Introduction of Structural Audit and Health Montoring.pptx
- 1. Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon (An Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune) Subject: Structural Audit and Health Monitoring Presented By, Dr. Sachin M. Gunjal (Assistant Professor) Department of Structural Engineering Email- [email protected] 1
- 2. Syllabus Unit 1: Structural Health Introduction to Structural Audit - Introduction, Objectives, Bye- laws, Importance, Various Stages involved, Visual inspection: scope, coverage, limitations, Factors to be keenly observed. Investigation Management, Aspects of audit of Masonry buildings, RC frame buildings, Steel Structures
- 3. What is a structural audit? The meaning of ‘structural audit’ is an examination of the overall health of a building to ensure that it is safe, risk- free and habitable. The purpose of a structural audit is to correctly identify parts or sections of a building that may be in need of immediate repair, renovation or replacement. Structural audits are performed by licensed consultants who have the required expertise in civil construction and are empanelled with the government authorities. A structural audit is government mandated. For buildings that are between 15 to 30 years old, the statutory requirement is to conduct a structural audit once in 5 years. For buildings over 30 years, a structural audit must be conducted once every 3 years. The said durations begin from the date the completion certificate/occupation certificate was issued or since at least 50% of the occupation of the built-up area, whichever comes first. Structural Audit is an overall health and performance checkup of a building by an experienced and licensed structural consultant to ensure that the building and its premises are safe and have no risk. It analyses and suggests appropriate repairs and retrofitting measures required for the buildings to perform better in its service life.
- 4. Purpose of structural audit To enhance the overall lifecycle of the building, its components need to be periodically examined so that there is no danger to its inhabitants. Areas in need of crucial repairs need to be identified to employ corrective measures so that the day-to-day life of the residents is not inconvenienced on account of unexpected leakages or breakages. In the probable scenario that the builder has cut corners and left any sections of a building prone to collapse or faster dilapidation, a structural audit is your best bet to avert any disasters Even if the building is relatively sound in its basic framework, it is likely that during a preceding repair or renovation, less than ideal quality materials were used that have led to further damage or leakage. In cases where continuous neglect from the stakeholders persists, it may happen that a massive redevelopment project needs to be undertaken, costing the residents exorbitant amount of money. A structural audit is a highly recommended preventive measure to avoid any calamitous eventualities altogether.
- 5. Purpose of structural audit To understand the present condition of the Buildings. To Identify the Critical areas of Buildings and to rectify it. To ensure the safety of Human Life and Buildings. To suggest necessary Repairs and modifications in the buildings. To improve the lifespan and efficiency of Buildings. It helps to prevent any sudden collapse or disaster.
- 6. Objectives of Structural Audit To save human life and buildings To understand the condition of building To find critical areas to repair immediately To comply with statutory requirements To enhance life cycle of building by suggesting preventive and corrective measures like repairs and retrofitting
- 7. Types of Audit •Statutory audit •Structural audit •Safety audit •Budgetary audit
- 10. Safety audit a systematic review to analyze the risks and hazards in the workplace and evaluate the effectiveness and reliability of the safety procedures set up in the organization. Budgetary audit A budget audit examines whether the budgeting process is operating effectively.
- 11. Need of Structural Audit of Building As per clause No.77 of revised Bye- Laws of Cooperative Housing Societies: “The Society shall cause the ‘Structural Audit’ of the building as follows: • For building aging between 15 to 30 years once in 5 years • For building aging above 30 years Once in 3 years
- 12. Various Stages Involved in structural Audit 1. Preliminary Assessment: Initial evaluation to identify obvious defects and plan detailed inspection. 2. Detailed Inspection: Thorough examination using visual inspection and non-destructive testing methods. 3. Data Collection: Gathering relevant data such as design documents, construction history, and previous audit reports. 4. Analysis and Evaluation: Assessing collected data to identify issues and determine the structural health. 5. Reporting: Documenting findings, conclusions, and recommendations for repair and maintenance. 6. Implementation of Recommendations: Carrying out suggested repairs and maintenance works. 7. Follow-up Audits: Periodic re-evaluation to ensure the effectiveness of remedial measures.
- 13. Need of visual inspection • Identify visible signs of distress or damage. • Assess the condition of structural elements. • Determine the immediate safety of the structure. • To recognize the types of structural defects • To identify any signs of material deterioration • To identify any signs of structural distress and deformation • To identify any alteration and addition in the structure, misuse which may result in overloading.
- 14. Scope of visual inspection • General information of the building • Structural System of the building • Addition or Alteration in the building • Dampness and Leakages Coverage of SAHM Exterior and interior surfaces. Structural elements such as beams, columns, slabs, and walls. Non-structural elements that may affect the structural health (e.g., cladding, windows).
- 15. Limitations of SAHM •Cannot detect hidden or internal defects. •Relies heavily on the expertise of the inspector. •May require supplementary methods for a comprehensive assessment. Factors to be Keenly Observed: • Cracks (location, size, pattern). • Deformations or displacements. • Corrosion of steel reinforcement. • Spalling of concrete. • Moisture ingress or water damage. • Signs of foundation settlement.
- 16. • . Factors to be Keenly Observed
- 18. Investigation Management • Planning and organizing the inspection process. • Assigning qualified personnel for different tasks. • Ensuring all necessary equipment and tools are available. • Maintaining clear communication among team members. • Documenting all findings and actions taken.
- 19. Aspects of Audit for Different Types of Buildings Masonry Buildings: • Check for cracks and bulges in walls. • Assess the condition of mortar joints. • Look for signs of dampness and water damage. • Evaluate the integrity of load-bearing walls. RC Frame Buildings: • Inspect for cracks in beams, columns, and slabs. • Check for corrosion of reinforcement bars. • Assess the concrete quality and presence of spalling. • Evaluate the connections between different structural elements Steel Structures: • Look for signs of corrosion and rust. • Check for deformations and misalignments. • Assess the condition of welds and bolted connections. • Evaluate the structural integrity of joints and connections.
- 20. Structural Audit Inspection Checklist for Buildings This checklist is meant to be used as a guide when assessing older structures. The checklist is general in nature and can be customized to match individual instances because all buildings are different. It can be used to perform annual building inspections or to inspect a property before buying it. Roof: The roof is usually the first line of defence against water infiltration, so it requires regular repair. On older structures, the following roofing materials can be found. They are arranged in order of increasing durability, with the most durable at the top. Slate ,Copper Tile ,Terne Steel*,Wood Shakes ,Wood Shingles, Galvanized Steel, Tar & Gravel, Asphalt Shingles, Asphalt Roll Roofing • Terne is an alloy coating that was historically made of lead and tin used to cover steel, the ratio of 20% tin and 80% lead.
- 21. Pitched Roof: commonly shakes or shingles. Wood shakes or Shingles - are shingles missing or curling on the edges? Asphalt Shingles - are shingles missing, curling on the edges or losing mineral coating (granules)? Gutters: an essential part of protecting building walls and foundations from damage. Are there loose, rotted or missing gutters or downspouts? Are gutters clean and free-flowing? Cornice (eaves): Is paint peeling or blistering, especially on the underside? Are there too many layers of shingles? Consult with local building inspector if uncertain if over roofing is allowable. Flat Roof: commonly tar & gravel or asphalt roll roofing. Are there bubbles, blisters, or cracks in the membrane? - The roofing membrane should be tight to the deck and not move under foot.
- 22. Metal Flashing: Is there loose, missing, or rusted sheet metal flashing at chimneys, valleys, ridges, parapet walls, roof penetrations or other roof terminations? Structure: Does the ridge of a pitched roof or any portion of a flat roof sag? - Some permanent deflection is normal, but excessive or progressive deflection should be checked by a structural engineer. Are any of the exposed roof rafter split, cracked or broken? Does the roof or floors visibly sag or slope? Are bricks, stone or mortar cracked or missing at chimneys or parapets? Are there cracks in the interior walls or exterior façade around doors and windows or in long stretches of walls?
- 23. Exterior Walls: Is the paint peeling, blistering or cracking (alligatoring)? Is the wall out of plumb, unlevel or are there bulges? Is wood trim sound, firmly attached and painted? Are there open joints around door and window frames or woodwork? Masonry Walls including Adobe: Are there any major cracks in the masonry? - Hairline and horizontal cracks usually do not represent a problem. Vertical cracks through masonry units and mortar joints or diagonal cracks signal problems and should be checked by a structural engineer. Are any masonry units missing, loose or deteriorating? Is the mortar soft and crumbling? Adobe is a very fragile material that is difficult to maintain. Consult with an experienced architect or contractor prior to undertaking repairs or improvements.
- 24. Foundations: Is there vertical or diagonal cracking in the concrete or masonry? Is the concrete or masonry spalling, crumbling or deteriorating? Is the mortar in the masonry loose or crumbling? Is there any wood, especially structural members, within 6" of the ground? Is the basement leaking or flood during a rainstorm or when the storm sewer backs up? Is there a backflow preventer in the sewer line to the street? Windows: Are all wood window components, exterior and interior, sound and painted? Is any wood at the exterior sill, frames or sash decaying? Is there evidence of excessive moisture penetration around the sash or at the sills on the interior? Is the putty around the panes of glass firm and painted? Do the sash operate smoothly? Are interior or exterior storm sash available for use during winter months?
- 25. Basement and Crawlspace: Do the walls and floors show signs of excessive moisture? Is there evidence of periodic flooding? Are there signs of vermin infiltration or termites? Is there any wood, especially structural members, within 6" of the ground? Are unheated basements and crawlspaces vented? Are floors above unheated basements and crawlspaces insulated? Plumbing: Is there any evidence of leakage from supply or waste pipes? What is the supply pipe material? Copper and Brass alloy. Galvanized steel or iron will not last as long as copper or brass. Lead poses a potential health risk. Are all faucets working properly? Are all drains, including floor drains, working properly?
- 26. Heating and Ventilating: Steam Heat: Is the boiler tank leaking? Is there evidence of leaking pipes? - Look for stains and rot on floor around pipes. Leaking caused by rusted pipes, broken traps or valves and pipes clogged with mineral scale build-up. Electrical: Is the main electrical service to the building adequate? Is the insulation frayed on existing wires or are bare wires exposed in an unsafe location? Is there any sub-standard surface mounted lamp cord or extension cord wiring? Are all lights operated from a proper wall switch?