcif; (Fitting a distribution)
jyefUcsufMudrfEIef;wpfckqkdonfrSm avYvmjcif;jzifY&&Sdvmaom *Pef;wefzkd;rsm;onf trsdsK;rsdK;aom
tuGmta0; wpfckpDjzpfvmjcif;jzpfonf/ ysHUESYHjcif;rsm;MudrfEIef;tm; MudrfEIef;az:jyxm;aom Z,m;?
histogram (okdU) A[k*H ponfwkdYjzifYaz:jyonf/ 4if;wkdUtm; avYvmjcif;jzifYtrSefwpfu,f&vmaom*Pef;
(okdU) avYvm jcif;jzifY&vmaom&mckdifEIef; ponfwkdY tuGmta0; wpfckpDjzifYjyEkdifonf/ aemufykdif;wGif
ysHESUHjcif;tm; relative frequency distribution [kac:onf/ Frequency distribution onf (pmuGuf 11)
wGifaz:jyxm;onf Toolpak wGifYxnfYjyD; Ms Excel jzifYvG,fulpGmwGufcsufEkdifonf/ CPUE
wGuf&efarQmydkuftcsuftvufrsm; (ykH 24) wGifuREkfyfwkdUonf intervals rsm; 0-10 uDvkd*&rf? 10-20
uDvkd*&rf? 20-30 uDvkd*&rftMum;wGif tcsuftvuf rnfuJUokdUysHUESHonftm; odcsifonf[k,lqygu
tcsuftvuf tab rS tcsuftvufcGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; (Data Ananlysis) tm;ESdyfyg/ ykH (25)
ykH (24)
arSsmydkuf (gillnets) rsm; wpf,lepfig;txdtrd (CPUE) tcsuftvuf

150
ykH (25)
tcsuftvufcGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; (Data Ananlysis) tm;zGifYyg/
uGefjyLwmwGifyGifYvmaomtcg Histogram a&G;jyD; OK ESdyfyg (ykH 26)
ykH (26)
tcsuftvufcGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; (Data Ananlysis) tm;uGefjyLwmay:jrif&ykH
(yHk 27) wGif jyxm;ouJUokdU eHygwf (1) wpf,lepfig;txdtrd (CPUE) tcsuftvufjzpfonfY A2:A1001
ESifYtwl cells tm;vkH; ygonfU Input range a&G;yg (2) 4if;tjyif C1:C2 ranges
rsm;jzifYtkyfpkcGJxm;az:jyxm;onfU bin range (okdU) cell tm;a&G;yg/ *&kjyK &rnfrSm cell C1 wGif
a'wmavb,fygaomaMumifY 4if;tm;uvpfESdyfygu output ranges a&G;jyD;om;jzpfjyD; tqkdyg ae&mwGif
bin range D1:D21 tm;awGY&rnfjzpfonf/ chart output tm;ESdyfygu tajzonf*&zfjzifYjyrnfjzpfonf/
OK ESdyfygu tajzonf (ykH 28) wGifjyxm;ouJU okdYawGU&rnf jzpfonf/

151
ykH (27)
Histogram jyKvkyf&ef inputs rsm;tm;a&G;cs,fjcif;
ykH (28)
tajzrsm;tm; Histogram jzifY az:jyjcif;
ykH (29) wGif jyxm;onfU histogram menu rS Cumulative Percentage tm;a&G;ygu 4if; cumulative
tcsuf tvufonf ykH-30 wGifjyxm;ouJUokdY *&yfzf ykHjzifYawGU&rnfjzpfonf/
ykH (29)
Histogram wpfckwGif Cumulative Percentage xyfxnfYjcif;

152
ykkH (30)
Cumulative &mckdifEIef;rsm;ESifYtwlawGY&onfY Histogram
OyrmwGif jynfYpkHaomykHrSefjyefYESHUrItm; az:jyxm;aomfvnf; trSefwu,fzrf;qD;&&SdrIESifY effort data wkdYonf
b,faomtcgrSjynfUpkHekdifrnfr[kwfaMumif;/ 4if;wkdYonf ykHrSefrysHUESHUjcif;ESifY jrifhrm;pGm,drf;,dkifjcif; wkdYaMumifY
jzpfyg onf/
8-4/ ykHrSefr[kwfaom trddsK;tpm;jzifY ysHUESHUjcif; (NON-NORMAL TYPES OF DISTRIBUTIONS)
8-4-1/ T - ykH jyefUcsuf (T-distribution)
T ykH jyefUcsufqkdonfrSm estimate of variance onf many degree of freedom tay:tajccHygu ykHrSef
ysHHUESHUjcif;ESifY qifwlygaomfvnf; fewer degree of freedom jzpfaomtcsdefwGif 4if;tjrSD;ü trSwfrsm;pGm
&Sdaeygonf ykH-31/
ykH (31)
ykHrSeffjyefUcsuf ESifY T ykH jyefUcsuf

153
8-4-2/ ,drf;,dkifyHk jyefUcsuf (Skewed distribution)
,drf;,dkifyHkjyefUcsuf qkdonfrSm usyef;aumuf,lxm;aom ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifwefzdk;wpfck rwlnDaom
jzpfEkdifajc&SdpGmaom ysHUESHUrIIwpfckjzpfonf/ Skewness wefzkd;tm; positive, negative (okdU) teufaz:jyí
r&ekdifyg/ trsdK;tpm;jzifYqkdygu negative skew qkdonfrSm jzpfEkdifajc&Sdaom density function vuf0J
bufay:wGif&Sdaom 4if;tjrSD;onf vuf,mbufESSifY tv,fudef; vuf,mbuf wGif&Sdaom rQajcwefzdk;
xufykd&Snfjcif;jzpfonf/ positive skew qkdonfrSm vuf,mbufwGif&Sdaom 4if;tjrSD;onf vuf0JbufESifY
vuf0JbufwGif&Sdaom rQajc wefzkd;xuf ykd&Snfjcif;jzpfonf/
ykH (32)
,drf;,dkifaom yHk ysHUESHUjcif; (Skewed distribution)
8-4-3/ Bimodal yHk ysHUESHUjcif; (Bimodal distribution)
Bimodal distribution onfrSm uGJvGJaom modes ESpfcktMum; (ykH-33) wGif tqufrjywf jzpfEkdifajc&SdpGm
ysHUESHUaejcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;tm; odomxif&Sm;aom xdyfpGef;rsm;uJUokdUawGU&onf/
ykH (33)
Bimodal distribution

154
8-4-4/ Spike at zero
Spike at zero qkdonfrSm tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;wGif ig;zrf;qD;olrsm;onf ig;zrf;qD;jcif;rjyKyJESifY jyefvmaom
tcsdef ESifY xkduJUokdaomaeYtm; ‘zero catch’ [krSwfwrf;jyK&rnfjzpfaomfvnf;wpfcgwpf&HwGif arUoGm;aom
tcgwGifawGU&onf/
ykH (34)
Spike at zero ysHUESUHjcif; (Distribution with spike at zero)
8-5/ udef;*Pef;pm&if;Z,m;ppfaq;jcif;rsm; (Statistical tests)
tvTmcGJjcm;jcif; onf erlemaumuf,ljcif;tpDtpOfwpfck pwif&mwGifta&;MuD;aom tpdwftykdif;jzpfonf/
Strata onf pm&if;Z,m;rwlaomtkyfpkrsm;tm; owfrSwf&mwGiftokH;jyKonf/ okdYaomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdUonf
wm;ykduf rsm;rS aeUpOfzrf;qD;&&SdrIESifY jrHK;rS aeUpOfzrf;qD;&&SdrIrsm;onf pm&if;ynmoabmt&
odomxif&Sm;pGm uGJvGJrI&Sd^r&Sdtm; odEkdifrnfenf;vrf;tm;&SmazG&mwGif pm&if;tif;ynmt&ppfaq;jcif;rsm;
(statistical test) tm;tokH;jyKonf/ þtydkif;wGif arSsmykduf? ig;rSsm;wef; ESifh jrSHkKrsm; ponfwkdYjzifY
aeUpOfig;txd Ms Excel wGif pm&if;tif;ynmt&ppfaq;jcif;jzifY wGufonfY enf;vrf;
tusOf;csKyftm;&Sif;jyxm;ygonf/ 4if;twGuf Ms Excel wGif ‘Analyses toolplak’ &Sd&rnfjzpfonf/
8-5-1/ T test
tkyfpk2ck rQajcrsm;tm;EIdif;,SOf&mwGif tkyfpkwpfckpDrSyg0ifaom taMumif;t&mrsm;onf qufEG,frIr&SdrSom
vQif 4if;erlem 2 cktm; T-test tpDtpOfokH;jyD; rQajcrsm;wl? rwlppfaq;Ekdifygonf/
8-5-1-1/ yxr Oyrm (First example)
Oyrmtm;jzifY uREkfyfwkdUonf wm;ykduf, ig;rQm;wef;wkdY aeUpOfzrf;qD;&&SdrItm; uGJvGJrI &Sd? r&Sd odcsifygonf/
 yxrOD;pGm uREkfyfwkdUonf tkyfpk 2cktwGif;&Sd variance onfuGJvGJrI&Sd? r&Sdtm;prf;oyfygonf/
uREkfyfwkdUwGif tcsuftvuftpHk (Data set) 2ck&SdjyD; eHygwf (1) onf arSsmykdufrsm; wpf,lepf
ig;txdtrd ESifY eHygwff (2) onf ig;rSsm;wef; (Hook and line) wpf,lepfig;txdtrd jzpfonf/

155
 4if;aemuf Data odkYoGm;jyD; Data Analysis tm;zGifYí popup menu rS ‘ F-test two-sample of
variances’ tm;a&G;jyD; Ok ESdyf&rnf/
Variable-1 twGuf Gillnets ESifh Variable-2 twGuf Hook and Line atmuf&Sd tcsuftvufa'wmrsm;tm;
Select vkyfyg/ ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsdK;tpm; eHrnftm; qdkif&mwdkif (Column) xdufqHk;ydkif;uGufvyf Cell
wGif azmfjyxm;&rnf/ pdwfcstqifh (Confident Level) 95% odkY 0.05 tm; “Alpha” uGufvyfwGif jznfh&rnf/
&&Sdvmrnfh tajzrsm;tm; oD;jcm; pmrsufESm (odkY) vuf&Sd pmrsufESmtm; rdrdESpfoufovdk a½G;cs,fí “OK”
tm; Click vkyfyg/

156
wGufcsuf&&Sdonfhtajzrsm;tm; vuf&SdpmrsufESmwGif awGY&Sd&rnf/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; (Variance)
rsm;rSm arSsmydkufrsm; (Gillnets) wpf,lepf &&SdrItwGuf 23.9 jzpfNyD; ig;rSsm;wef; (Hook and Line) twGuf
26.6 jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif pm&if;tif;qdkif&m uGJjym;rIrSm P wefbdk;onf 0.05 (odkY) 4if;xufenf;ygu
ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;rSm uGJjym;rI&Sdygonf/ xdkYaMumifh “T” Test (Variance) tm; toHk;jyK&ygrnf/
Datea odkYoGm;yg “Data Analyses” udkzGifhí “t-test Sample assuming equal variance” udk
a½G;cs,fyg/

157
tkyfpkwpfckjcif;&Sd tcsuftvufrsm;tm; Select vkyfyg/ a½G;cs,fyg/ “Hypothesized Mean
Difference” &Sd uGufvyfwGif okn (0) ½dkufyg/ (aeYpOf ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrIEIef;onf wlnDonf[k ,lqygonf/)
Labels ESifh pdwfcstqifh Confident Level (0.05) tm; ppfaq;í “Output range” tm; a½G;cs,f Select
vkyfNyD; “OK” udkESdyfyg/
wGufcsuf&&Sdaom tajzrsm;tm; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ CPUE gillnets orwfudef; (Mean) rSm 29.7
jzpfNyD; CUPE Hook and Line twGuf 22.7 jzpfonfudk awGY&Sd&ygonf/ P wefbdk;rsm; (One tail ESifh Two
tail) rSm 0.0000 jzpfí orwfudef;rsm;rSm xif&Sm;aom uGJjym;jcm;em;rIr&Sdyg/

158
oHk;oyfcsuf - arSsmydkufESifh ig;rQm;wef;wdkY aeYpOfig;txdtrdrSm uGJjym;NyD; tcsuftvuferlem
aumuf,lrIyHkpHwGif þig;zrf;ud&d,m (2) rsdK;tm; cGJjcm;xm;oifhygonf/
8-5-1-2/ 'kwd, Oyrm (A second example)
nDrQaom ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; ppfaq;enf; (Test equal Variance)
P wefbdk; 0.003 ü Variance (ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;onf wlnDrI r&Sdyg/ orwfudef;rsm; (Means)
rSm wlnDvQif “T test two Sample assuming unequal variance” udk toHk;jyK&ygrnf/

159
“T test : two sample assuming unequal variances” tm; a½G;cs,fyg/
tkyfpkwpfckjcif;qD&Sd tcsuftvufa'wmrsm; Hypothesis, Labels ESifh Alpha &Sd Confident level ESifh
Output range” wdkYtm; Select vkyfa½G;cs,fyg “OK”tm; Click vkyfyg/

160
oHk;oyfcsuf – arSsmydkuf aeYpOfig;txdtrd orwfudef; (Mean) rSm 64.8 jzpfNyD; ig;rQm;wef;rSm 51.3 jzpfonf/
P wefbdk;rsm;rSm 0.05 xufenf;onfhtwGuf 4if;wdkYonf xif&Sm;pGm uGJjym;jcm;em;ygonf/
8-5-1-3/ wwd, Oyrm (A third example)
 ”t test: two - sample assuming unequal variance” udk Select vkyf a½G;cs,fyg/

161
“T test : two – sample assuming unequal variance” udk Select vkyf a½G;cs,fyg/
tkyfpkwpfckjcif;pD&Sd tcsuftvufa'wmrsm;? Hypothesis labels ESifh Alpha &Sd Confident level ESifh Output
range” wdkYtm; Slect vkyf a½G;cs,fyg/ “OK” tm; Click vkyfyg/

162
oHk;oyfcsuf – wm;ydkufESifh ig;rQm;wef;wdkY aeYpOfig;zrf;&&SdEIef;wdkYrSm xif&Sm;pGmuGJjym;jcm;em;rIr&Sdyg/ (P=0.3
one tail; P = 0.6 two tail)/
8-5-2/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; (Analyses of Variance) (ANOVA)
t½dk;&Sif;qHHk; ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; (ANOVA) onf tkyfpkrsm;
orwfudef;rsm; (Means) rsm; wlnDrI &Sd^r&Sdtm; pm&if;tif;qdkif&m ppfaq;jcif;jzifh taxmuftuljyKygonf/
a,bk,stm;jzifh “Student’s two sample T test” rS tkyfpk (2)ckxufydkvQif ANOVA tm; toHk;jyKygonf
(pmuGuf 12 ESifh 13)/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh rwlnDaom ig;zrf;ud&d,m (3)rsdK;ESifhtxufwdkY wlnDaom
aeYpOfig; txdtrdtm; ANOVA jzifh ppfaq;Edkifygonf/
pmuGuf (12)
T test ESifh ANOVA
T test ESifh ANOVA jzifh wGufcsuf&mwGif r&Sdrjzpf&Sdxm;&rnfh vdktyfcsufrSm EdIif;,SOfrnfh
tcsuftvufrsm;onf yHkrSefysHESHrI &Sd^r&Sdtm; 4if;ppfaq;enf;rsm;jzifh rwGufcsufcif ppfaq;&ygrnf/
tcsuftvufrsm;onf yHkrSefysHESHYrI r&Sdygu tjcm;pm&if;tif;qdkif&m ppfaq;enf;jzifh wGufcsuf&ygrnf/
pmuGuf (13)
pm&if;tif;qdkif&m tajccHppfaq;enf;rsm;
ajrmufbufydkif;&Sd arSsmydkufrsm; wpf,lepf ig;txdtrd (CPUE) onf awmifbufydkif;&Sd arSsmydkufrsm;ESifh
uGJjym;jcm;em;rI &Sdygovm;/
ig;zrf;ud&d,m tkyfpk (2)ck á “t” test
tqifh(1) – ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; (Variance) wlnDvQif ppfaq;yg/
wefbdk;rJhtqdk Null Hypothesis (Ho) : CPUE ajrmuf uGJvGJudef; = CPUE awmif uGJvGJudef;
ajymif;vJEdkifaomudef;&Sif tm; “F” test jzifh ppfaq;yg/
P wefbdk;onf 0.05 xufenf;ygu Ho onf rrSefuef á uGJvGJudef;rwlnD
P wefbdk;onf 0.05 xufrsm;ygu Ho onf rSefuef á uGJvGJudef;wlnD
tqifh(2) - ysrf;rQwpf,lepf ig;txdtrd CPUE (ajrmuf) = CPUE (awmif) wlnDygu T-Test udkoHk;yg/
ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;wlnD á T-test (equal variance) oHk;yg/
ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;rwlnD á T-test (unequal variance) oHk;yg/
T-test (equal ESifh non-equal variance)
Ho: ysrf;rQ&&SdEIef;wlnD
Ho: CPUE awmif = CPUE ajrmuf
P wefbdk;onf 0.05 xufenf;ygu Ho onf rrSefuef, CPUE rwlnD
P wefbdk;onf 0.05 xufrsm;ygu Ho onf rSefuef, CPUE wlnD
ANOVA
Ho : ig;zrf;ud&d,mtkyfpktm;vHk; CPUE wlnDMuonf/
P wefbdk;onf 0.05 xufenf;၊ ig;zrf;ud&d,m tkyfpkrsm; CPUE rwlnDMuyg/
P wefbdk;onf 0.05 xufrsm;၊ ig;zrf;ud&d,m tkyfpkrsm; CPUE wlnDMuonf/

163
8-5-2-1/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; (ANOVA) yxr Oyrm
arSsmydkuf? ig;rQm;wef;ESifh NrH§K;rsm; wpf,lepf ig;txdtrdtm; Column (3)ckwGif azmfjyxm;onf/
“Data” odkY oGm;yg/ “Data Analysis” udk Click vkyfyg/ “ANOVA” Single Factor a½G;cs,fyg/
. Column (3)ckatmuf&Sd tcsuftvuf Data rsm;tm; Slect vkyfyg/ Column yxr Cell wGif
emrnfygvQif Lables uGufvyfwGif tick vkyfyg/ Alpha uGufvyfwGif Confidence level ESifh Output range
tm; tajzrsm;&&Sd&ef a½G;cs,fay;yg/
.tajzrsm;tm; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ arSsmydkuf? ig;rQm;wef; ESifh NrSHK;wdkY wpf,lepf ig;txdtrd orwfudef;
(Mean CPUE) wpfaeYvQif 28.8၊ 21.7 ESifh 7.7 uDvdk*&rf wdkYjzpfMuygonf/ P wefbdk;onf 0.05
xufenf;í uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrSm xif&Sm;aMumif; ñTefjyygonf/

164
8-5-2-2/ ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm;tm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; (ANOVA) 'kwd, Oyrm
'kwd, Oyrm tjzrsm;wGif arSsmydkuf? ig;rQm;wef;ESifh Nr§HK;rsm; wpf,lepfig;txdtrd (CPUE) rSm
31.4? 15.2 ESifh 14.9 uDvdk*&rfjzpfNyD; uGJjym;jcm;em;rIonf xif&Sm;ygonf/ odkYaomfvnf;þudpöwGif
arSsmydkufonf ig;rQm;wef;ESifh Nr§HK;wdkYESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;onf/ odkYaomf ig;rQm;wef; aeYpOfig;txdtrdrSm
Nr§HK;ESifhxif&Sm;pGm uGJjym;jcm;em;rIr&Sdonfudk owdxm;&rnf/ rSefuefaomtajz&&Sd&eftwGuf uGJjym;aomtkyfpk
(3)ck tm; yl;aygif;jcif; (arSsmydkuf ESifh ig;rQm;wef;? arSsmydkuf ESifh NrH§K;? ig;rQm;wef; ESifh Nr§HK;) wdkYtm; T-test jzifh
wGufcsuf&ygrnf/
8-6/ avhusifhcef;rsm; (EXERCISES)
 oif½dk; (7)? avhusifhcef; (1) : Ms Excel wGif bmrSm;aeovJ/
 oif½dk; (7)? avhusifhcef; (2) : Ms Excel wGif Histogram wpfckjyKvkyfyg/
 oif½dk; (7)? avhusifhcef; (3) : Ms Excel wGif T-test(1) avhusifhyg/
 oif½dk; (7)? avhusifhcef; (4) : Ms Excel wGif T-test(2) avhusifhyg/
 oif½dk; (7)? avhusifhcef; (5) : Ms Excel wGif ANOVA(1) avhusifhyg/

165
9/ oif&dk; 8 - tcsuftvufodrf;qnf;jcif;
oifwef;oif&dk;&nf&G,fcsuf/ tcsuftvufodrf;qnf;jcif;ESifYpdppftuJjzwfokH;oyfjcif;twGuf rwlnDaom
a&G;cs,frIrsm; a,bl,s tjrifwdkUtm; taxmuftulay;ekdif&ef
9-1/ ed'gef;
ig;vkyfief;rl0g'csrSwfjcif;? tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;ESifY pDrHcefYcGJjcif; ponfwkdYtwGuf qkH;jzwfcsufcs&mwGif
tcsuftvufrlMurf; ESifY rqufpyfyJ owif;tcsuftvuf pepfwus&SdrI tay: rsm;pGmrlwnfygonf/
tcsuftvuf onf tokH;rjyKrSD 4if;ukd&Sif;vif;pGmaz:jy&rnf/ rlvyxr tcsuftvufrlMurf;onf
wpfcgwpf&HwGif vGefpGmrsm;jym;aejyD; pm&if;Z,m;rsm;wGif a&&Snfodrf;qnf;&efESifYpDppftuJjzwfokH;oyf &ef
rvkyfEkdifyg/ ig;vkyfief;tcsuftvuftm; xda&mufpGm odrf;qnf;&ef ESifY pepfwus&Sdap&efftwGuf
tcsuftvufbPf tm; pDrHcefYcGJonfUpepf (DBMS) wpfckvkdygonf/
DBMS wpfck vkyfaqmifrIrsm;wGif
 tcsuftvufonf pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifY ukdufnDrItm; aocsmap&ef
 tcsuftvufonf usdK;aMumif;nDnGwfjyD; ckdifvkHrItm; aocsmap&ef
 tcsuftvufonf jynfUjynfUpkHpkH&Sdjcif;ESifY tajymif;tvJr&SdrItm; aocsmap&ef
 rl&if;yifrtcsuftvuftm; xdrf;odrf;&efESifY vkHjcHKap&ef
 rl&if;yifrtcsuftvufqDokdY vG,fulpGm0ifa&mufEkdif&ef
 vkdtyfygu t&nftaoG;jynfYaom tcsuftvufjzpf&ef vkyfaqmifxm;&ef
 rwlnDaomtcsuftvuftpkHrsm;aygif;pnf;jcif;tm;cGifYjyK&efponfwkdYyg0ifjyD;4if;aMumifYtvkH;pkH
onf tokH;0ifjyD; wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmrnfjzpfonf/
tajccHusaom ed,mrwpfckrSm rl&if;yifr ykHpHwGif tcsuftvuftm;vkH;tm; pkaqmif;xm;&efjzpfonf/
4if;enf;onf tcsuftvufwdkUukdk jyefvnfjyifqif&mwGif pepfusjcif; (Oyrm- tcsuftvufpDppfEkdifjcif;?
tcsuftvuf tm;vkH;pkpnf;Ekdifjcif;? tcsuftvuftm;vkdcsifaomykHpHodkU ajymif;Ekdifjcif;)? 4if;tjyif
wGufcsufjcif;rsm; tm;vkH;onf rl&if;tcsuftvuftm; jyefvnfjyifqifjyD;rS&vmaomaMumifY rSefuef
aocsmygonf/ 4if;wkdY rlvyxrykHpH wGif tcsuftvuftm;vkH; rpkaqmif;xm;jcif;rSm tcsuftvuf
pkaqmif;&mwGif pOf;pm;qifjcifp&mjzpfaom t&if;tESD;? okdavSmifrI ukefusp&dwfenf;jcif;ESifY pepfwus
&Sdjcif; ponfwkdYonftaMumif;jycsuftenf;i,fom jzpfonf/
þtaMumif;tm; tav;ay;&ef ta&;MuD;ygonf? tb,faMumifYqkdaomf vkyf&kd;vkyfpOf tcsuftvuf pk
aqmif;jcif; onf wudk,fa& okH;uGefjyLwmrsm;us,fjyefUpGmr&&Sdcif 1980 rSpwifcJYjcif;jzpfonf/
4if;pepfrsm;onf pm&GufudktajccHjyKjyD; wpfcgwpf&HwGif tcsuftvuftm; qdyfurf;uyf&mae&mrsm;wGif
aumuf,ljcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;aemuf aumuf,l&&Sdaom tcsuftvuftm; c&kdif&kH;okdUykdYygonf? þae&m
wGifc&kdifwGif;&Sd qdyfurf;uyf&mae&mrsm;tm;vkH;rS tcsuftvuftm;aemufxyfpkaqmif;jyD; aemufqkH;wGif
c&kdifrsm;rSpkaqmif;xm;aom tcsuftvuftm; pdppfjcif;ESifYjzefYa0jcif;jyKvkyf&ef jrdKUawmfwGif&dSdaom
XmecsKyfqDokdYykdUygonf/ 4if;enf;vrf;onf pkpkaygif; zrf;qD;&&SdrItm;cefUrSef;&efESifY ESpfcsKyfpmtkyf wGif
az:jy&efoifYavQmfygonf/ okdYaomfvnf; vkyfief;pOfwpfavQmufvkH; tao;pdwfrsm; aysmufqkH;jcif;ESifY
aumuf,lxm;aom tcsuftvufonf ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIwGifaxmufyHUay;Ekdif&ef a&&Snf tokH;jyKí
r&ekdifyg/

166
9-2/ tcsuftvufbPf Database
DBMS tcsuftvufbPfpDrHcefYcGJonfhpepfwpfckqkdonfrSm software package wpfckjzpfjyD; 4if;onf
tcsuftvufrSwfwrf;rsm;ESifY zkdifrsm;tm; aygif;pnf;jyD;pkaqmif;&mwGif tultnDay;EkdifaomaMumifY
Database [kac:ygonf/
(ykH- 35)/
tcsuftvufaumuf,ljcif; ESifh tcsuftvufbPf
DBMS qkdonfrSm software package wpfckjzpfjyD; 4if;onf Databases rsm;[kkac:aom pkaqmif;xm;onfU
tcsuftvuf rSwfwrf;rsm;ESifY zkdifrsm;tm;odrf;qnf;jcif;? jyefvnfjyifqifjcif; ESifY a&G;cs,fxkwfEkwfjcif;
ponfwkdY jyKvkyfEkdifonf/
owif;tcsuftvuffenf;ynmonf us,fjyefUjyD; ajymif;vJrIrSmjrefqefygaomaMumifY uGefjyLwmy&kd*&rf
tokH;jyKjcif; (okdU) pepfwpfcktm;a&G;cs,fjcif;rjyKrSDwGif vuff&SdtajctaeESifY ukdufnDaom tMuHjyKcsuf &&Sd&ef
ta&;MuD;ygonf/ taumif;qkH;rSm Database oGif;olonf tcsuftvuftm; pDrHcefUcGJrIwGif yg0if
vkyfaqmif&kHomru erlem,laomenf;pepfwGifvnf; vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfonf/ ig;vkyfief;ußGrf;usifol onf
uGefjyLwmenf;ynm ußGrf;usifaomfvnf; Database pepftrSef wu,ftaumiftxnfaz:jcif;wGif
pdk;&drfylyefjcif;rjzpfoifUyg/ xkduJYokdUyif uGefjyLwmynm&Sifonf ig;vkyfief;wGiferlem ,ljcif;enf;pepftm;
od&Sd&ef pdk;&drfylyefjcif;rjzpfoifYyg/ okdYaomfvnf; wpfcsdefwnf;wGif vkyfief;ESpfrsdK;vkyfaqmif&csdefwGif
wpfa,muf vkyfaqmifrIonf tjcm;oltwGuf jznfYqnf;ay; rIrsdL;tjzpfvkyfaqmifEkdifrSomvQif
tjyeftvSeftusdK;&SdrnfjzpfjyD; pDrHudef;atmifjrifrIjzpfEkdifajctm; wkd; jrSifYjcif; jzpfonf/
DBMSs wGif rwlnDaomykHpHrsm;pGm&SdjyD; Small systems rsm;twGuf ukd,fykdifuGefjyLwmtokH;jyKEkdifjyD;
MuDrm;aom huge systems twGuf jrefEIef;jrifYaomuGefjyLwm Mainframes (okdY) trsdK;rdsK;aom

167
tokH;jyKolrsm;twGuf tifwmeuftajccHaom enf;pepf ponfjzifYtokH;jyKMuonf/ DBMS
trsdK;rddsK;pDwkdif;wGif aumif;usdK;ESifY qkd;usdK;&Sdygaomfvnf; þtcef; wGifaqG;aEG;xm;jcif;r&Sdyg/
þtcef;wGif erlem,ljcif;tm;tajccHonfU ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mavUvma&;c&D;pOfwGif &kd;&Sif;aom Relational
Database pepfwGif yg0if&rnfUt&mrsm;ESifYt,ltqoabmxm;rsm;tay: tajccHusaom tcsuftvuf
rsm; tm;taxmuftul&&efaz:jyxm;onf/
9-3/ tcsuftvufbPfpepf ykHpHrsm;
A relational Database qkdonfrSm tcsuftvufxJwGifawGU&aom vu©Pmtm;vkH;ukd tokH;jyKjcif;
jzifY&vmaom tcsuftvufESifUukdufnDjcif;jzpfonf/ A relational Database wGif Tables, Forms and
Reports ponfwkdYyg0ifjyD; 4if;wkdY onf Relations and Queries wkdYtultnDjzifY csdwfqufaeMuonf/
Tables rsm;onf tcsuftvufxnfU&ef twGuf odrf;qnf;xm;odk&mae&mjzpfonf/
Form onf Z,m;rsm;xJokdY tcsuftvufoGif;&mwGif tokH;jyKaom window or screen jzpfonf/
Report qkdonfrSm tcsuftvufbPf output jzpfonf/
Relationship: qufpyfESD;EG,frI wpfckjzpfaomtcgwGif wlnDaomvu©Pmrsm;&SdonfU tkyfpkrsm;rS
&&Sdvmaom tcsuftvufygonfY Z,m;ESpfckonfukdufnDonfawGU&onf? Oyrm- wm;ykdufrsm; frame
surey wnfaqmufzGJUpnf;ykHaumuf,laom tcsuftvufonf ukef;ajrppfwrf;rS&xm;aom CPUE
tcsuftvuf ESifYvkHYvpdkufxkwfrIppfwrf; effort survey rS,lxm;aom vkHUvpdkufxkwfrItcsuftvuf effort
data ponfwkdYESifY ukdufnDEkdifrnf jzpfonf/
Queries: qkdonfrSm tcsuftvufbPf rS tcsuftvufrsm;ukdjyefvnfxkwf,l&ef t"du vkyfaqmifjcif;
ESifY Database rSMudKwif owfrSwfxm;aomykHpHwGif ar;cGef;rsm;yg0ifaejcif;jzpfonf/
ykH 36 wGif erlem,ljcif;tm;tajccHonfU ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;twGuf &kd;&Sif;aom
Database tajccHusaom Z,m;rsm;wnfaqmufykHESifYqufEG,faerIrsm;tm; az:jyxm;onf/
b,fbufwGif Z,m;rsm; t"dygÜ,fzGifYqkdcsufaz:jyxm;onf/ t"dygÜ,fzGifYqkdcsufZ,m;wGift"dutvTmrsm;?
major strata, omreftvTmrsm; minor strata, urf;qkdufuyf&mae&mrsm;? ig;zrf;ud&d,m ESifY rsdK;pdwfrsm;
ponfwkdYyg0ifonf/ nmbufwGif frame survey, ukef;ajrppfwrf; rsm;? effort survey and species survey wkdY
jzifYpkaqmif;xm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;&Sdygonf/ rsOf;vkdif;rsm;onf qufEG,faerI rsm;tm;nTefjyjyD;
4if;onf queries rSwqifY Z,m;rsm;tm;vkH;tm;csdwfqufjyD; wGufcsufjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEkdifonf/

169
ykH 36
&kd;&Sif;rItajccHxm;onfUig;vkyfief;ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;twGuf &kd;&Sif;aom tcsuftvufbPf pepf
ykHpH
9-3-1/ vdkcsifaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk&SmazGjcif; Queries
tcsuftvufbPf wpfckrS wpfckwnf;aomt"duusonfY&v'frsm;onf wpfvtwGif; (tykdif; 7.5 wGif
az:jyxm;ouJYokdY generic formula tokH;jyKjcif;jzifY) rwlnDaom ig;zrf;ae&mrsm; rSpkpkaygif;zrf;qD;&&SdrI
jzpfvdrfYrnfjzpfonf/
pDpOfwusjzpfaom tcsuftvuf&SmazGjcif; queries udkjyKvkyfjyD;aomtcgwGif a&,mOftrsdK;tpm;tvkduf
vpOfzrf;pD;&&SdrItm; wGufcsufEkdifonf/ (yHk - 37)
yHk - 37
pkpkaygif;ig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI tm; cefUrSef;&eftwGuf t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfcsufrsm; (Definitions)? tables rsm; ESifh
queries rsm;/
Quary 1: frame survey rStcsuftvufrsm;jzifh? a&,mOftrsdK;tpm;tvkduf ESifh ig;ukefcsqdyfurf;tvkduf
ig;zrf;a&,mOfta&twGuf tm; wGufcsufjcif; (yHk 38 ESifh 39)

170
yHk - 38 ig;ukefcsqdyfurf;rsm;&Sd ig;zrf;,lepfrsm; ta&twGuf tm; wGufcsufjcif;/
yHk -39
wGufcsuf&&Sdaom ig;ukefcsqdyfurf;rsm;tvdkuf ig;zrf;,lepfta&twGuf
Query 2: ig;zrf;a&,OftrsdK;tpm;tvkduf ESifh ig;ukefcsqdyfurf;tvkduf BAC tm;wGufcsufjcif;/ (yHk -40
ESifh 41)
yHk - 40
ig;zrf;a&,mOf vkyfaqmifrI jyudef; boat activity coefficient (BAC) tm; wGufcsufjcif;

171
yHk - 41
cefUrSef;ajc ig;zrf;a&,mOf vkyfaqmifrI jyudef; (BAC)
Query 3: ig;zrf;a&,mOftrsdK;tpm;tvdkuf aeUpOfig;zrf;qD;&&SdrI ysrf;rSs (average daily catch) tm;
wGufcsufjcif;/ (yHk - 42 ESifh 43)
yHk - 42
ysrf;rSs CPUE tm;wGufcsufjcif;/

172
yHk 43
cefUrSef; Estimated CPUE
Query 4: ig;zrf;a&,mOf trsdK;tpm; tvdkuf ysOf;rSsig;zrf;&uf (average number of fishing days )
tm;wGufcsufjcif; (yHk 44 ESifh 45)/
yHk - 44
ysrf;rSsig;zrf;&uf (average number of fishing days ) tm;wGufcsufjcif;/
yHk - 45
cefUrSef; ysrf;rSs ig;zrf;&ufrsm; Estimated average fishing days

173
Query 5: queries 4 ck tm; generic formula toHk;jyK aygif;pyfjyD; pkpkaygif;ig;txdtrd total catch tm;
wGufcsufjcif;/ (yHk - 46 ESifh 47)
Total Catch type = Total Vessels type fishing days type CPUE type
yHk - 46
pkpkaygif;ig;txdtrd total catch tm; wGufcsufjcif;/
yHk - 47
vtvkduf? ig;zrf;,lepftvkdufESifh ukefcsqdyfurf;tvkduf cefUrSef;ajc pkpkaygif;ig;txdtrd total catch
Query 6: aemufqHk;tqifhjzpfaom t"dutvTm major strata c&dkiftvdkuf ig;zrf;,lepfrsm;
ig;txdtrdtm; cefUrSef;jcif; (yHk 48 ESifh 49)

174
yHk - 48
c&kdiftvkduf ig;zrf;,lepfrsm; ig;txdtrd tm; wGufcsufjcif;/
yHk - 49
c&kdiftvkduf ig;txdtrd tm; wGufcsufjcif;/
txufyg erIemrSm wkduf&dkufwnfhwnfh ajzmifhwef;pGmoGm;aom (straightforward ) erIemaumuf,lrI pDrHcsuf
wcktm; tajccH xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ vkyfief;pOfwcktm; yHkaz:&ef twGuf tcsuftvufbPf database
wpfckonf "Queries" rsm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;ygonf/ odkU&mwGif wpfcgwpf&HwGif erIem-tajcjyK pm&if;
aumuf,lrI wpfck &vg'frsm;onf tenf;i,f &SKyfaxG;wwfavh &Sdygonf/
erIem-tajcjyK pm&if;aumuf,lrI twGuf tcsuftvufbPf database wpfcktm; wnfaxmif&mwGif
tcsuftvufbPf uGsrf;usifolrsm; (database experts) rS tjynfht0 yl;aygif;yg0if&ef ESifh pm&if;aumuf
,lrI tpDtpOf ESifh &vg'frsm;tm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm ppfaq;jyD; jzefUjzL;ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdonfh uGsrf;usifolrsm; ESifh
twl yl;aygif;yg0if &ef vkdtyfygonf/ pm&if;aumuf ,lrI tpDtpOf ESifh &vg'frsm;tm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm
ppfaq;jyD; jzefUjzL;ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdonfh uGsrf;usifolrsm; onf tcsuftvufbPf pepf vkdtyfcsuf
rsm;udk jznfhpnf;ay;&ef ESifh database av;eufonfh tajccH tcsuftvufrsm;tm; em;v,f oabm
ayguf xm;jcif;jzifh database programmers rsm;taejzifh ysufqD;qHk;&SH;rItm; rSwfwrf;wifonfh program
wpfck "black box" tm; rSm;,Gif;pGm a&;om;rdjcif; r&SdaMumif; aocsmaprnf jzpfygonf/

175
9-4/ EkdifiHwumpHnTef;rsm;ESifY uk'frsm;owfrSwfjcif;
ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rS&&Sdvmaom tajzrsm;onf wpfrsdK;om;vkH;? a'owGif;ESifYEkdifiHwumtxdysHUESHUjyD;
tokH;jyKEdkifvdrfUrnfjzpfonf/ okdUjzpfygí owif;tcsuftvufzvS,fjcif;twGuf (tcsuftvufbPfpepf
'DZkdif; vkyfaqmifpOfumvtwGif; tem*gwfowif;tcsuftvufzvS,f&mwGif vG,fulap&eftvkdUXm)
wpfrsdK;om;vkH; ? a'owGif;ESifY EkdifiHwumuk'feHygwfrsm; taumifYxJ0ifa&mufEkddif&efta&;MuD;ygonf/
ig;vkyfief;pm&if;Z,m; yl;aygif;nSdEIdif;vkyfaqmifaeaomygwD (CWP) onf tjynfjynfqdkfif&mtzGJUtpnf;
jzpfjyD; tjynfjynf qdkif&m ig;vkyfief;pm&if;Z,m; ESifYquffEG,frI&Sdonf (Box 14; FAO, 2001-2014; Nedelee
and Prado, 1990)

176
pmuGuf - 14
ig;vkyfief;pm&if;Z,m; yl;aygif;nSdEIdif;jcif;vkyfaqmifaeaomtzGJU (CWP)
wm0ef
CWPonfa'owGif;ig;vkyfief;vkyfaeolrsm; ig;vkyfief;pm&if;Z,m;tpDtpOfrsm;ukdyl;aygif;&efESifY tjcm;
aom tpkd;&Xmetcsif;csif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; ig;vkyfief;pm&if;Z,m;rsm; jyefydkY&efwkdYtwGuf taxmuftulay;
ygonf/
t"duvkyfaqmifcsuf
1960 uwnf;ut"duvkyfaqmifonfU CWP OD;wnfcsufrSm-
 ig;vkyfief;pm&if;Z,m;wGif vkdtyfcsufrsm;jzpfaom okawoe? rl0g'csrSwfjcif;ESifYpDrHcefYcGJjcif; ponf
wkdYtm; pOfqufrjywfjyefvnfprf;ppfjcif;?
 ig;vkyfief;pm&if;Z,m;pkaqmif;jcif;ESifY pkpnf;pDpOfjcif;wkdYtwGufpHowfrSwfcsufrsm;?
t"dygÜ,fzGifYqkdcsuf rsm;? trsdK;tpm;cGJjcif;rsm;ESifY enf;pepfrsm;tay:oabmwljcif;
 qufEG,faeaomtpkd;&Xmetcsif;csif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;Mum;wGif pm&if;Z,m;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;tm;
nIdEIdif; jcif;ESifUpOfqufrjywfjzpf&eftwGuf tqkdjyKcsufrsm;jyKvkyfjcif; ponfwkdYjzpfonf/
Oya'a&;&mrlabmif
1959twGif; tzGJUtpnf;rsm; zGJUpnf;jcif; tykdif;10 &Sdf Article VI-2 atmuf&Sd FAOnDvmcH 23^59
qkH;jzwfcsuft& wnfaxmifcJYjyD;jzpfonf/ CWP tm; vGTwfawmfrStwnfjyKonfY Oya'rsm;ukd FAO
Council rS 1995 ckESpf? ZGefvwGifxkwfonfU Hundred and English session wGif jyifqifjcif;ESifY
twnfjyKjcif; wkdYjyKvkyfcJUonf/
yg0ifonfYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;
CWP wGif tpkd;&Xmetcsif;csif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS ynm&Sifrsm;trnfrsm;yg0ifjyD; 4if;wkdUonf ig;vkyfief;
pm&if; Z,m;rsm;ESifYpyfvQOf;jyD; t&nftcsif;rsm;&Sdygonf/ CWP wGif yg0ifaomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSm ,cktcsdef
wGif 19 ck&Sdygonf/
• Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
• Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
• General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
• Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
• Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
• International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
• International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)
• International Whaling Commission (IWC)
• Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA)
• North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO)
• North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
• Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO)
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
• Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC)
• Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC)
• South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
• Statistical Office of the European Communities (Commission of the EU^Eurostat)
• Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
twGif; a&;rI;
FAO onf CWP twGif;a&;rI;uJUodkUwm0ef,laqmif&Gufonf/ CWP onf 2 ESpfvQif tm;vkH; ESifY
awGUqkHjcif; ESifY vkdtyfygu oD;jcm;ESifY intersesstional tpnf;ta0;wkdYvkyfaqmifygonf/

177
9.5 trsdK;om;a&;ESifYqkdifaom tkyfcsKyfrI uk'frsm;
Major strata, Oyrm- tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&ma&SUaersm;? aus;&Gm coding ESifY qdkufuyf&mae&mrsm;wkdUonf
pm&if;Z,m; rsm; trsdK;om;a&;AsL&kdf coding tm;tjrJvkdufem&rnf/ okdYaomfvnf; jzpfEkdifrnfqkdygu
4if;onf Global Adimistrative Unit Laysers (GAUL) EkdifiHwum coding onfvnf;yg0ifoifUonf/
GAUL (Box 15) onf urmÇtwGif;&Sdwkdif;jynfrsm;tm;vkH;twGuf tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&m,lepfrsm;rS spatial
database wpfck jzpfonf/ FAO pDrHudef; wpfck wGif GAUL onf wkdif;jynfwck&Sd uk'fpepf tm;
aygif;pnf;apjcif;jzifY EdkifiHwum&Sd tvTmrsm;ESifY? yxrtqifY (jynfe,f) ESifY 'kwd,tqifY&Sd (c&kdif)
tkyfcsKyf a&;qkdif&mtqifY&Sdolrsm; qufvufwnf&Sdatmif tjrJxdrf;xm;onf/ xyfajym&rnfqkdygu
tcsuftvuf &Ekdifaomae&mwGif 4if;onf wkdif;jynfwpfckrSwkdif;jynf wpfck&Sd tvTmtvkduf wwd,?
pwkw¦ESifY atmufajc tqifYxdaxmufyHUay;onf/
pmuGuf - 15
Global Adimistrative Unit Laysers (GAUL)
GAUL&nf&G,fcsufonf urmÇwGif;&Sdwkdif;jynfrsm;tm;vkH;twGuf tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&m,lepfrsm; tay:wGif
trsm; qkH; ,kHMunfpdwfcs&aom yx0Dqkdif&mowif;tcsuftvuftm; aygif;pnf;&efESifY jzefUjzL;&ef
&nf&G,faomaMumifY tkyfcsKyfa&;,lepftpm; spatial data set pHpepf owfrSwfcsuf rS ulnD ay;onf/
þrlabmifxJwGifyg0ifaom OD;wnf csufrsm;rSm-
 wkdif;jynfrsm;tay:tajccHonfU tkyfcsKyfa&;,lepftvTmrsm;wGif 'D*spfw,fenf;ynmrsm;
jzpfvmaom tcsdefwGif EdkifiHwumvkH;qkdif&mtcsuftvuftpktzGJU uGJjym;jcif;rsm;ukd atmifjrifpGm
ausmfvTm;&ef/
 tkyfcsKyfa&;,lepfrsm; ykHpHrsdK;pkHESifY twkdif;twmtay:jzpfay:ajymif;vJrIIukd ajc&mcHapmifUa&Smuf
&ef/
 jyKjyifxdrf;odrf;rItm;xkwfrI avQmUenf;aprnfY pkpnf;EkdifonfU coding system wpfcktm; jrSifYwif
&ef/
(www.fao.org/gonetwork/srv/en/maim.home)
9-6/ ig;zrf;ud&d,mESifY a&,mOftwGuf uk'fpepf
ig;zrf;ud&d,mESifY enf;vrf;rsm;tm;cGJjcm;&ef bkHoGm;&mvrf;wpfckonf ig; (okdU) tjcm;aomom;aumiftm;
rnfuJU okdUzrf;rnhftay:tajccHjyD; ig;zrf;ud&d,mwnfaqmufykHay:tenf;i,faom yrmPtwkdif;twm
omrlwnfonf/ ig;zrf;ud&d,mtcsuftvuf EkdifiHwumpHowfrSwfxm;aom pm&if;tif; trsdK;tpm;
cGJjcm; &mwGif CWP onf ig;zrf;ud&d,mtcsuftvuf t"dutrdsK;tpm;rsm;tm; atmufaz:jyyg twkdif;
trsdK; tpm; cJGjcif;ESifYt"dyÜg,f&Sif;vif;ygonf/
 vkH;0ef;aomykduf (0dkif;csKyfykdufrsm;yg0ifonf)
 qGJydkdufrsm; (aomifqGJydkuf, avSrsm;, Scottish^Danish seines wkdYyg0ifonf)
 w&GwfqGJykduf (yifv,fatmufajcMurf;jyifzrf;jcif;wGifyg0ifonfU beam, otter and pair trawls ESifU
a&tv,fwGifw&GwfqGJzrf;onfU otter and pair trawls ponfwkdYyg0ifonf)
 Lift nets qGJ,lrwifydkuf

178
 Falling ypfcsydwfqdkYzrf;qD;aom ig;zrf;ud&d,m (vufypfuGefrsm;yg0ifonf)
 wm;ydkufESif Y entangling nets (wm;ydkuf? arQmydkuf? okH;xyfykdufwkdUyg0ifonf)
 axmifacsmufrsm; (tkd;rsm;? tdwfykHykduf? jrSKH;rsm;wkdYyg0ifonf)
 csdwfESifY vkdif;MudK;rsm; (vufxGef? ig;rQm;wH?axmifxm; (okdY)arQmxm;onfUig;rQm;wef;wkdUyg0ifonf)
 Grappling and wounding gear (rSdef;?vSHSESifY jrSm;wkdYyg0ifonf)
 Stupefying devices (ig;rsm;vmatmifjyKvkyfízrf;qD;onfud&d,m? Oyrm-rD;xGef;ízrf;jcif;)
CWPrS t"ducJGJjcm;xm;onfU ig;zrf;,mOfrsm;ESifY ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;tm; yl;wGJ 1 ? 2 wGif az:jyxm;onf/
okdYaomfvnf; CWP rS t"ducJGJjcm;xm;onfU ig;zrf;,mOfrsm;ESifY ig;zrf;ud&d,monf SSFs
tm;aumif;pGmrjcHKikHrdyg/ xkdYaMumifY tMuHjyKxm;onf rSm CECAF, FCWC AND and/or SWIOFC
wkdUa'otvkduf trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;rI^oifYavQmfrIjzpfap&ef tpysdK;rIwkdUtm; tokH;jyKí 4if;wkdYtwGif; yg0if
aqmif&Guf&efwkdYjzpfonf/
9-7/ EkdifiHwum ig;rsddK;pdwfrsm; uk'f rsm;
rsdK;pdwftrsm;pkwGif trsm;pkac:aombkHtrnf&Sdaomfvnf; 4if;wkdYtajymif;tvJonf bmompum;
ajymqkdrIESifY EkdifiHtay:wGifrlwnfygonf/ wlnDaomtrnftm; rsdK;pdfwftrsm;pkwGif wpfcgwpf&H
tokH;jyKMuonfrSmaps;uGuf tkyfpktrsdK;tpm;ESifY 4if;t"dyÜg,frSm wpfae&mrSwpfae&mwGif ajymif;vJ ekdif
aomaMumifYjzpfonf/ bkHtrnfrsm;onf tcsuftvufvJvS,frItwGuf oifYavQmfrI r&Sday^jyKvkyfedkifrnf
r[kwfyg/
FAO onf a&aeowå0gESifYtyifrsm; EkdifiHwumpHowfrSwfxm;aom pm&if;tif; trsdK;tpm; cGJjcm;jcif;
tm; a&;qGJjyD;jzpfonf (ISSCAAP; Box 16)/ 4if;wGif yg0ifaom tpdwftykdif; 2ckrSm-
 a three-letter code (3-alpha code) onf trnfay:tajccHjyD; 4if;tm; pD;yGm;jzpfig;rsm; zrf;qD;
&&SdrItm; pDrH cefUcGJrItqifYtxd tpD&ifcHaomtcgwGiftokH;jyKonf/
 *Pef;10 vkH;onf field ESifY MuD;pOfi,fvkduf uk'f wGiftokH;jyKonf/
uk'f rsm;tm; ASFIS rsdK;pdwfpm&if;rSwqifY axmufyHUay;jyD; 4if;wGifig;vkyfief;ESifYarG;jrLa&;tay: pdwf
0ifpm;rI (okdU) qufEG,frIt& a&G;cs,fxm;onfU 10900 rsdK;pdwfrsm;tcsufrsm;0ifonf/ rSwfwrf; xJwGif
odrf;xm; onfY rdsK;pdwfwpfckpDtrdsK;tpm;? uk'f rsm; (ISSCAAP tkyfpk? taxonomic and 3-alpha)?
taxonomic tcsuftvuf (odyHÜ trnf? pma&;q&m? rsKd;&if;? ykdjrifYaom taxonomic trdsK;tpm;cGJjcm;jcif;)
ponfwkdYtm;axmufyHUay;xm;onf/ rSwfwrf;trsm;pkonf t*FvdyftrnfjzpfjyD; 3 ykH 1 ykHonf jyifopfESifY
pydef trnf jzifUay;xm;onf/

179
pmuGuf-16
a&aeowå0gESifYtyifrsm; EkdifiHwumpHowfrSwfxm;aom pm&if;tif;trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;jcif; (ISSCAAP) ESifY
ASFIS pm&if;
ISSCAAP code onf FAO a&aeowå0gESifYtyifrsm; EkdifiHwumpHowfrSwfxm;aom pm&if;tif;
trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;jcif;rS wm0efay;xm;jcif;jzpfjyD; 4if;onf olwkdY taxonomic, a*[pepfESifY pD;yGm;a&;
vu©Pm rsm;tay:tajccHjyD; tkyfpk50 cGJjcm;xm;onf/ FAO onf rsdK;pdwftrsdK;tpm;rsm;tm; ykdítao;
pdwfcGJjcm;jcif;ESifY ISSCAAP tkyfpkwpfckpDtwGif; sorting vkyfjcif;twGuf taxonomic code tm;tokH;
jyKonf/ 3-alpha identifier onf tu©&mpmvkH; 3vkH;ESifY jyKvkyfxm;aom xl;jcm;onfU code wpfckjzpfjyD;
4if;tm; ig;vkyfief;vkyfukdifonfU at*sifpDrsm;ESifY national correspondents rsm;tMum; tcsuftvuf
vJvS,faom tcgwGif us,fjyefUpGmokH;onf/
rsdK;pdwftrsdK;tpm;twGufyxrtMudrfpm&if;Z,m;xkwfvkyfjcif; vufcH&&SdonfUtay:wGif FAO ig;arG;jrL
a&; pm&if;tif;ESifY owif;tcsuftvufXmecGJ (FIPS) onf pm&if;tif; database xJwGif
oufqkdif&mxkwfvkyfrI tcsuftvufr0ifrSDwGif Codes topfrsm;tm; assign vkyf&rnfjzpfonf/
xyfajym&rnfqkdygu FIPS onfwpfcgwpf&HwGif trsdK;om;a&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifY a&xGufaumfr&Sif
rsm;rSawmif;cHvmaom a'otwGif; pdwf0ifpm;aom rsdK;pdwftrsdK;tpm;rsm;twGuf 3-alpha codes axmufyHU
ay;&efawmif;cHvmrItm; vufcH &&Sdonf/ xkduJYokdU jzpfpOfrsm;tqifajyap&ef taxonomic and 3-alpha
codes rsm;wGif ykdrdkus,fjyefUaom rsdK;pdwfta&twGuftm; (yg0if &ef) assign^wm0efay;jyD;jzpfonf/ 2000
ckESpfuwnf;u ASFIS list tm; ig;vkyfief;vkyfaqmifaerIrsm;ESifY qufEG,faeaom
rsdK;pdwftrdsK;tpm;trsm;pktm;vTrf;jcKHjyD; pHcsdefpHnTef;rDaom codification pepfwpfcktm; jyify
tokH;jyKolrsm;axmufyHUay;&ef internet ay:wGif&&Sdatmif jyKvkyf xm;jyD; jzpfonf/
List vu©Pmrsm;
ASFIS list (www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en) onf ASFIS reference series rS vmaom
tpdwftykdif;jzpfjyD; 4if;onftjcm;aom Aquatic Science and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) rsm;wkdU
tMum;wGifvnf;yg0ifonf/ ASFIS rsdK;pdwfpm&if;wGif 10900 rsdK;pdwftrsdK;tpm;yg0ifonf/ jzpfEkdif
ajc&Sdaom 17500 xufykdaom English alphabet 26 characters ckdifvkHaomaygif;pyfrIjzifY zGJUpnf;xm;
onfY 3-alpha code uJYokdY Database tm;wlnDaom codification pepf toHk;jyKjyD;xrfrHwkd;csJUEkdifygonf/
FAO-FIPS wpfckwnf; omvQif (refae*smjzpfol) codes rsm;tm; zefwD;jcif;ESifY ajymif;vJjyifqifjcif; jyKvkyf
Ekdifonf/ rSwfwrf;xJwGif rsdK;pdwftrdsK;tpm;wpfckcsif; odrf;qnf;xm;&mwGif ISSCAAP code, a taxonomic
code, a 3-alpha code, odyHÜtrnf, rdsK;&if;ESifY higher taxonomic level wGif taxonomic trsdK;tpm; cGJjcm;jcif;
ponfwkdYyg&Sdonf/ rSwfwrf;rsm; cefYrSef;ajc 76 % onff English name? 40% onf France? 36 %
onf Spanish name &ddSjyD; pm&if;enf;t&xkwfxm;aom rsdK;pdwftrsdK;tpm;wpfckwnf;omvQif official FAO
trnfrsm; pOf;pm;Ekdifrnf jzpfonf/ FAO database xJ&SdrsdK;pdwftrdsK;tpm;tvkduf ig;xkwfvkyfrIpm&if;Z,m;
&&SdrI ESifY ywfowfonfY owif;tcsuftvufrsm; tm; axmufyHUay;onf/

180
pmuGuf - 16 (tquf)
pHcsdefpHnTef;twnfjyKjcif;
10900 rsdK;pdwfrsm;tm; ig;vkyfief;ESifUarG;jrLa&;wkdUqufEG,frI (okdY) pdwf0ifpm;rIwkdYt& a&G;cs,fonf/
rMumrD urSefuefaom odyHÜtrnfrsm;ESifU taxonomic trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;jcif;wGif tokH;jyKrI aocsm
ap&eftwGuf taxonomic revisions rsm;jyKvkyfí aqG;aEG;wkdifyifcJYMuonf/ 4if;wGif FAO pm&if;tif;
database wGiftokH;jyKcJYaom odyHÜtrnfESifY taxonomic codes tcsdKU zGifYqkdcsuftm;cGifYjyKcJUjyD; xkdt&m
onf a&&SnfwGifrSefuefEkdifrnfr[kwfyg/ okdYaomfvnf; xkdpm&if;onf taxonomic matters wGif wm0ef&Sdrnf
r[kwfjcif;ESifY t"dut&if;tjrpfonf raocsmaomtrnftm;qkH;jzwf&ef aqG;aEG;wkdifyifcJY Muonf/ A
pragmatic and conservation enf;tm; odyHÜtrnfESifY FAO trnf rsm; raocsm aomudpö&yfwGif
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181
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odrf;qnf;jcif;wkdYtm;cGifYay;cJUonf/ okdUaomfvnf;1990 jynfUESpfuwnf;u database 'DZkdif;onf wdk;wuf
vmcJYjyD; database software onf tokH; jyKolESifYydk&if;ESD;vmjcif; ESifU database software tm;tokH;jyKEkdif onfU
pGrf;&nfzGHUjzdK;aomwkkdif;jynfrsm;wGif odompGm wkd;yGm;vmcJYonf/ ARTFISH tm;enf; csufrSm 4if;onf local
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9-9/ ig;vkyfief;owif;tcsuftvufpepfrsm;^ METADATA
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us,fjyefUaomvlxk twGuf aemufxyfowif;tcsuftvuf&&dSdvkdonf/ FISs Oyrmrsm;rSm –
 http://map.seafdec.org/fis.php
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 www.fao.org/fishery/figis/en
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regional FIS wpfckzGHUjzdK;vm&ef oifyg0ifvmvdrfUrnfjzpfjyD; FIS wpfckzGHUjzdK;vm&ef yxrqkH; vkdtyfcsuf
jzpfonfY metabase tm; tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf/
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jcif; wpfckjzpf onf/ xkdt&mtm; Metabase [kac:onf/

182
 Metabase qkdonfrSm (wpfcgwpf&HwGif metadatabase (okdU) metadata respository [kac:ygonf)
wdusaom &nf&G,fcsuftwGuf metadata (tcsuftvufukdaz:jy&ef) pkaqmif;xm;aom database
wpfckjzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifY metabase wpfckwGif owif;t&if;tjrpfrsm;rSpkaqmif;xm;onfY
pepfwpfcktwGif; owif;tcsuftvuftm;vkH; ykHay:apjcif;ESifYpyfvQOf;onfU metadata
yg0if&rnfjzpfonf/ xkdt&monf pmMunfUwkduf twGif;u'frsm;ESifY tcsuftvuf,SOfEdkifrItm;
pepfusaomaz:jycsufjzpfjyD; oifonf u'frsm;tm;&SmazGjcif;jzifY pmtkyfrSm rnfonfUae&mwGif
&SdEkdifonf tm;odonf/ metabase wpfckwGif tjzpfrSef ^trSefwu,fowif;tcsuftvuf ryg0if
yg/
Metadata qkdonfrSm wpfck (okdU) wpfckxufykdaom tcsuftvuftjcm;aomtpdwftykdif;rsm; ESifU ywf
ouf jyD; owif;tcsuftvufay;aomtcsuftvuftjzpfowfrSwfygonf/ 4if;wkdUwGif
 tcsuftvufzefwD;jcif;t"dyÜg,frsm;
 tcsuftvuf &nf&G,fcsuf
 tcsdefESifY aeUpGJzefwD;jcif;
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 tokH;jyKcJYaompHcsdefpHnTef;rsm; ponfwkdYyg0ifonf/
CECAF and SWIOFC ae&mrsm;wGif tpjyKrIrsm;onf subregional FIS zGHUjzdK;&ef twGufpwifcJUjcif;ESifU
metabase pm&if;oGif;jcif; pHerlemykHpHtm; ,ckoifwef;umvtwGif; axmufyHUay;vdrfYrnfjzpfonf/

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usrf;jyKxm;aompm&if;
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t"dyÜg,fzGifUqkdcsuf
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186
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2) t&if;tjrpfwpfck? ig;xkxnfwpfck (okdU) ig;xkxnf tpdwftykdif;wpfck ponfwkdUpkpkaygif;tav;csdef/
Oyrmrsm;rSm -George urf;yg;wGif&Sdaoma&atmufMurf;jyifaeig; tm;vkH;xkxnf? Cod ig;xkxnf?
om;aygufrsm;xkxnf (t&G,fa&mufaomtrrsm;tav;csdef) (Standing stock wGif MunfU&ef)/
Boat activity coefficient (BAC) avSvIyf&Sm;rIudef;^ajrSmufaz:udef; (BAC): ig;zrf;,lepfrsm; tcsdK;onf
ay;xm;aomppfwrf;aumuf,laomumvtwGif;arQmfrSef;xm;aomig;zrf;jcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;onferlemwpfck
wdkif;wmrIjzpfjyD;&mckdifEIef;jzifYaz:jyonf/
Boat day: ig;zrf;tm;xkwfrItwkdif;twmwpfckjzpfonf? Oyrm-ig;vkyfief;wpfcktwGif; a&,mOfrsm; 10pif;?
a&,mOfwpfckpDig;zrf;&uf 50jzpfvQif? &ufrsm;wGif MudK;pm;tm;xkwfzrf;qD;onfU avS 500
jzpfonf[kqkdvkdonf/
Bycatch: ig;zrf;,lepfwpfck zrf;qD;rIwpdwftykdif;onf OD;wnfypfrSwfxm;aomrsdK;pdwftjyif tjcm;
ig;rsm;a&maxG; zrf;rdvmjcif;jzpfonf/ tcsdKU (okdU) tm;vkH;tm; yifv,fxJodkU ypfig;tjzpfjyefvnf pGefYypf
onf/
Catch: txdtrd 1) a&,mOfwpfckukef;ywfay:wGif ig;t&Sifzrf;,ljcif; (okdU) ig;rsm;udkowfjzwfjcif; 2)
ig;rsm; udkU tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk ig;zrf;ydkufjzifhjidwG,fzrf;rdaeapjcif;/
Catch per unit of effort wpf,lepfig;txdtrd ig;zrf;ud&d,mwpf,lepfwGifzrf;qD;&rdaomig;pkpkaygif;
udkac:onf/ Oyrm- wpf,lepfig;txdtrdudk wpfenf;az:jy&mwGif wpfvwGif ig;rQm;wef;ig;rQm;csdwfwGifrd
aomig;ta&twGufjzifhvnf;az:jyEdkifonf/ odkUaomf wpf,lepfig;txdtrdonf ig;zrf;ud&d,mpD;yGm;a&;
tusKd;oufa&mufrIudkvnf;az:jy&mwGifvnf;tokH;jyKEdkifygonf/ okdUaomf omreftm;jzifh ayg<u,f0rInTef;
udef;tjzpfvnf;tokH;jyKEdkifygonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm wpf,lepfig;txdtrdwGiftcsKd;usajymif;vJrIonf ayg
<u,f0rIwGifvnf;wlnDpGmajymif;vJrnf[laomt,ltqjzpfonf/ trnft& wpf,lepfig;txdtrdonf
ig;vkyfief;wGif wpf,lepfig;txdtrdudkwdkif;wm&efjzpfonf/ rnfodkUqdkap? pD;yGm;a&;? yx0D0ifjzefUusufrI
tygt0iftaMumif;tcsufrsm;pGm&Sdaeygonf/ xdktcsufrsm;u wpf,lepfig;txdtrd udkxdcdkufapjyD;?
ayg<u,f0rIajymif;vJcsufrsm;udkrludk,fpm;rjyKEdkifyg/ xdkUaMumifh wpf,lepfig;txdtrdudk pm&if;ynmt&
pHjyKxm;aomenf;emjzpfjyD; ayg<u,f0rIESifhrqufEG,faom taMumif;&if;udkz,fxkwf&efjzpfygonf/ xdkUaMumifh
pHjyKowfrSwfxm;aom wpf,lepftxdtrd udktokH;jyKjcif;jzifh ayg<u,f0rItwGufydkrdkoifhawmf
onfudkawGUU&onf/ tuJjzwfrIpepfudktokH;jyK&ef pHnSdjcif; calibrate vkyf&ef odkUr[kwf tcsKdUtuJjzwf
okH;oyf&ef xkwfvkyfrItuJjzwfpepf? cefUrSef;OD;a&tuJjzwfpepf? wdkUjzpfonf/
Census: ig;vkyfief; ppfwrf;wpfckqkdonfrSm ppfwrf;wpfckjzpfjyD; 4if;wGif ppfwrf;,laom{&d,mrS
ajymif;vJrI wpfckpDwefzkd;ukd tm;vkH;aomtpD&ifcHonf,lepfrsm;xJrS ajymif;vJaomwefzdk;rsm;
rS&&SdcJUjcif;jzpfonf? 4if;wkdUonf ig;zrf;aomtdrfaxmifpkrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ig;vkyfief; census wpfck
t"du&nf&G,fcsufwpfckrSm wkdif;jynfig;vkyfief;zGJUpnf;ykH tao;pdwftrsdK;tpm;cGJ pDpOfjcif;ukd
axmufyHUay;&efjzpfonf/ 4if;onf tdrfaxmifpk wpfckpDtwGuf cefYrSef;csufrsm; axmufyHUay;onf?
xkddUaMumifY tao;i,fqkH;tkyfcsKyfrI? wkdif;jynfekdifiHa&; (okdU) pm&if;Z,m;tcGJrsm;? tdrfaxmifpk

187
rsm;pdwf0ifpm;rIt& tjcm;tkyfpkcGJrsm; (okdU)t&G,ftpm;t& trsdK;tpm; cGJjcm;jcif;rsm; ponfwkdYtwGuf
tcsuftvufrsm;pkaygif;ay;onf/
Data tcsuftvuf - tcsuftvufrsm;jzpfjyD; xkdt&monf wkdif;wmrIrsm; (okdU) avUvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm;
&vm'fjzpfonf/
Database: tusdK;taMumif;oifYavQmfpGmaygif;pyfzGJUpnf;xm;jcif;ESifY worwfwnf;&Sdaom tcsuftvuf ykHpH
wpfckjzpfjyD; 4if;onf okH;oyftuJjzwfjcif; twGuftokH;jyKEkdifonf/
Database management system (DBMS) Database pDrHcefUcGJrIpepf (DBMS): 4if;onf database
wpfcktwGuf tcsuftvufodrf;qnf;jcif;rsm;? xdrf;odrf;jcif;rsm;? ae&mowfrSwfjcif;xm;odkjcif;rsm;ESifY
jyef&,ljcif;rsm; twGuf vkyfief;okH;y&kd*&rfaqmzf0Jvf jzpfonf/
Data flow tcsuftvufpD;qif;rI - ukd,fpm;jyKaompGrf;aqmif&nfwpfckjzpfjyD;? tcsuftvufonf tzGJU
tpnf;twGif;rnfuJYokdUa&GUajymif;onf (okdY) jyKjyifxdef;odrf;onf? odkUr[kwf vkyfief;aqmif&Gufonf
udkjyoygonf/ txl;oauFwrsm;onf tcsuftvuf pD;qif;rI rwlnDaomykHpHrsm;tjzpf ukd,fpm;
jyKonf/
Data set tcsuftvuftpH?k tpkHvdkufaomtcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;ESifY yl;wGJyg pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;onf
t"du taMumif;t&mESifYqufEG,faeonf (wlnDaompepfwGif uGefjyLwmjzifYzwfEkdifaom zkdifrsm; wpfck
(okdU) wpfckxufykdaom zdkifrsm;yg0ifwwfonf/)/
Data validation tcsuftvuftwnfjyKjcif;: ppfaq;jcif;enf;vrf;tokH;jyKjyD; (tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m
enf;vrf;rS owif;tcsuftvufyg0ifonf) ,kHMunfpdwfcs&aomtcsuftvufrsm;tm; twnfjyKjcif;/
Fisher a&vkyfom;? ig;vkyfief;wGifyg0ifolwpfOD; (,cifutokH;jyKcJYaomtokH;tEIef; tm;a&G;cs,fygu
fisherman jzpfonf)/ ig;zrf;a&,mOf? platform (fixed or floating) (okdU) urf;ajcig;vkyfief;wGif
wpfpdwfwpfykdif; vkyfaqmifaomolwpfa,mufjzpfonf/
Fishery (ig;vkyfief;): ay;xm;aomt&if;tjrpfay:wGifig;zrf;jcif;/ vkyfaqmifrI tm;vkH;aygif; (okdUr[kwf)
yrmP (Oyrm- Hake ig;zrf;vkyfief; ykpGefzrf;vkyfief;/ trsdK;tpm; wpfrsdK;wnf;vkyfaqmifrI (okdU ) fishing
ykHpH ukd&nfnTef;onf (Oyrm- urf;ajcig;zrf;vkyfief; urf;qGJydkuf ig;zrf;vkyfief; or w&GwfqGJig;zrf;vkyfief;
(trawl fishery) onf wpfykdifwpfEkdif okdU^ESifY pufrI? pD;yGm;jzpf? 0rf;pmESifY tyef;ajzjcif;wkdUtwGuf
jzpfEkdifjcif;ESifY 4if;onfESpfpOf (okdU) &moDtvkdufjzpfEkdifonf/ ig;zrfqD;jcif;vkyfaqmifrItm; (wpfrsdK; (okdU)
wpfrdsK;xuf ykdjyD;a&mif;cs&ef okdavSmifxm;aomig;) xdrf;odrf;jcif;ESifYpDrHcefUcGJjcif; twGuf&nf&G,fonfU
,lepfuJYokdY vkyfaqmifEkdifjyD; 4if;tm; yx0Denf;? odyHÜenf;? enf;ynmykdif;qkdif&m? tyef;ajza&;ESifYqkdifaom?
vlrIa&; (okdU) pD;yGm;a&; vu©Pmrsm;? zrf;qD;jcif; enf;vrf; ponfwkdYtay:tajccHjyD; az:xkwf
owfrSwfEkdifonf/
Fishery-independent: ig;zrf;u@ owif;tcsuftvufvu©Pm (Oyrm- pkaqmif;xm;aom
abundance tnTef;) (okdU) vkyfaqmifrIwpfck&cJYjcif; (Oyrm-okawoejyK a&,mOfppfwrf;aumufjcif;)
(okdU) vGwfvyfpGmvkyfaqmifrIaqmif&Gufjcif;/ ig;vkyfief;ESifYqufEG,faeaom tcsuftvufqDokdU
bufvkdufrItm; a&Smif&ef&nf&G,fonf/

188
Fish stock: tkyfpktzGJUtpnf;^OD;a&rsm; twGif;rS ouf&Sdt&if;tjrpfrsm;udkac:onf/ 4if;wdkUtwGif;rS
ig;zrf;qD;jcif;tm;jzifh ouf&Sdrsm;udk xkwf,ljcif; jzpfygonf/ ig;xkxnf qdkonfh a0g[m&rSm tjcm;
owå0grsm;rS oD;oefUrsKd;pdwfwlowå0grsm;oD;oefUzGJUpnf; aexdkifaeMujyD; oD;oefUaexdkifaeMuaom ig;tkyfpk
rsm;udkac:onf/ Fishery resources udkMunfhyg/
Fishery management ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrI: owif;tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;? pdppfjcif;? pDrHudef;a&;
qGJjcif;?qkkH;jzwfcsufcsjcif;?t&if;tjrpfrsm;cGJa0jcif;?ig;vkyfief;qkdif&mOya'rsm;jyXef;jcif;ESifYtwnfjyKjcif;
ponfwkdY aygif;pnf;yg0ifaom ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrItcGifYtmPmjzifY ouf&Sdt&if;tjrpfrsm;xkwfvkyfrItm;
qufvuf wnf&Sdap&efig;vkyfief;wGifpdwf0ifpm;aom tzGJUtpnf;rsm; vuf&SdESifYtem*gwfvkyfaqmif
rIudkxdrf;csKyfonf/
Fishery resource txl;ojzifh Oya'jzifhwm;jrpfxm;aomouf&Sda&owå0grsm;rSvGJí a&wGif touf&Sif
aexdkifaoma& owå0gtkyfpkrsm;tm;vkH;udk ig;zrf;qD;jcif;jzifh&&SdEdkifaomowå0grsm; ESifh4if;wdkUig;xdkifrsm;udk
ac:onf/
Fishing okawoeoabFmjzifhodyÜHenf;usokawoejyKjcif;rSvGJí rnfonfhvkyfaqmifcsufrsKd;jzpfaom
atmufyg vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;jzpfaom zrf;qD;jcif;? xkwf,ljcif; (odkU) ig;az:jcif;? odkUr[kwf
tvm;wltvkyfrsm; udkyifv,fjyifwGif vkyfaqmifjcif;? odkUr[kwf zrf;qD;jcif;? xkwf,ljcif; (odkU)
ig;az:jcif;uJhodkU tusKd;arQmfumvkyfaqmifyguvnf; ig;zrf;qD;jcif;jzpfygonf/ (Modified from US
Department of Commerce, 1996)/
Fishing effort ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;/ 1) owfrSwftcsdefumvtwGif; ig;zrf;uGufwGif
ig;zrf;ud&d,mwpfrsKd;rsKd;udkokH;um ig;zrf;qD;jcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm- wpf&uftwGif; w&GwfqGJydkufzrf;qD;aom
em&Daygif;/ wpf&uftwGif; zrf;qD;aom ig;rQm;csdwfta&twGufaygif;/ wpf&uftwGif; urf;qGJydkufqGJaom
tMudrfta&twGuf/ 2) ig;zrf;qD;csdefpkpkaygif; (ykHrSeftm;jzifh owfrSwfcsdefwpf,lepfwGif zrf;qD;csdef)
az:jyavh&Sdonfh,lepfrSm ig;zrf;uGuf&SdavSarmif;&ufaygif;/ jrSKH;ta&twGufaygif; (odkUr[kwf) w&GwfqGJydkuf
ig;az:aomtMudrfta&twGuf (odkUr[kwf) arQmydkuft&Snf ESifh arQmydkufa&xnf;wGifcsxm;csdefpkpkaygif;
wdkUjzpfonf/ &dk;&dk;tm;xkwfrIonf owfrSwftcsdeftwGif;wGif ig;xkxnfay:wGiftm;pdkufxkwfygutm;
xkwfrIonfoufa&mufrIr&Sdyg/ ig;zrf;pGrf;tm;ESifh tusdK;oufa&mufrIwdkU jcm;em;csufudk rSefuefatmif
aqmif&GufcJhvsif owfrSwftqifhjzpfjyD; tusKd;oufa&mufrI&SdrnfjzpfjyD;? ig;zrf;qD;rIaMumifh aoqkH;ysufpD;rI
ESifhwdkuf&dkuftcsdK;usonfudkawGU&onf/ oD;oefUig;zrf;vkyfief;onf 4if;wdkUig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;ESifh qufEG,f
vsuf&Sdygonf/ tu,fíig;zrf;ud&d,mwpfckxufydkrdkokH;cJhvsif ESpfckrSydkrdkvdktyfaomig;zrf;ud&d,mudkpOf;pm;
&ygrnf/ ZD0A'ynm&Sifrsm;twGufqdkvQif ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;udkwdkif;wmaz:xkwfygu ig;zrf;jcif;
aMumifhaoqkH;rIESifhtcsKd;us&rnfjzpfjyD;/ pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SiftwGufrl ig;zrf;qD;&efukefuspm;&dwfESifh wdkuf&dkuf
tcsKd;us&rnfjzpfygonf/
Fishing industry ig;zrf;vkyfief; onf tyef;ajzig;zrf;qD;jcif;? rdrd0rf;pmtwGufESifh pD;yGm;a&;twGuf
ig;zrf;qD;jcif;? arG;jrLig;udkig;az:jcif;? ig;jyKjyifxkwfvkyfjcif;? ESifha&mif;0,fazgufum;jcif;wdkYudkqdkvdkygonf/

189
Fishing intensity: wpf,lepfig;zrf;{&d,mwGif xda&mufaomig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;udk ac:ygonf/
4if;on fig;zrf;qD;rIaMumifhaoqkH;EIef;ESifhtcsdK;usygonf/
Fishing mortality ig;zrf;qD;rIaMumifh ig;rsm;aoqkH;EIef;udkocsFmenf;t& az:jyjcif;jzpfonf/ Natural
mortality, Total mortality rate udkvnf;Munfh&ef/
Fishing vessel ykHrSeftm;jzifh ig;rsm;zrf;qD;&ef? odkUr[kwf ig;zrf;qD;a&,mOfrsm;tm;ulnDyHhydk;&eftwGuf
rnfonfh a&,mOf? oabFm? tjcm;a&,mOf? rsm;tm;pufypönf;rsm;wwfqifvkyfaqmifxm;aom
rnfonfha&,mOfudkrqdkac:ygonf/ þt"dyÜg,faz:jycsufonf ig;zrf;vkyfief;ESifhqufEG,faomrnfonfh
vIyf&Smaqmif&GufrIrsKd;udk taxmuftultwGufvnf;aumif;? wpfpD;csif;aomfvnf;aumif;? wpfpD;xufydk
aoma&,mOfrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; vkyfaqmifjcif;onftMuKH;0ifygonf/ xdkUjyif Oyrm- rdcifig;zrf;
oabFmay:wGif jyifqifjcif;? axmufyHhay;jcif;? odkavSmifxdef;odrf;ay;jcif;? tcef;wGifat;cJjcif;? vTJajymif;
ay;ydkUjcif;? jyKjyifxkwfvkyfjcif;wdkUudkvnf;uefUowfxm;jcif;r&Sdyg/
Flag state: EdkifiHawmfonf tvHawmftcsKyftcsmatmufwGif a&,mOf^oabFmrsm;udk rSwfykHwifxm;& rnf/
Fleet: wdusaom ig;o,HZmwudktokH;jyK&ef ig;zrf;avStkyfpkaomfvnf;aumif;? uGJjym;aomyHkpHjzifhvnf;
aumif; ig;zrf;vkyfief;aqmif&Gufaoma&,mOfrsm;udkac:onf/ Oyrm- qm'if;ig;zrf;aomavStkyfpkqdkvQif
tm;vkH;aomavSrsm;onf 0dkif;csKyfydkufavSrsm;jzpfrnf/ odkUr[kwf tylydkif;a'oig;vkyfief;jzpfaom ig;rsKd;pkH
zrf;qD;aom urf;ajcig;vkyfief;wGif ig;zrf;ydkufrsm;udk urf;ajcwGifaxmifxm;&rnfjzpfonf/
Frame survey: ig;csqdyfurf;rsm;pm&if;? ig;csaomae&mrsm;pm&if;? ig;zrf;avS trsKd;tpm;rsm;?ta&t
wGufrsm;ygaomtao;pdyfpm&if;? ig;zrf;ud&d,m ydkuftao;pdyfpm&if;? ig;zrf;xGufaomavSrsm;ig;zrf;qD;
rIxGuf&SdrIykHpH? ig;jzefUa0a&mif;csjcif;vrf;aMumif;rsm;? ig;jyKjyifxkwfvkyfjcif;ykHpHrsm;? aps;uGufwifjcif;ykHpHrsm;?
axmufyHhjznfhwif;aomvkyfief;t"duae&mrsm;ponfh t"duig;vkyfief;wpfckvkH;jyD;jynfhpkHaom az:jycsuf
rsm;&&Sdap&efaumuf,laomppfwrf;jzpfonf/
Gear ig;zrf;ud&d,m: ig;zrf;qD;&eftwGuf rnfonfhud&d,mrsKd; rqdk? Oyrm ig;rQm;csdwf? MudK;? usm;yg;pyfydkuf?
arQmydkuf? jrSKH;? ESifh rSdef;jzifhxdk;jcif;rsm; tm;vkH;udkqdkvdkonf/
Geographic information system (GIS): 'pf*spfw,fajrykHESifh erlemae&mrsm;yg0ifaom urÇmajrjyif
ay:&Sdae&ma'orsm;tm;udk,fpm;jyKonfhtcsuftvufrsm;udkodkavSmifxm;jyD;? jynfhpkHaomtcsuftvufrsm;
jzifhaz:jyay;Edkifaom ajrykHpepfwpfckjzpfonf/
Georeferenced data urÇmajrjyifay:&Sdwdusaomae&ma'orsm;ESifh qufoG,faeaom tcsuftvuf
rsm;jzpfonf/
Home port: rdcifqdyfurf;onf txufwGifaz:jyxm;aom tajcjyKqdyfurf; Base port ESifh
qufEG,faeygonf/ ig;zrf;avSrsm;ESifh ig;zrf;avSxGuf&SdrIudk erlemaumuf,ljcif;udk xdk rdcifqdyfurf;ESifh
tajcjyKqdyfurf;wdkUrSaumuf,ljcif;jzpfygonf/ wenf; txdtrd ESifh ig;rsKd;pdwfyg0ifrIEIef;? aps;EIef;ponf
wdkUonf ig;csqdyfrsm;wGif erlemaumuf,lcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/
Household tdrfaxmifpk: vlU,Ofaus;rIESifY pD;yGm;a&;pdppfcsuftwGuf tajccH,lepfwpfck jzpfonf/ 4if;wGif
vlom;tm;vkH;yg0ifjyD;? aqGrsdK;om;csif; (okdU) aqG;rsdK;rawmfolwkdUonf twlwuGaexkdif MujyD; 0ifaiG?

190
tokH;p&dwfrsm;ESifY aeUpOf0rf;pmwm0efrsm;ukdcGJa0Muonf/ household tajccHtcsufonf touf&Sif
aexkdifrItwGuf tjcm;aomvkdtyfcsufrsm; (okdU) tpm;tpmtwGuf olwkdUukd,fwkdif vlwpfODcsif;
(okdY)tkyfpkjzifYjyKvkyfonfY pDpOfrIrsm;tay:tajccHonf/ tdrfaxmifpkwpfckqdkonfrSm 1) a one-person
household^ wpfOD;wnf;tdrfaxmifpkwpfck qkdonfrSm ol^olr ukd,fykdiftpm (okdU) vkdtyfcsufrsm;tm;
multiperson household wpfckuJUokdU tjcm;aom olrsm;ESifYaygif;pnf;jcif;aexkdifjcif;r&SdyJESifY jyXmef;^
jyifqifpDrHxm;onf/ (okdU) 2) a multiperson household qdkonfrSm vlESpfa,muf (okdU) 4if;xufykdjyD;
twlaexkdifonfY tkyfpkwpfckjzpfjyD; olwkdUaexkdifrItwGufukd,fykdif tpm (okdU) vkdtyfcsufrsm;tm; bkHjyXmef;^
twljyifqifpDrHxm;jcif;jcifYjyKvkyfonf/ tkyfpktwGif;&Sd vlrsm;onf olwkdY0ifaiGtm; twl aygif;xmjcif;
ESifYtenf;trsm;yrmP&Sdaom bkHbwf*suf&Sdonf/ tdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf tdrfwpfvkH;xufykdjyD;
(okdU)wpfpdwfwpfykdif; ykdifqkdifonf? okdUaomfvnf; 4if;wdkUtm; campus^ 'ku©onfpcef;rsm;? abmf'gtdrfrsm;
(okdU) [kdw,frsm;? tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&myk*d¾KvfuJUokdUxlaxmifjcif; (okdU) tdrfajcrJY ponfwkdYjzifYaexkdifaeonfukd
awGUjrifEkdifonf/ (vacation or 'kwd,tdrfrsm;onf wpfvkH;xufydkaomtdrf,m,lepfukd ykdifqkdifxm;jcif;
rSjzpfvmaom tdrfaxmif pkrsm; (odkU) ZeD;wpfa,mufxufykdonfYor*¾rsm;ponf wkd;csJUrdom;pkrsm;
yg0ifonfU tdrfaxmifpkonf pm;p&m (odkU) oD;jcm;tdrfaxmifpkrsm;jzpfEkdifajc&SdrI ponfwkdYtm;
bkHOD;aqmifrIESifYtwl pkaygif;jyifqifjcif;jyKvkyfonf/ tdrfajcrJUtdrfaxmifpkrsm;qkdonfrSm 4if; tdrfaxmifpk
rsm;onf vlae&yfuGufrsm;wGif aexkdif&eftcGifYtvrf; r&SdonfUckdvIHp&mr&Sdaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;jzpfonf/
tdrfaxmifpkwpfckqkdonfrSm xkdvlrsm;onf ykHrSeftm;jzifY tjcm;tdrfaxmifpktzGJU0ifrsm;ESifY tjrJxm0&
aejcif;yg0ifaomfvnf; ta0;okdY.,m,DoGm;onf (wpfESpfxuf enf;&rnf) Oyrm- tcsdefjynfU
ausmif;om;rsm; (okdU) &moDtvkduf a&TUajymif;aeaomvkyfom;rsm;/
Household tdrfaxmifpk onfvlYtodkuft0ef;,Ofaus;rIESifh pDyGm;a&;ajctaeudk tuJjzwfokH;owf&mwGif
okH;pGJonfhtajccH,lepfjzpfonf/ rdrdaqGrsKd;awmfpyfol odkUr[kwf aqGrsKd;rawmfpyfolwdkUtwlwpfu,SOfwGJ
aexdkifMujyD;? 0ifaiGudka0rQokH;pGJMujyD;? aeUpOftokH;pm;&dwfrsm;udka0rQokH;pGJcJhMuvQif tdrfaxmifpk0ifjzpfonf/
tdrfaxmifpk[k az:jycsufonfwpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;jzpfap? rdom;pkvdkufjzpfap? tm;vkH;twGufjzpfap
tpmt[m&twGufyHhydk;ay;jcif;? tjcm;vdktyfaomt&mrsm;udkvnf;yHhydk;ay;jcif;ponfht"dyÜg,foufa&muf
ygonf/ tdrfaxmifpk onf (1) wpfOD;wnf;&Sdaomtdrfaxmifpk? vlwpfOD;onf4if;tpm;tpmrsm;ESifhvdktyf
csufrsm;udk tjcm;olwpfOD;wpfa,mufESifhyl;aygif;jcif;rjyKyJaomfvnf;aumif;? tdrfaxmifpk0iftrsm;yg0if
aomtdrfaxmifpkwpfpdyfwpfydkif;aomfvnf;aumif;? yl;aygif;jcif;r&SdyJ axmufyHhay;cJhvQif odkUr[kwf (2) rd
om;pktrsm;yg0ifaom ESpfOD;odkUr[kwf ESpfOD;xufydkrdkaomrdom;pkrsm;udk aexdkifpm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;udkyHhydk;
ay;jcif;/ odkUr[kwf vltrsm;yg0ifaomtkyfpkwGif 4if;wdkU0ifaiGrsm;udkpkaygif;um tenf;aomfvnf;aumif;?
trsm;aomfvnf;aumif; bkHydkifaiGtjzpfxm;&Sdonf/ 4if;wdkUonf aqGrsKd;aomfvnf;aumif;? aqGrsKd;rawmfpyf
bJaomfvnf;aumif;/ ESpfrsKd;vkH;aomfvnf;aumif;jzpfEdkifygonf/
tdrfaxmifpkonf wpfckvkH;aomfvnf;aumif;? wpfpdyfwpfydkif;aomfvnf;aumif;? wpftdrfxufydkíaomfvnf;
aumif;jzpfEdkifygonf/ odkUaomf xdktrsKd;tpm;udk pcef;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? abmf'gaqmifrsm;? a[mfw,f
rsm;wGifawGYEdkifonf odkUr[kwf tzGJUtpnf;rsm; tkyfcsKyfolrsm;? odkUr[kwf tdrfajc,majcrJhrsm;aomfvnf;
aumif;jzpfEdkifonf/ tdrfaxmifpkrsm;wGif tdrfaxmifuGJrsm;rS tdrfaxmifpktwGufpm;0wfaea&;udkwm0ef,l
jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;? tem;,ltyef;ajz&eftwGuf tdrfae&m,lepfwpfckxufydkrdkíaomfvnf;aumif;jzpf
ygonf/ tdrfajc,mrJhtdrfaxmifpkrsm;taeESifhcdkem;&mtdrfae&mr&dSonfh pkaygif;&dyfomrsm;vnf;jzpfEdkifonf/
tdrfaxmifpkwGif rdom;pkrsm;onftjrJtwlaexdkifavh&SdMuaomfvnf; tcsKdUrSm,m,Dta0;wGifa&mufaeMu
onfvnf;&Sdygonf/(wpfESpfxufrausmfaomumv)/ Oyrm- tcsdefjynfhwuúodkvfwufa&mufae&jcif;? (odkU)
&moDtvdkuftvkyfoGm;a&mufvkyfudkif&jcif;/

191
Index of abundance aygMuG,f0rIudef;onf ig;yrmPaygMuG,f0rIESifhqufEG,fonfhwdkif;wmrIjzpfonf/
Oyrm-tcsdefwpfqufwpfpyfwnf;&Sdaom wpf,lepftxdtrd tcsuftvufrsm;/
Indicator tnTef;udef;- onfajymif;vJEdkifaomudef;&Sifwpfck? nTefcsuf? odkUr[kwf udef;wpfck/4if;onf pepf
wpfck t"dutcsufwpfck ajymif;vJjzpfysufrIudkjyonf/ udk;um;rItrSwf reference point
ESifhqufEG,frIudkjyaom tnTef;udef; tajctaeESifhtvm;tvm odkUr[kwf pepfwpfck vuf&Sd
tajctaeESifh a&GUvsm;tm;udk nTefjyaom wefbdk;yrmPjzpfonf/ tnTefudef;onf t&m0w¬KESifh
4if;vIyf&Sm;rI udk aygif;ul;rIudkay;aom tnTef;udef;rsm;jzpfonf/( FAO. 1999 Indicators for sustainable
development of marine capture fisheries. FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries.8).
Information system tcsuftvufrsm;rS owif;rsm;odkUajymif;vJ&eftwGuf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;? vl ESifh
ypönf;ud&d,mrsm; wdkU tpkHvdkuf zGJUpnf;xm;ykH pepfwpfckjzpfonf/
Landing qdyfcHwHwm;? odkUr[kwf urf;ajcwGif ig;zrf;avSay:rScsvdkufaom zrf;qD;vmonfh ig;tav;csdef/
Landing price urf;uyfwefzdk;: ig;csqdyfurf;ae&m&Sd ig;ukefwufwefbdk;? jyKjyifpm;&dwfESifh o,f,l
ydkUaqmifpm;&dwfrsm;xnfhwGufxm;jcif;r&Sd/ arG;jrLa&;u@wGif (arG;jrLa&;uef*dwf0wGif&Sdwefzdk;) Farm gate
price ESifhwlygonf/
Landing site urf;uyfae&m^qdyfurf;ae&m: ig;zrf;avSrsm;4if;wdkUzrf;rdig;rsm;cs&mae&mudkac:onf/
urf;uyfae&monf rdrdwdkrdcifqdyfurf; odkUr[kwf tajcjyKig;csqdyf jzpfvsifjzpfrnf/ odkUr[kwf uGJjym;vsif
vnf;uGJjym;Edkifonf/ ig;zrf;avSESifhig;zrf;ud&d,mwdkU vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrIwdkUonf rdrdwdkUtajcjyKqdyf wGif
odkUr[kwf rdcifqdyfwGif erlemaumuf,lonf/ odkUwnf;r[kwfig;txdtrdESifh ig;rsKd;pdyfzGJUpnf;rI/ ESifh
wefbdk;wdkUudk ig;csqdyfrsm;wGifaumuf,lMuygonf/
Limit reference point (LRP) uefUowf&nfnTef;trSwf: ig;vkyfief;ESifY^okdUt&if;tjrpfwpfckonf
vkdtyfcsufukd rpOf;pm;xm;onfxufausmvGeffjyD; uefYowfxm;jcif;ukd&nfnTef;az:jyonf/ ig;vkyfief;
zGHUjzdK;rIonf xkdtajc taera&mufcif&yfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ LRP wpfckonftrSwfwrJY&&Sdvmygu pDrH
cefUcGJjcif;vkyfaqmifrIukd avQmUoifUonf (okdU) ig;vkyfief;zGHUjzdK;rItm;&yfoifYjyD; oifYavQmfí rSefuefaom
vkyfaqmifrIjyKvkyfoifYonf/ jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;wkdif;wmrIrsm; ajzavQmYjcif; (okdU) ig;vkyfief;onf
jyefvnfcGifhjyKjcif; rjyKvkyfrSD tenf;qkH; aom jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;&nfrSef;csuftrSwfa&muf&eftwGuf LPR
wGif stock jyefvnfjzpfwnfa&;tpDtpOf rsm;tm;pOf;pm;oifYonf/ Reference point, Target reference point.
Logbook rSwfwrf;pmtkyf: ig;zrf;qD;jcif;vkyfaqmifrItm; ig;zrf;olrsm;rS 4if;wkdYzrf;rdrI? rsdK;pdwfrsm;yg0ifrI?
oufqkdifolrsm;MudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI? zrf;aomae&mponfwkdYtm; rSwfwrf;jyKpm&if;oGif;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
ig;vkyfief;trsm;pkwGif jynfUpkHpGmrSwfwrf;wifxm;aom rSwfwrf;pmtkyfonf ig;zrf;vkdifpifwpfck
r&Sdrjzpfvkkdtyfaom vdktyfcsufwpfck jzpfonf/
Low-value fish (trash fish) wefzkd;enf;ig; odkUr[kwf aps;uGufr0ifaomig;rsm; urf;ruyfrSSDwGif
rsdK;pdwftrdsK;tpm; ra&G;xm;jcif;ESifY aps;uGufwefzkd;r&Sdaom (okdU) wefzdk;enf;aomig;jzpfonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh

192
w&GwfqGJig;zrf;oabFmrsm; a&maxG;zrf;rdig;rsm;omjzpfonf/ 4if;wdkUudk ig;arG;jrLa&; vkyfief;?
ig;rIefUxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;wGifvnf;aumif;? zGHYjzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGif vlwdkUpm;okH;&efvnf;aumif;tokH;
jyKMuygonf/
Major stratum: t"dutvTm? trsdK;rdsK;aomvlOD;a&tkyfpkrsm;wGifaz:jyonfU or&kd;usemrnfjzpfjyD; 4if;ukd
tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;aomtpDtpOfwGif&SdjyD;om;jzpfaMumif;ESifY w&m;0iftrdefUcsjyD;om;jzpfonf/ 4if;wkdU
onf tpD&ifcH&ef twGuf qif;oufvmaomcefYrSef;csufrsm;tm; pkaygif;xm;aom pHowfrSwfcsuf tqifYrsm;
jzpfonf/ cefYrSef;jcif; ukd omreftvTm wGifvkyfaqmifjyD; t"dutvTm tqifYwGif rvkyfaqmif yg/
Management objective pDrHcefUcGJrI&nf&G,fcsuf: w&m;0ifzGJUpnf;xm;aom? pDrHcefUcGJrIvrf;nTefcsuftwGuf
vIyf&Sm;wufMuGpGma&G;cs,faqmif&Gufxm;aomtenf;ESifhtrsm;OD;wnfcsuf&Sdonfh&nf&G,fcsufrsm;/ Oyrm-
ig;zrf;avSrsm; 40 &mcdkifEIef;avQmhcs&efvkyfaqmifcsuf odkUr[kwf a&vkyfom;wpfOD;csif; ,SOfjydKif0ifaiG
&&SdrIaocsmapjcif;/
Minor stratum: vlOD;a&wnf&SdaerIudk tvTmrsm;cGJum qifjcifí cGJjcrf;pdyfjzmumowfrSwfxm;aom
omreftvTm? wlnDaomtpktzGJUcGJtjzpf ppfwrf;pDpOfolu csrSwfxm;aom or&dk;us trnfwpfckjzpfjyD; vl
OD;a&cefUrSef;wGufcsufonf tcsuftvufrsm;wdusrIwdk;wufvmapa&;udkjzpfaponf/ cefUrSef;wGufcsuf
jcif; onf tjrJwrf; omreftvTmwGif cefUrSef;wGufcsufavh&Sdonf/
Monitoring apmifUMunfUppfaq;aejcif;: ajrtokH;csrI odkUr[kwf ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrIpDrHcsuf udkvkyfaqmif
&mwGif wdk;wufrIESifh atmifjrifrIudk tcsuftvufaumuf,lppfwrf;aumuf,l&mwGiftokH;jyKonf/
apmifMunfhtuJcwfjcif;onf rlvpDrHcsufudk jyefvnfjyifqifrGrf;rH&efvnf;aumif;? tem*gwfpDrHcsuftwGuf
tcsuftvufrsm;xyfrHpkaqmif;&efaomfvnf;aumif;tokH;jyKonf/
Nationality of catch oufqdkif&mEdkifiHtvHvTifhwifxm;aomHig;zrf;oabFm ig;zrf;qD;jcif;onf
udk,fpm;jyKEdkifiH zrf;qD;&rdig;rsm;[k awmifMuD;uJhodkhxif&Sm;pGmjyoaeouJhodkUjzpfonf/ xdknTefjycsufonf
atmufygpDpOfxm;csufrsm;jzpfay:vmygu EdkifiHtvHvTifhxm;aomoabFmESifh oufqdkif&mEdkifiHwdkUtMum;
ajz&Sif;aqmif&Guf&rnf/ 1) ig;zrf;a&,mOfonf tdrf&SifEdkifiHrSiSm;&rf;xm;jyD; vkyfudkifaqmif&GufcGifhjyKxm;
vQi odkUr[kwf 2) ig;zrf;oabFmonf ESpfEdkifiHzufpyfykHpHrsKd; tdrf&SifEdkifiHtwGufig;zrf;qD;jcif;? odkUr[kwf
tvm;wlykHpHrsKd;jzpfjcif;/ qefUusifzuftaejzifh zrf;rdig;rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;ig;zrf;oabFmrsm;odkUa&mif;csEdkifjcif;/
EdkifiHjcm;ig;csqdyfrsm;wGif ogm;a&mufig;csEdkifjcif;/ ESifh xdkig;zrf;oabFm ig;zrf;qD;jcif;onf oufqdkif&mwdkif;
jynfpD;yGm;a&;wGif cGJjcm;r&atmifwom;wnf;jzpfaejcif;/ tpdk;&wpf&yfonf tjcm;EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHESifhzuf
pyfykHpHrsKd;odkUr[kwf tjcm;ykHpHjzifh wjcm;EdkifiHqdyfurf;wGifukefcs&ef oabmwlnDcsufjyKvkyfcJhvQif odkUr[kwf
tjcm;EdkifiHoabFmwpfpif;pif;ay:odkUvTJajymif;ay;&efoabmwlcJhvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? ESifh tqdkygenf;
wpfenf;enf;jzifhaqmif&GufEdkifcJhvQif EdkifiHydkifqdkifrIoabmwlnDjcif;twGuf ig;txdtrdESifh ig;ukefcstcsuf
tvufrsm;udk oD;oefUoabmwlnDcsufjyKvkyf&rnf/
Nominal catch: tjriftxdtrd qdkonfrSm ig;csqdyfwGifcsvdkufaomig;rsm;pkpkaygif;tav;csdef
(ig;pdkpkpkaygif;tav;csdef? [kokH;EIH;onf) tjriftxdtrdwGif pm&if;rrSwfaompGefUypfig;rsm;ryg0ifyg?
xdkaMumifh trSefwu,fzrf;rdig;ESifh pOfpm;zG,f uGmjcm;rI&Sdaernfjzpfonf/

193
Observer rnfolrqdk axmufcHcsuf&&SdjyD; oif,lavhvmEdkifolrnfolrqdk pDrHcefUcGJrIatmufwGifcefYxm;í
jzpfap? wdkuf&dkuf odkUr[kwf uefx&dkufcsKyfqdkívnf;aumif;? wm0efay;Edkifonf/ (txl;ojzifh ig;zrf;avS
MuD;rsm;ay:wGifwufa&mufavh&Sdonf/ odkuaomfEdkifiHjcm;oabFmay:odkUwufcGifhr&Sd) avhvmolrsm;onf
ig;zrf;jcif;udk apmifhMunfhrSwfwrf;wif&efwm0ef&Sdygonf/ (Oyrm- ig;zrf;onfh{&d,m? ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyf
jzefUusufxm;onfhae&m? ig;zrf;ud&d,m0daoo? txdtrdESifh &rdrsKd;pdwfrsm;? pGefYypfig;rsm;? ponf/
xdkwm0efrsm;onf avhvmoltm;wm0efay;tyfxm;aomudpö&yfwGifrygEdkifyg/
Observer data avhvmolowif;rSwfom;csufonf ig;zrf;oabFmay:wGif vGwfvyfpGmavhvmolu
rSwfom;xm;aom tcsuftvufjzpfonf/
Performance vkyfaqmifrI:- rsm;aomtm;jzifY tusdK;&Sdxda&mufywfowfjcif;ESifYtwljynfUpkHjcif;? auseyf
pdwfcsrf;omrI? tvkyfvkyfjcif;/ vkyfaqmifrItnTef;onf &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifU &nfnTef;rSwf wdkU qufEG,f
aejcif;[k t"dyÜg,faumufjcif;jzpfonf/
Policy rl0g' qdkonfrSm: tpkd;&wpfck? vlwpfa,muf (odkU) tjcm;ygwDrS &rnfUvrf;aMumif;tjzpf
owfrSwfay;cJYjcif;jzifY jzpfonf/ rl0g'&nf&G,fcsufrsm;atmifjrif&eftokH;jyKcJYonfY enf;vrf;rsm; ESifY
rl0g'wnfjrJ&ef axmufyHUonfY enf;AsL[m rsm;wGifatmufygwkdYrStm;vkH; (okdU) tcsdKUyg0ifonf? 4if;wkdYrSm-
vlUtzGJUtpnf; enf;AsL[mrsm;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifYuGyfuJrIESifYxdrf;csKyfa&; enf;AsL[mrsm;? wkduf&kduftpkd;&yg0ifrIESifY
"vUxkH;wrf; pOfvmESifY tzGJUtpnf;tpDtpOfrsm;jzpfonf/ w&m;a&;ukdrl0g' enf;AsL[muJYokdY
tokH;jyKEkdifaomfvnf; w&m;a&;tuefUtowfrsm;ukd vdkufemjyXmef;ekdifonfYay:wGif rnfonfUrl0g'rsm;tm;
twnfjyKekdifonfU tajc taersm;wGifjzpfonf/ Oyrm-jynfe,fwpfck zGJUpnf;ykHtm;az:jy&mwGif
urf;ajconfjynfe,fvlrsdK;wkdYtarGtESpfjzpfonf (okdU) ajrykdifqkdifjcif;rS uif;vGwfrItwGuf avQmfaMu;
ay;jcif;twGuf vkdtyfcsuf jzpfonf [kaz:jyrnfqkdygu 4if;rl0g'ukd uefUowfvdrfUrnfjzpfjyD; aygif;pnf;
zGJUpnf xm;onfU urf;&kd;wef;a'o pDrHcefU cGJrItjzpf twnfjyKekdifygonf/
Precautionary approach: MudKwifumuG,frIjzifYcsOf;uyfjcif;: 1) MudKwifumuG,fonfY ed,mrtm;
taumiftxnfaz:&efwkdif;wmcsrSwfjcif;? 2) tem*wfudpö&yfrsm;wGifvkyfaqmif&rnfU tcsufrsm;
tygt0if ukefusp&dwfxda&mufaomtpDtrHrsm;ESifY vkyfaqmifrIrsm;tm;oabmwlnDrI - 4if;onf
a&SUtwGuf tajrSmftjrSif&SdpGm aocsmatmifvkyfjcif;jzpfjyD; t&if;tjrpf? ywf0ef;usifESifYvlwkdYtm;
jzpfekdifonfUtwkdif;twmtxd tEå&m,fukdavQmUusapEkdifjcif; (okdU) a&Smif&Sm; ekdifonfUtjyif
rSm;,Gif;pGmjzpfvmonfUtusdK;quftvm;tvmESifY raorcsmwnf&SdrIrsm;ukd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;apjcif;/
Reference point &nfnTef;rSwf: (1) cefYrSef;wefzkd;onf odyHÜenf;usvkyfxkH;vkyfenf;t&oabmwlrI wpfck
ESifY (okdUr[kwf) ig;o,HZmwESifh ig;vkyfief;wdkUtajctaeaz:jyonfh pepfykHpH wpfckrSjzpfvmcJUonf?
4if;onf ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJrItwGuf vrf;nTefrIwpfckuJUokdUokH;Ekdifonf/ &nfnTef;rSwf onf a,bl,s
qefEdkifonf/ (ig;o,HZmwtrsKd;rsKd;twGufokH;pGJEdkifonf) (okdUr[kwf) wdusaomig;rsKd;pdwfwpfrsKd;wnf;
twGufvnf;okH;Edkifonf/ (2) &nfnTef;rSwf wpfckonf wdusaom ig;vkyfief;trsKd;wpfrsKd;nTef;udef;tjzpf
vnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkUqE´tavsmuf &nfrSef;&nfnTef;rSwf udk&SmazG&efvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkUrvdktyfaom odkU
r[kwf uefUowf&nfnTef;rSwf udk&SmazG&efvnf;aumif;tokH;jyKonf/

194
Resources t&if;tjrpfrsm;: ZD0aA'qdkif&mt&if;tjzpfrsm;wGif rsKd;&dk;ADZt&if;tjrpfrsm;? ouf&Sdrsm;
odkUr[kwf 4if;wdkUtpdyftydkif;rsm;? oufqdkif&mowå0gwdkUOD;a&rsm;? odkUr[kwf vuf&SdwGif vlom;rsm;
twGuf wefzdk;&Sdaom a*[pepf tjcm;ouf&Sd t&mrsm;/
Responsible fisheries: tqkdyga,bl,stcsufwGif ywf0ef;usifESifUvkdufavQmnDaxGonfU ig;vkyfief;
t&if;tjrpf ukda&&SnfwnfwHU&ef oifYavQmfpGmtokH;csjcif;^ tjzpfjcKHjiHKrdjcif;? zrf;qD;jcif;ESifY arG;jrLa&;onf
vkyfief;rsm;onf a*[pepfrsm;? t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifU olwkdYt&nftaoG;tm; tEå&m,frjzpfapjcif;?
vkdtyfaom pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;twGuf ajymif;vJxkwfvkyfjcif;jzifY tqkdygxkwfukefukdk wefzdkf;jrSifYxkwfvkyfjcif;?
pD;yGm;jzpf jyKrljcif;onf t&nftaoG;aumif;aom xkwfukefrsm; (International Conference on Responsible
Fishing, Cancun, Mexico, 1992 ) tm; pm;okH;olokdYaxmufyHUay;&efjzpfjcif; ponfwkdY tusHK;0ifonf/
Round weight: onf jyKjyifxkwfvkyfrI ESifh udk,fwGif;t*Fgrsm;udkz,f&Sm;jcif;rjyKvkyfrD ig;wpfaumifvkH;
tav;csdefudkac:ygonf/
Sample design erlem,laomykHpH: erlemaumuf,lrnfh ppfwrf;wpfck erlemykHpH wpfckqkdonfrSm jzpfEdkif
ajc&Sdaom erlemrsm; udka&G;cs,fowfrSwf&ef enf;pepfrsm;jzpfjyD; a&G;cs,fxm;aomerlemrsm;rS ppfwrf;
ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sifrsm; cefUrSef;csufrsm;&&Sdap&efjzpfonf/
Spawning stock ig;xkxnfyrmPwGif ig;rsm;jyefvnfaygufyGm;Edkifaomt&G,fa&mufig;rsm;yrmP
tpdfyftydkif;/
Spawning stock biomass (SSB): rsdK;yGm;rItm;pkaqmif;onfUZD0xkxnf: tkyfpktwGif;vdifykdif;qkdif&m t&
t&G,fa&mufaomig;tm;vkH;aygif;tav;csdef (txD;rsm;ESifY trrsm; ESpfckvkH;)/ tqkdyg ta&twGufonf
ESpftvkduftrsdK;tpm;rsm;aygrsm;rI? exploitation ykHpH? MuD;xGm;EIef;? ig;zrf;jcif;ESifY obm0aoqkH;EIef;rsm;?
vdifykdif;qdkif&mt&G,fa&mufrIpwifjcif; ESifY ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m tajctaersm; ponftay:rlwnfonf/
Spawning stock biomass (SSB): ig;xkxnfyrmPta&twGuf(ig;xD;+ig;r)xJ&Sd vdift*FgzGHYjzdK;jyDaom
ig;pkpkaygif;tav;csdef/ þta&twGufonf ESpftvdkuftouft&G,ftwef;tvdkufaygMuG,f0rI? ig;
zrf;qD; xkwfvkyfrIenf;vrf;? MuD;xGm;EIef;? ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrI ESifh obm0tavsmufaoqkH;rIEIef;?
Species group rsdK;pdwfrsm;tkyfpk: rsKd;pdwfwlrsm;twlwuG&Sdonf[k,lqjyD;tkyfpkowfrSwfxm;csuf?
tb,faMumifhqdkvQif4if;wdkUonf tao;pdyfppfaq;rIrjyKyJ cGJjcm;&eftvGefcufcJaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
(tcsKdUtvGefwlaomrsKd;pdwf&Sdonf) odkYr[kwf rsKd;pdyftqifhrsKd;cGJ&ef tcsuftvuf r&Sdao;aomaMumifh
jzpfonf/ (Oyrm- ig;vkyfief;pm&if;tif; ESifh pD;yGm;jzpf trsKd;tpm;rsm;)/
Stakeholders qufEG,fyg0ifywfoufolrsm;? wpfOD;wpfa,mufpD tkyfpkMuD;rsm;? wpfOD;wpfa,muf
csif;trsm; tkyfpkrsm; (tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;? &kd;&mvlrItodkif;t0dkif;rsm;?
wuúokdvfrsm;? okawoetzGJUtpnf;rsm;? zGHUjzdK;a&;at*sifpDrsm;ESifYbPfrsm;? tvI&Sifrsm;ponfwkdYjzpfonf)
onf pdwf0ifpm;rItjctae ESifh &Sif;vif;csuf?(az:jycsufaomfvnf;aumif; vdkufemrIaomfvnf;aumif;)
vkyfudkifaeaompDrHudef;(odkU)4if;&nf&G,fcsuftay:oufa&mufrIjzpfvmjcif;/ xdcdkufrItiftm;jzpfvm
Edkifjcif;/ tdrfaxmifpktkyfpkrsm;onf oufqdkif&mtdrfaxmifpkrsm;? tpktzGJU? a'o? e,f? EdkifiH ESifh
tjynfjynfqdkif&mwdkUESifh wdkuf&dkufaomf vnf;aumif;? oG,f0dkufívnf;aumif; e,fy,f qufEG,frI&Sdonf/

195
State of the stock: ig;xkxnfwpfcktajctaeudkaaz:jyjcif;jzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H ig;zrf;qD;rItvGef
tusGHra&mufao;aomtajctae/ tm;ig;qD;rIrsm;jym;aeonfhtajctae? tjynfht0ig;zrf;qD;rIa&mufae
onfhtajctae/ tvGeftusGHig;zrf;qD;cHae&rItajctae/ o,HZmwjyKef;wD;onfhtqifhtajctae/
rsKd;okOf;oGm;onfhtajctae/ pD;yGm;a&;t& rsKd;okOf;aysmufuG,fonfhtajctaewdkUjzpfMuygonf/
Stock ig;yrmP: 1) oDtdk&Dt& ig;yrmPwpf,lwGif wlnDaomrsKd;yGm;rIvkyfief;pOftpdyftydkif;jzpfjyD;?
tm;vkH;aomig;wpfaumifjcif;yg0ifaomig;rsm;udkqdkvdkonf/ ig;wpfaumifjcif;yg0ifjyD; ig;yrmPxJrS
vkH;00ifxGufoGm;vmjcif;r&Sd? odkUr[kwf 0ifvmjcif; jyefvnfxGufcGmoGm;jcif;wdkUjzpfay:onf/ vufawGU
tajctaewGif ig;yrmP,lepfonf pDrHcefUcGJrItwGufqdkvQif? pDrHcefUcGJrI,lepfonf tuJjzwfjcif;ESifh pDrHcefU
cGJrIwdkUudk ig;yrmP,lepftay:wGif rnfodkUjyKvkyf&rnfudk teD;pyfqkH;&&SdEdkifrnf/ 2) rsKd;pdwfrsm;
wpfaumifcsif;vdkuftkyfpkrsm;wGif rsKd;pdwfwl tjcm;vGwfvyfaom ig;yrmPwGif aumif;pGmowfrSwfxm;
aom ae&mtuGmta0;wGifaexdkifMuonf/ &moDOwkaMumifhaomfvnf;aumif;? rdwfvdkuf&efvIyf&Sm;aqmif
&GufrIjzpfay:rIaMumifhvnf;aumif; usbrf;ae&mtESHUusJjyefUrIaomfvnf;aumif;? wdkuf&dkufa&GUvsm;ajymif;a&GU
rIrsm;udk jzpfay:aponf/ xdktkyfpkwdkUonf pDrHcefUcGJrIESifh tuJjzwf&eftwGufoDjcm;&yfwnfaeonf/ rsKd;pdwf
wpfckwnf;aomig;yrmP (Oyrm awmifydkif; a&,uffjym wlem) tjcm; tkyfpktrsm;ygaomig;yrmP (Oyrm-
ypdzdwfork'´&mwGif&Sd t,fbmudkwlemig;tkyfpkwGif ajrmufydkif;ESifhawmifydkif;rS ig;tkyfpkrsm;yg0if ygonf)/
ig;rsKd;pdyfwpfrsKd;udkzrf;qD;rI qdk;usKd;udk ig;tkyfpkyrmPwnfaqmufykHudkem;vnfoabmraygufyg
upOf;pm;qifjcifqkH;jzwfEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/
Stock assessment ig;tkyfpkyrmPudktuJjzwfjcif;? ig;tkyfpkyrmPtem*gwftvm;tvmESifh
ig;yrmPaygMuG,f0rIwdkUudkMudKwifa[mudef;xkwf&ef? ig;yrmPrnfrQMum&Snfzrf;qD;Edkifrnf? ig;zrf;qD;rI
aMumifhwkHYjyefrIjzpfaom ig;vkyfief;o,HZmwaygMuG,f0rItajymif;tvJudk tuJjzwf&ef ZD0qdkif&mESifhpm&if;
tif;qdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;udkaumuf,ljcif;? pdppftuJjzwfokH;oyfwGufcsufjcif;vkyfief;pOfudk ac:yg onf/
Straddling stock oD;oefUpDyGm;a&;ZkH (EEZ) twGif;wGif (odkU) tjyifwGif (odkU) qufpyfaeonfh a&jyifwGif
ul;vl;oGm;vmaeonfh ig;xkxnfyrmP udkac:onf/ (Article 63(2) of UNCLOS).
Subsistence fishery zrf;qD;rdaomig;rsm;udk Mum;cH0,f,lolrsm;rSwpfqifh aps;MuD;rsm;wGifjyefvnf
ra&mif;cs&efr[kwfbJ a&vkyfom;rdom;pk wdkuf&dkufpm;okH;&efvkyfaqmifaom ig;zrf;jcif;udkac:ygonf/
Survey design jcKHikHaomppfwrf;wpfckaumuf,l&mwGif t"dyÜg,faz:jycsufESifh zGJUpnf;ykHenf;emESifhvrf;pOf
wdkUudkjzpfEdkifajctajctaersm;ay:rlwnfía&;qGJxm;aomppfwrf;aumuf,lrnfhykHpH/ erlemaumuf,lrnfh ykHpH?
a&G;cs,frIESifh pm&if;aumuf,lrnfholrsm;udk oifwef;ay;jcif;/ pDrHcefUcGJrIwGifyg0ifywfoufonfh0efxrf; rsm;?
ppfwrf;aumuf,lonfhtcsuftvufvufcHrsm;? ar;jref;rnfhar;cGef;rsm; ESifh ykHpHrsm;/ tcsuftvuf
aumuf,lrnfhenf;vrf;pOf? wGufcsufrIESifh okH;oyftuJjzwfjcif;wdkUyg0ifonf/
Sustainable use ZD0rsKd;pkHrsKd;uGJwdkUudktokH;jyK&mwGif ig;zrf;qD;rIEIef;onf a&&SnfjyKefwD;rIEIef;udkOD;rwnfap
bJ? aemiftem*gwftwGuf vdktyfaom &du©mvdktyfcsuftwGuf tvm;tvm&SdpGrf;&nfwdkUudk a&&Snf xdef;
odrf;Edkifaomxkwf,lokH;pGJrIudkjzpfapjcif;/
Sustainable yield a&&SnfwnfwUHaomtxGufEIef;/ ig;zrf;qD;jcif;jzifh ig;aumifa& odkUr[kwf ig;tav;csdef
ig;yrmPxkxnf wpfckudk rlvig;yrmPrS rlvig;yrmPravsmhyg;apyJ ESpfpOfykHrSefxkwf,l EdkifaomyrmP
udkac:onf/ odkU&mwGif ywf0ef;usiftajctaeonfvnf;,ciftajctaetwdkif;rysufr ,Gif;,ciftwdkif;

196
wnf&Sd ae&rnf/ a&&SnfwnfwUHaomtxGufEIef;onf tvGefenf;yg;aomig;zrf;qD;rItajc taerS vnf;
aumif;? tvGeftuRHig;zrf;qD;jcif;cH&aomtajctaerSvnf;aumif;? tvGefjrifhrm;aom ig;zrf;qD;jcif;
wdkUrSvnf;aumif;? uif;vGwfaomxkwfvkyfrIudkaqmif&GufEdkifygonf/ vufawGUwGif ywf0ef;usiftajctae
rwnfjidrfrI aMumifh xdkuJhodkUaomig;zrf;qD;rItajctaeudk&&Sdatmifjrif&ef xdef;odrf; &ef cufcJygonf/
Target species &nf&G,fxm;aomrsdK;pdwfrsm;/ oD;oefUig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm;wGif t"dutm;jzifhig;zrf;orm;
rsm;uom OD;wnf&nfrSef;ig;rsKd;pdwfrsm;udka&G;cs,fMuavh&Sdygonf/ ig;vkyfief;wGifwdkuf&dkufig;zrf;qD;
xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;udkawGUEdkifonf/ odkU&mwGif t"du&nfrSef;ig;rsKd;pdwfESifh 'kwd,&nfrSef;ig;rsKd;pdwfvnf;&SdEdkif
ygonf
Transshipment ukefrsm;vTJajymif;wifykdUjcif;/ ig;zrf;oabFmwpfpif;rS tjcm;ig;zrf;oabFmwpfpif;odkU rdrd
zrf;rdig;rsm;udkvTJajymif;ay;jcif;jzpfpOfudkac:ygonf/ odkUr[kwfig;o,f&efokH;aomukefwifa&,mOfay:odkU
vTJajymif;jcif;vnf;tusKH;0ifygonf/
Variable ajymif;vJrIudef;&Sif t&m&mwGifajymif;vJEdkifaomudef;&Sifrsm;udkac:onf/ ta&twGufwpfck onf
ajymif;vJrIrsm;jzpfrnf odkUr[kwf ajymif;vJvdrfhrnf/ rnfonfhwefzdk;rqdkjzpfEdkifaom ocsFmenf;t& az:jycsuf
wpfckjzpfonf/ (Compton's Encylopedia, 1995).
Vessel monitoring system VMS a&,mOfapmifYMunfYrIpepf: a&,mOfapmifYMunfYrIpepfonf VMS pepf
wGifyg0ifaqmif&Gufaeaomig;zrf;oabFmrsm; wnfae&mudk wduspGm axmufvSef;apmifhMunfhEdkifaom
at*sifpDtzGJUtpnf;udk axmufyHhay;aompepfjzpfygonf/
Yield txGufEIef; onf ig;txdtrdtav;csdefjzpfonf/ txGufEIef;onf wpfcgwpf&H tjyeftvSef zvS,f
okH;Edkifonf/

197
aemufqufwGJ(1)
ig;vkyfief;qdkif&mpm&if;tif; ñSdEIdif;aqmif&Gufa&;tzGJU (CWP)- ig;zrf;a&,mOf^avStrsKd;tpm;rsm;
oauFw ig;zrf;a&,mOf^avSrsm;
01.00 qGJydkufa&,mOfrsm;
Factory Trawlers
Freezer Trawlers
Wet-Fish Trawlers
Outngger Trawlers
Beam Trawlers
Trawlers nei
02.00 0dkif;csKyfydkufa&,mOfrsm;
Tuna Purse Seiners
Purse seiners nei
03.00 tjcm;ydkufoHk;onfha&,mOfrsm;
Seine Netters
Seiners nei
04.00 Gill Net oHk;a&,mOfrsm;
05.00 axmifacsmufcszrf;onfha&,mOfrsm;
Pot vessels
Trap setters nei
06.00 ig;rQm;wef;jzifh zrf;onfha&,mOfrsm;
Freezerr Long Liners
FFactory Long Liners
Wet-fish Long Liners
Long Liners rei
07.00 tjcm;wef;cszrf;onfha&,mOfrsm;
Jigging Line vessels
Hand Liners
Pole and Line Vessels
Trolers
Liners nei
08.00 bufpHkoHk;ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;
Trawlers Purse seiners

198
Multi Purpose vessels nei
09.10 DREDGERS
9.00 tjcm;ig;zrf;a&,mOfrsm;
Lift Netters
Lift Net Using Board Operated Net
Lift Netters Nei
Vessels using pump for fishing
Platforms for mollusk culture
Recreational fishing vessels
Fishing vessels nei
rSwfcsuf/ /txufazmfjyygpm&if;onf ig;zrf;a&,mOf^avStrsKd;tpm;rsm;tm; rSefuefpGm cGJjcm;
owfrSwfEdkif&eftwGuf rSwfwrf;wifxm;&Sd&rnfh tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;tm; taxmuftuljyK&ef
jyKpkxm;jcif; jzpfonf/

199
aemufqufwGJ(2)
ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsKd;tpm;tvdkuf owfrSwfxm;aom pm&if;tif;qdkif&m
EkdifiHwum pHowfrSwfcsufrsm; (ISS CFG)
ISSCFG tm; jyifqif&eftwGuf tqdkjyKcsufrlMurf;
2010 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv (21)&uf
ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsKd;tpm;
pHowfrSwfxm;aom
twdkaumuftrnfrsm;
ISSCFG
oauFw
(topf) (vuf&Sd)
0dkif;ydkufrsm; 01 01.0.0
0dkif;csKyfydkufrsm; PS 01.1 01.1.0
0dkif;ydkufrsm; (Purse line ryg) LA 01.2 01.2.0
0dkif;ydkufrsm; SUX 01.9
qGJydkufrsm; 02 02.00
aomifqGJydkufrsm; SB 02.1 02.1.0
avSjzifhqGJonfhydkufrsm; SV 02.2 02.2.0
qGJydkufrsm; 03 03.0.0
oabFmjzifhqGJonfhydkufrsm; 03 03.0.0
a&atmufMurf;jyifqGJonfhydkufrsm; TB 03.19 03.1.3
a&v,fqGJydkufrsm; TM 03.29 03.2.9
a&rsufESmjyifteD;qGJydkufrsm; TSB 03.3
qGJydkufrsm; TX 03.9 03.9.0
a&jyifay:odkY pkyf,lqGJ,l zrf;qD;onfhud&d,mrsm;
Towed dredges DRB 04.1 04.1.0
Hand dredges DRH 04.2 04.2.0
Mechanized dredges DRM 04.3
Dredges (nei) DRX 04.9
a&ay:odkYqGJronfhydkufrsm; 05 05.0.0
a&TUajymif;í&onfhqGJr&onfhydkufrsm; 05.1 05.1.0
avSjzifhqGJr&onfhydkufrsm; LNB 05.2 05.2.0
a&ay:odkYqGJr&onfhydkufrsm; LN 05.9 05.9.0
ypfcs zrf;onfhig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm; 06 06.0.0
vufypfuGefrsm; FCN 06.1 06.1.0
ypfcszrf;onfhig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm; FG 06.9 06.9.0
ydkufrsm; 07 07.0.0
wm;ydkufrsm; GNS 07.1 07.1.0
arQmydkufrsm; GND 07.2 07.2.0
oHk;xyfydkufrsm; GTR 07.5 07.5.0

200
ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsKd;tpm;
pHowfrSwfxm;aom
twdkaumuftrnfrsm;
ISSCFG
oauFw
(topf) (vuf&Sd)
axmifacsmufqifzrf;qD;onfhud&d,mrsm; 08 08.0.0
ydkufjrif;0ef;? a&Sm FPN 08.1 08.1.0
tdk;jzifhzrf;qD;jzifh FPO 08.2 08.2.0
NyTefyHkpHjyKvkyfxm;aomydkufrsm; FYK 08.3 08.3.0
usm;ydkufrsm; FSN 08.4 08.4.0
twm;tqD;rsm;? ,if;umzrf;? ydkufb0ef; SWR 08.6 08.6.0
axmifacsmufrsm; FIX 08.9 08.9.0
ig;rQm;csdwfrsm;ESifhig;rQm;wef;rsm; 09 09.0.0
wae&mwGifaxmifzrf;onfhig;rQm;wef;rsm; LLS 09.31
arQmxm;onfhig;rQm;wef;rsm; LLD 09.32
ig;rQm;wef;rsm; LL 09.39
axmifvdkufwef;rsm; LVT 09.4 09.4.0
ig;rQm;csdwfrsm;ESifhig;rQm;wef;rsm; LX 09.9 09.9.0
ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsKd;rsKd; 10 10.0.0
rSdef;^vSHjzifhzrf;jcif; HAR 10.1 10.1.0
vQyfppfjzifh ig;zrf;jcif; MEL 10.4 10.4.0
&ifwGef;ydkufrsm; MPN 10.5 10.5.0
cyfa*: MSP 10.6 10.6.0
a&ikwfzrf;qD;jcif; MDV 10.8 10.8.0
trnfrodig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm; 99
trnfrodig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm; NK 99.9 99.9.0

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INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE IN FISHERIES STATISTICS AND DATA COLLECTION in Burmese.pdf