Introduction to Biochemistry

Introduction to Biochemistry

• 1.
  INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY Prepared by: Ms. ShivaneeVyas Assistant Professor
• 2.
  What is BIOCHEMISTRY?
• 3.
  BIOCHEMISTRY • The termbiochemistry originated from combining the words "bios' meaning life and 'chemistry. • Biochemistry is defined as the branch of science that deals with the study of chemical reactions which take place inside a living organism. • The word biochemistry was first introduced by a German Chemist, Carl Neuberg, in 1903. • It emerged as a distinct discipline around the beginning of the 20th century when scientists combined chemistry, and biology to investigate the chemistry of living systems by:  Studying the structure and behaviour of the complex molecules found in biological material and,  The ways these molecules interact to form cells, tissues, and the whole organism.
• 4.
  Biochemistry has significantimportance in pharmacy. 1. Drug Constitution Biochemist helps in the constitution of new drugs. It also helps to improve the efficacy of a drug and minimize its side effects. 2. The Half-Life The half-life of a drug is the time it takes for a drug's active substance in your body to reduce by half. Biochemistry helps to determine the half-life of a drug. 3. Chances of Degradation of Drug Biochemistry helps to determine the stability of a drug by calculating the chances of its degradation with changes in atmospheric conditions like temperature, humidity etc. 4. Expiry Date Determination Biochemical tests help to fix the expiry date of drugs. 5. Drug Storage The storage conditions required for a drug can be determined by biochemical tests. For example, if enzymes and hormones are not stored properly, protein, they get deteriorated due to unfavorable temperature or oxidation. 6. Drug Metabolism Biochemistry gives an idea of how drug molecules are metabolized by many biochemical reactions in the presence of enzymes. This helps to avoid drugs that have a poor metabolism. Application of biochemistry in pharmacy:
• 5.
  7. Detects NutritionalDeficiencies Deficiency of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water may cause diseases. Biochemical research has a role in preventive medicine by helping identify such deficiencies. 8. Disease Understanding Health depends on the proper balance of biochemical reactions occurring within the body. Abnormalities in biochemical reactions result in diseases. Biochemistry helps to understand diseases of protein energy malnutrition, inborn errors in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, etc. Diagnostic biochemical tests help to understand the disease and the necessary treatment.
• 6.
  CELL AND ITSBIOCHEMICAL ORGANIZATION Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Living body
• 7.
  CELL AND BIOCHEMICAL ORGANIZATIO N
• 8.
  Definition: A cellis defined as a "Basic living, structural and functional unit of an organism which is capable of carrying out the processes of life independently". Cells are the basic building blocks of life. Cells grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, and respond to their environment. Cells cannot be seen with naked eyes. The concept of cell originated from the contributions of Schleiden and Schwann (1838). However, it was only after 1940, that the complexities of a cell structure were exposed. The CELL Cells may be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic • Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles. • Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plant, fungi, & animals cells)
• 9.
  POINTS PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES Typesof cell Always unicellular Unicellular and multicellular Cell size Ranges form 0.2 µm – 2.0 µm in diameter Ranges from 10 µm – 100 µm in diameter Nucleus Absent Present Ribosomes Present, smaller in size and spherical in shape Present, larger in size and linear in shape DNA arrangement Circular Linear Mitochondria Absent Present Cytoplasm Present, but cell organelles absent Absent, cell organelles present Endoplasmic reticulum Absent Present Ribosomes Smaller Larger Reproduction Asexual Both asexual and sexual Examples Bacteria Plant and animal cell D i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n
• 10.
  • A prokaryoticcell does not have a nuclear membrane. • However, the genetic material is present in a region in the cytoplasm known as the nucleoid. • They may be spherical, rod-shaped, or spiral. Prokaryotes are divided into two domains: Bacteria and Archaea. Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell
• 11.
  1. Capsule: Outercovering, that protects the cell when it is engulfed by other organisms, assists in retaining moisture, and helps the cell adhere to surfaces and nutrients. 2. Cell Wall: The cell wall is an outer covering that protects the bacterial cell and gives its shape. 3. Cytoplasm: Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules. 4. Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane: The cell membrane surrounds the cell's cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell. 5. Pili (Pilus singular): Hair-like structures on the surface of the cell that attach to other bacterial cells. Shorter pili are called fimbriae to help bacteria attach to surfaces. 6. Flagella: Flagella are long, whip-like protrusions that aid in cellular locomotion. 7. Ribosomes: Ribosomes are cell structures responsible for protein production. 8. Plasmids: Plasmids are gene-carrying, circular DNA structures that are not involved in reproduction. 9. Nucleoid Region: Area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule.
• 12.
  Structure and functions ofa Eukaryotic Cell
• 13.
  1. Cell membraneor Plasma membrane: • Singer and Nicholson proposed the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane in 1972. • The cell is separated from its surroundings by a thin membrane called a cell membrane or plasma membrane. • It is formed of 40% lipid and 60% protein. • The cell membrane is a double layer of phospholipid molecules. • Proteins in the cell membrane provide structural support, form channels for the passage of materials, and act as receptor sites. • The cell proteins are of two types: A. Intrinsic (Integral) Proteins: The proteins which are present inside the cell membrane are called intrinsic proteins. B. Extrinsic (Peripheral) Proteins: The proteins which are present or attached to the outside of the cell membrane are called extrinsic proteins.
• 14.
  Functions of aCell Membrane: 1. It holds a cell. 2. It serves as a barrier to the outside and permits only selected compounds, such as nutrients to pass through. 3. It secretes waste products. 4. It keeps out toxic materials. 5. It prevents the loss of essential substances from the cell. 6. It protects the inner part of the cell. 2. Nucleus: • Within the cell, there is a central mass called the nucleus. Which is surrounded by a double- layered nuclear membrane called a nuclear envelope. • It is more or less spherical in shape, it is bounded by a nuclear membrane that protects the nucleus.
• 15.
  • The innermembrane joins at intervals to form pores. From pores, the exchange of material takes place. • The living matter inside the nuclear membrane is called nucleoplasm. The nucleoplasm also contains nucleolus which contains RNA, DNA, and other genetic materials. A major part of nucleoplasm is occupied by a thread-like structure called chromatin and consists of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). • Functions of a Nucleus: 1. The nucleus controls all functional activities of the cell. 2. The nucleus contains the most important component called chromatin. Before cell division, chromatins organize themselves in a small simple thread-like structure called chromosomes. These chromosomes are equally distributed to daughter cells. After cell division, chromosomes get converted back into chromatin by uncoiling. 3. It is the site of DNA-directed RNA synthesis which is involved in protein synthesis.
• 16.
  3. Mitochondria (Powerhouseof a cell) • Mitochondria are rod-like and the largest component of the cytoplasm of a cell. Each cell contains 50-2500 mitochondria. • A mitochondrion consists of proteins, lipids, and small amounts of nucleic acid. • It is composed of a double membrane system. The outer one is smooth and covers the organelle. The inner one is folded and forms Cristae. • Energy-producing chemical reactions take place on cristae. • The internal chamber is referred to as Matrix or Mitosol (i.e., fluid present inside the mitochondria). This matrix contains several enzymes. circular double-stranded DNA, RNA and ribosomes. Functions of Mitochondria: 1. It plays an important role in respiration and energy production. 2. It is responsible for the transportation of chemical energy into biological energy, in the form of ATP. 3. Mitochondria is responsible for the transmission of hereditary characteristics. 4. It contains enzymes that control the synthesis of lipids.
• 17.
  4. Endoplasmic reticulum: •Within the cytoplasm of the cell, Layers of the cytoplasmic membrane are folded inwards forming vesicles close to the surface of the cell, this complex within the cell is called as Endoplasmic reticulum. There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum: 1. The granular (rough-surfaced) endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes that are responsible for protein synthesis. 2. Agranular (smooth surface) endoplasmic reticulum: They do not contain ribosomes and are responsible for fatty acids and steroid synthesis. They also stored and release calcium. Functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum: 1. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis while the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is concerned with lipid and glycogen synthesis. It gives mechanical support by forming skeletal networks. 2. Enclosed spaces of the endoplasmic reticulum play a role in the exchange of material between the cell and extracellular fluid. 3. The exchange of material takes place by the process of diffusion, active transport, phagocytosis, or pinocytosis.
• 18.
  5. Golgi body: •Golgi apparatus also called Golgi complex or Golgi body is the membrane-bound organelle of cells that is made up of a series of pouches called cisternae. • The Golgi apparatus is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations. • It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell nucleus. Functions of Golgi Bodies or Apparatus: 1. It is the site for enzyme secretion, and it participates in the formation of lysosomes. 2. Golgi apparatus is also involved in membrane synthesis, particularly for the formation of intracellular organelles.
• 19.
  6. Lysosomes: • Amembrane-bound organelle that is responsible for degrading proteins and membranes in the cell, and also helps degrade materials ingested by the cell. 7. Cytoplasm: • The cellular matrix is collectively referred to as cytosol. The cytosol is basically a compartment containing several enzymes, metabolites, and salts in an aqueous gel-like medium. • Within the cell, there is a cytoplasm, containing organelles embedded in it and soluble components. The soluble portion of cytoplasm is termed cytosol. The function of the Cytoplasm • It helps in maintaining the osmotic pressure inside the cell.
• 20.
  THANKS! Does anyone haveany questions? [email protected] https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivan ee-vyas-56502582