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Interwar notes
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- 2. End of WorldWar I Treaty of Versailles: 1. Made Germany pay for the war 2. Limited the German military (100,000 troops) 3. Germany lost land
- 3. German Reparations ● Totaled33 billion dollars ● Germany paid for one year, then quit ● Germany suffered inflation (4.2 trillion marks equaled 1 U.S. dollar)
- 4. Great Depression Depression- Aperiod of low economic activity and rising unemployment ● U.S. stock market crashed (prices dropped dramatically) ● Worldwide unemployment (25% in Britain, 30% in Germany) ● Heavy government involvement in economies worldwide Deficit Spending- When a government pays out more money that it takes in through taxation and other revenues, thus going into debt
- 9. U.S. New Deal ●President Franklin D. Roosevelt ● Increased government programs ● Created the Works Progress Administration (WPA)...this program employed 3 million people who built bridges, roads, post offices, and airports ● Created Social Security in 1935
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- 11. Totalitarian State A governmentthat aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens
- 12. Fascism Political philosophy thatglorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler
- 13. Totalitarian Rulers ● BenitoMussolini- Italy ● Joseph Stalin- USSR (formerly Russia) ● Adolf Hitler- Germany
- 17. Russia transforms intothe USSR ● Russia renamed in 1922 to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) ● Joseph Stalin takes over in 1926 ● Stalin’s Five Year Plan (set economic goals for a period of five years) ● Collectivization- A system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government
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- 19. Adolf Hitler ● Bornin Austria in 1889 ● Wanted to become an artist, but was rejected by the academy in Vienna ● Served in WWI on the Western Front ● Joined the German Workers’ Party in 1919 ● Took control of the party and renamed it the National Socialist German Workers’ Party ( NAZI party for short)
- 21. Hitler Continued ● Helpedstage an uprising against the government in 1923. The revolt failed, and he was imprisoned ● While in prison, he wrote Mein Kampf (my struggle) which was an account of his political ideology ● In the book, Hitler discusses his anti-semitism (hatred of Jews) and the idea of a superior race
- 22. Nazis take Power ●By 1929, the party had 800,000 members ● The Nazis, with Hitler as its leader, took over the government by elections ● The Party took over in 1933 and quickly abolished all other parties ● By 1934, Hitler had firmly established himself as the Fuhrer or “leader” ● The Nazis purged all elements of democracy and began to set up prison camps (concentration camps) for Jews and anyone else who opposed them
- 23. The Nazi State ●Nazis wanted to establish an Aryan state of pure race (white, non-Jew) ● Mass demonstrations and speeches designed to influence the population ● Used terror to assert control by establishing the SS ● SS kept order and ensured party loyalty through murder and prison camps
- 25. Nazi Economy ● Hitlerused public works projects and grants to get people back to work ● A massive rearmament program helped solve the unemployment problem as unemployment went from 5 million in 1932 to 500,000 in 1937 ● The Nazis took full credit for turning the economy around ● The improving economy was an important factor in leading many Germans to accept Nazi rule
- 26. Anti-Semitic Policies ● Jewswere stripped of their citizenship ● They were required to wear a yellow Star of David to identify themselves ● The oppression of Jews grew worse over time
- 29. Anti-Semitic Policies Continued... ●November 9, 1938…(Night of Shattered Glass) The Nazis burned synagogues and destroyed 7,000 Jewish businesses ● Thousands were arrested and sent to concentration camps ● Jews were no longer allowed to own, manage, or work in retail stores ● Jews were encouraged to leave the country, and the lucky ones did just that