Introduction to civilzations

Department of Urban and Regional Planning,
School of Planning and Architecture, JNTU, Hyderabad.
INTRODUCTION TO CIVILIZATIONS
SUBJECT: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL PLANNING

 Civilization is a kind of human society
or culture.
 The term civilization is often used as a
synonym for culture in both popular and
academic circles.
 Civilization can also refer to society as a
whole.
 All human civilizations have depended
on agriculture for subsistence.
 Civilizations have distinctly different
settlement patterns from other societies.

 Currently, world civilization is in a stage that has created what may be characterized as
an industrial society.
 Civilization has been criticized from a variety of viewpoints and for a variety of reasons.
 Civilizations have shown an inclination towards conquest and expansion.

Sumerian Civilization
Presented By
P.Anusha
J.Rama krishna

Introduction
 It lasted from 12000 B.C till 3000 B.C
 Sumerian city was protective, compact.
 Market was near the centre, residents were around.
 Development was symmetrical.
 Houses are in different cases
 Oldest organized settlements excavated.

GEOGRAPHY
 Moderate temperature.
 Land was undulating gently.
 Civilization was good but difficult.
 Boulders and deposits on run-off courses.
 Boulders and deposits on run-off courses impounded water.
 Stepping of soils was invented.

STRUCTURES OF GEOGRAPHY
 It created a series.
 Movement along a horizon was on foot in plains.
 Settlements were small and along river bank.
 The short stretch of river along the settlements.
 Roads developed parallel to river bank and across them.
 Settlement development became or started to become, geometric and
across them.

POLITICAL
 leadership was very important.
 Political Hence repeated invasion ,hence settlement was needing defense.
 Political leadership become the focal point of the settlement.
 Insecurity of life increased .

ECONOMIC
 Agriculture is always space and extensive.
 Protection of the storage needed their location.
 The economy was principally agriculture.

SOCIO-CULTURAL
 The captured as captives and salves, mostly engaged as agricultural .
 Social stratification and gathering were expected.
 One leader political-cum-storage incharge, a some central location.
 The invasion and defense condition of socio cultural.

TECHNOLOGY
 Hardly any industrial activity of any type was percent.
 Building and construction were seriously affected.
 Impact of straight lines and parallel lines were derived.
 Transportation within settlement was on foot .
 Hence we need a special protection and also a central spine of
transportation.

DESCRIPTION BY HIRODOTUS ON UR-BABYLON
 It lies in a great plain, shape of a square, river, roads, royal palace on one
bank,villagers and townsmen made servents.
 It organizes for village people, civil service and religious priests.

Egyptian Civilization
Presented By:
Amit Kumar
Zedd Danam

 Egypt had the longest unified history of any civilization in the ancient
Mediterranean, extending from about 3000 B c to the 4th
century AD.
 Art in all its from was devoted principally to the service of the pharaoh, who
was considered a god on Earth, to the state and to religion.
Introduction

 At Abydos and Saqqara tombs for the kings of the early dynasties were built
in imitation of places or shrines.
 The large amount of pottery, stonework, and ivory or bone carving found in
these tombs attest to a high level of development in Early Dynastic Egypt.
 Hieroglyphic script (picture writing), the written from the Egyptian language,
was in the first stages of its evolution.
THE OLD KINGDOM

 In the 3rd
dynasty the architects imhoted built for zoser (2737-2717 BC) a complex at
saqqara; it was a burial ground that included a step pyramid of stone and a group of
shrines and related building.
 The great step pyramid in which the remains of the king was laid is the oldest surviving
example of monumental architecture.
 The pyramid of Giza where the kings of 4th
dynasty were buried tells the ability of
Egyptian architecture.
 The pyramid of khufu originally stood about 146m(480m) high.

 The architecture of the middle kingdom is not well represented by preserved
example.
 A small building associated with Senusret I (1962-1928 BC) of the 12th
dynasty is
the only example.
THE MIDDLE KINGS

 The new kings (1570-1070 BC), beginning with the 18th
Dynasty, came to be a
period of great power, wealth, and influence exemplified by extensive foreign
trade and conquest.
 Gigantic pylon gateways, colonnaded courts, and many-columned halls
decorated with obelisks and statues created an impressive display.
 On the west bank, near the necropolis of Thebes, temples for the funerary cult of
the kings were built.
THE NEW KINGS

 During the new kingdom the bodies of rulers were buried in rock-cut tombs in the
arid valley of the king, with the mortuary temples at some distance outside the
valley.
 Of these, one of the first and most unusual was the mortuary temple(c.1478BC).
Of Hatshepsut at Dayr el-bahri, built by the royal architect Senemut(died c.1482
bc).
 The rock-cut tombs were dug deep into the cliff sides of the valley of the kings in
an effort-not always successful-to conceal the resting please of the royal
mummies.
 In the 19th
Dynasty, Ramses II, one of the greatest builders of the new kingdom,
created the gigantic rock-cut temple of Abu Simbel in Nubia, to the south.

 As in all periods, domestic and palace architecture was of perishable mud brick.
 Enough remains have been preserved, however, to convey an idea of well
planned multiroomed palaces with painted floors, walls and ceilings.
 Houses for the upper classes were arranged like small estates with residential
and service buildings in an enclosed compound.
 Examples of the modest worker’s dwellings can even be found, clustered
together in villages very much like those of modern Egypt.

PHYSICAL PLANNING
Presented By:
Sri Siddhartha. A
Aparna.S
Greek Civilization

 In the year 1900, Sir Arthur Evans discovered the Minoan Palace
Knossos which gave a start to the Greek civilization.
ORIGIN

 Ancient Greece home land of Greek civilization that flourished 800-300
B.C
 It mainly spread by Greek settlements across the meditarian(1050-500
B.C) and then across Asia to north western India through the
conquests of Alexander the great in 4th
century B.C
 Until 500 B.C its main centers were the Greek cities on the western
coast of Asia and the larger islands of the again sea.
 From 600B.C onwards it was the mainland city of Athens, the hub of
the Greek world.
INTRODUCTION

 Western civilization is their heir, as it is not the heir of any other ancient
civilization, except (through sculpture) that of the Jews
 The civilization arose within the framework of a basic social unit’ the “polis"
(literally city), which has not so much a town or city state as a citizen
community.
 The “polis” arose in Greece in the 8th
century B.C and was certainly
established by 735 B.C
 By 800-750B.C ,Greeks have also invented alphabets and began to literate
INTRODUCTION

 The emphasis on planning broadened during the Greek era
 Religious and civic citadels were oriented so as to give a scene of aesthetic
balance, streets were arranged in grid pattern and housing was integrated
with cultural, commercial and defence facilities.
 The Greek architect “hippodamus” of miletus planned important Greek
settlements such as “priene”and“pireaus” (now pireas) called Father of
town planning ,he emphasized a geometric design for towns.
GREEK TOWN PLANNING

Plato
Socrates
Hippocrates
Archimedes
Aristotle

Euclid
solon
Archimedes
Thales

GREEK ART AND ARCHITECTURE
 The art and architecture of
Greece and the Greek colonies
dating from about 1100B.C to the
1st century B.C.
 They have their roots in Aegean
civilization ,but their unique
qualities have made them among
the strongest influences on
subsequent western art and
architecture

 Greek art is characterized by the
representation of living beings. It is
concerned both with formal proportion and
with dynamics of action and emotion.
 Its primary subject matter is the human
figures ,which may represent either gods or
mortals, monsters, animals and plants are
secondary
 Greek architects usually worked in marble
or limestone, using wood and tile for roofs.
sculptures carved marble and limestone,
modeled clay, and cast work in bronze
GREEK ART AND ARCHITECTURE

 The chief themes of Greek art are taken from
1.Myth
2.Literature
3.Dialy life
 The artists, philosophers and intellectuals were drawn to
settle in the city where they advanced the ideas of ethics
,human society and even town planning
 The sciences of astronomy and medicine were furthered
outside Athens, but their development was impeded.

 The modern Greek alphabet has 24 characters and is written from left to
right. It is based on the alphabet used by the ancient Greeks.
 Modern Greek may be divided into the broad categories of Katharevousa
and Demotike.
 The former is a 19th-century invention that followed Greek independence;
it was intended to create a national language purged of foreign, especially
Turkish, influences. Demotike is vernacular Greek, which developed
naturally over centuries, and was made the national language only in
1976, when democratic government was restored
Introduction of Greek Alphabets

• In ancient Greece, poor people and rich people lived in different
kinds of houses.
• All houses were made of mud bricks and needed frequent repairs.
Houses of the poor people were very simple compared to the houses
of the rich, which had more rooms centered around a courtyard.
• The floors and walls in the houses were carefully created using
stones, tiles, or pebbles. The nicest houses used pebbles to create
mosaics. To do this, they went to the seashore and collected colored
pebbles of similar sizes and arranged them in sand to make a picture
or pattern on the floors or walls.
• The Greeks are most famous for using a variety of columns in
buildings to hold and support the roofs.
Buildings in Greece

The picture below shows the types of columns those are used:

Roman Civilization
Presented By :
Ravi Teja
Kumaraswamy

Introduction
 Ancient Rome, the period between the 8th and 1st centuries BC.
 Nearly 3,000 years ago shepherds first built huts on the hills beside the Tiber River in
central Italy.
 The political history of Rome is marked by three periods.
 In the first period the city developed from a village to a city ruled by kings.

Monarchy
 According to legend, Rome was founded on April 21, 753 BC.
 The Etruscans, who had previously settled to the north in Etruria, seem to have
established political control in the region by the late 7th century BC.
 The Etruscans apparently lost power in the area by the late 6th century BC.

Republic
 A constitution of the Roman
Republic set a series of checks and
balances, and a separation of
powers.
 The Romans gradually subdued the
other peoples on the Italian
peninsula, including the Etruscans.
 The Romans secured their
conquests by founding Roman
colonies in strategic areas.
 In the second half of the 3rd
century BC, Rome clashed with
Carthage in the first of three Punic
Wars.

 In the mid-1st century BC, three men, Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Cassius, formed a
secret pact—the First Triumvirate.
 Caesar emerged victorious, and was made dictator for life.
 Later, In 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by senators.
 But in the aftermath a Second Triumvirate-Octavian, Mark Anthony, Lepidus.
 This alliance soon descended into a struggle for dominance.

Empire
 Rome's dominion spanned 2.5 million
square miles (6.5 million km²).
 The various co-rulers of the Empire
competed and fought for supremacy for
more than half a century.
 On May 11, 330, Emperor Constantine I
firmly established Byzantium as the
capital of the Roman Empire and renamed
it Constantinople.

 Life in ancient Rome revolved around
the city of Rome, located on seven hills.
 It had fountains with fresh drinking-
water.
 The imperial city of Rome was the
largest urban center of its time.
 Most of the centers had a forum and
temples.

 Ancient Rome commanded a vast area of land,
with tremendous natural and human resources.
 Rome's economy remained focused on
agriculture and trade.
 The economy of the early Republic was largely
based on smallholding and paid labor.
 Slaves are estimated to have constituted around
20% of the Roman Empire's population.
Economy

Language
 The native language of the Romans was
Latin.
 Greek came to be the language spoken
by the well-educated elite.
 Latin remains traditional language of
the Roman Catholic Church and the
official language of the Vatican City.

Art
 Roman painting styles show Greek
influences.
 Several examples of Roman painting
have been found at Pompeii.
 Portrait sculpture during the period
utilized youthful and classical
proportions.

Architecture
 The Romans were particularly
renowned for their architecture.
 Rome borrowed heavily from Greece in
adhering to strict, formulaic building
designs and proportions.
 Rome had relatively few architectural
innovations until the end of the
Republic.

Military
 The early Roman army was like those
of other contemporary city-states
influenced by Greek civilization.
 It was small and organized in five
classes with three providing hoplites
and two providing light infantry.
 At nominal full strength it includes
3,600 to 4,800 heavy infantry.
 The nature of military leadership
evolved greatly over the course of the
history of Rome.

 Comparatively less is known about the
Roman navy than the Roman army.
 The fleet was given up in 278 AD and
replaced by allied forces.
 The Roman navy comprised a number
of fleets including both warships and
merchant vessels.
 In conclusion, the success of the ancient
Roman Empire as developing into a
higher more advanced society.

BAROQUE
CIVILIZATION
By
Sahithya
Rakesh

 The origins of the word baroque are not clear. It
may have been derived from the Portuguese
barocco or the Spanish barueco, indicating an
irregularly shaped pearl.
 The word itself does not accurately define or
even approximate to the meaning of the style to
which it refers.
• Beginning around the year 1600, the demands
for new art resulted in, what is now known as the
Baroque.
Introduction

Historical background
 The 17th century could be called the first modern age
 Religion determined many aspects of Baroque art.
 Political situations also influenced art.
 The development of Baroque style, in all its various forms, must be seen
in its historical context.
 The realization that the Earth was not at the centre of the universe
coincided in art, with the rise of pure landscape painting devoid of human
figures.

Characteristics of baroque style
 Baroque art is a sense of movement, energy,
and tension.
 Strong contrasts of light and shadow enhance
the dramatic effects of many paintings and
sculptures.
 Intense spirituality is often present.
 Infinite space is often suggested in Baroque
paintings or sculptures.
 Realism is another integral feature of Baroque
art
 Artists of this time were concerned with the
inner workings of the mind and attempted to
portray the passions of the soul through the
facial features of their subjects.

Italian Baroque Painting
 Most influential artists to undertake a systematic
reform of the Mannerist style were the
Carraccis
 Other Baroque classicists, such as the French
painters Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain,
came from abroad to work in Rome.
 Another turning point in the history of Baroque
painting took place in the late 1620s.
 Many artists attempted to introduce greater
liveliness and drama into their works to create
illusions of limitless space (illusionism).
 One of the first High Baroque masterpieces was
the Assumption of the Virgin (1625-1627)

BAROQUE ART AND ARCHITECTURE
 Baroque Art and
Architecture, the style dominating the art and
architecture of Europe and certain European
colonies in the Americas throughout the 1600s,
and in some places, until 1750
 Although that period was dominated by the
succeeding Rococo style
 Baroque style appear in the art of virtually every
country in Europe.
 The term Baroque also defines periods in
literature and music.
 In Baroque architecture, new emphasis was
placed on bold massing, colonnades, domes,
light-and-shade (chiaroscuro), 'painterly' color
effects, and the bold play of volume and void.

 The other Baroque innovation in worldly interiors was the state
apartment in Europe.
 It was copied in smaller scale everywhere in aristocratic dwellings for
self importance of that people.
 Baroque art, the art of expansion, was itself materially to expand.
 Baroque, not simply as an art form or style, but as a way of living out the
diversity-unity of the world.

Baroque as a world philosophy
 Baroque is homogeneous, harmonious and comprehensible
 Rationalism refined this concept which fitted in well with its growing ambition
to dominate reality
 Baroque art was a reaction against the rationalist claim to penetrate the
mysteries of the known in one single, incisive, uniform movement
 Baroque art is a reaction against a natural order, naturally proffered as
evidence.

By:
Yuva Rekha
Anvesh
RENAISSANCE

• Neo classic or renaissance period:13thcentury to 17th
century.
•Showing the contrast between the rich and the poor, Effects of Gun Powder and
Church on the Pattern &Structure of Settlement Development, Emergence of
Monumentality and Development of Open Spaces and Parks in Civic Design.
MEDIEVAL TO RENAISSANCE:
The physical size of towns was restricted by the girth of the fortification
•Facilities of transportation and urban roads were cumbersome.
•Towns were conjested because they were built with in ready reach of one another
RENAISSANCE PERIOD

 Trade brought concentration of people to towns situated on main cross-
roads.
 Commerce increased in between towns and countries
 The new economy was dominated by the possession and control of
money.
POLITICAL
 Though military aggression diminished between the towns,invention of
gun powder now needed a large number of trained professional
soldiers, no more unpaid soldiers.
 Military Engineering became a science.
ECONOMY

 Printing press was invented and ways were devised to improve the simple
hand machines.
 Gun powder was invented in 15 century and new techniques of warfare
were introduced.
 Strategy for defense changed, old fortifications were found inadequate.
 New fortifications were extended over much larger areas around the towns.
TECHNOLOGY

 New towns were founded in which the central and most dominating
buildings were those of the nobles i.e,the courts of kings. For example:
royal gardens and palances of nobles.
 In medieval towns, manifestation was in the form of developing squares
,piazza, plazas and formal congregation spaces. For example: Piazza of
St.Peters,Plazza Del Popolo.
SOCIO-CULTURAL
Plaza of St.Peters Plazza del popolo

 The Renaissance period in India synchronizes with the Mogul Rule. The
whole of this period is full of invasions and conquests.
 Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat in 1526 and thus began the Mogul
rule which lasted for the whole of Renaissance period and ended with it.
ADVENT OF EUROPEANS
 India, infact became one of the geographical discoveries, facilitated by the
invention of Mariners compass
 European voyagers began to arrive in India early during this period and
their empire building started.
INDIA - IN THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD

 The British ultimately established their empire after wresting power from
the Peshwas in the Deccan and from the titular Moghul King in Delhi.
 The French and the British entered the struggle for power in this country at
the invitation of local warring chiefs.
MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES DURING THE MOGHUL
PERIOD
BRITISH SUPREMACY
•The Moghul kings were found of pump and personal luxury
•This period is marked with architecture style of its own.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
By
Sandeep Reddy
Sathish kumar

DEFINITION
 The complex of radical socioeconomic changes, such as the ones that took
place in England in the late 18th century, that are brought about when extensive
mechanization of production systems results in a shift from home-based hand
manufacturing to large-scale factory production.
 The first Industrial Revolution merged. Into the Second Industrial Revolution
around 1850

CONTENTS
 Causes of industrial revolution
 Financial situations support industrial revolution
 Technological development
 Social effects
 Conclusions

CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 Why was Britain the first country to industrialize? This change, which occurred
between 1750 and 1830, happened because conditions were perfect in Britain
for the Industrial Revolution.
 To decrease the expenditure on labor and to increase the profits the economic
society had searched for huge profitable inventions
 Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources that Britain
received from its Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment
many overseas colonies or that profits from the British slave trade

FINANCIAL SITUATIONS SUPPORT INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 Financial Situations
 What were the financial situations necessary to support the Industrial Revolution?
 A new banking system
 In Britain, expansion had led to new "private banking," a new money economy, and trading
organizations such as the Hanseatic League. Modern credit facilities also appeared, such as the
state bank, the bourse, the promissory note, and other new media of exchange. This created
economic stimulus which in turn gave the people more money to spend (Commercial
Revolution).
 A large amount of capital for investment
 From the New World had come gold and silver, which in less than a century more than doubled
European prices and stimulated economic activity, which in turn gave the wealthy more money
to spend on new ideas (Commercial Revolution).

TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
The Industrial Revolution could not have developed without machine tools, for they
enabled manufacturing machines to be made
 The large scale production of chemicals was an important development during the
Industrial Revolution. The first of these was the production of sulphuric acid by the lead
chamber process invented by the Englishman John Roebuck in 1746
 The development of the stationary steam engine was an essential early element of the
Industrial Revolution; however, for most of the period of the Industrial Revolution, the
majority of industries still relied on wind and water power as well as horse and man-power
for driving small machines
 A new method of producing glass, known as the cylinder process, was developed in
Europe during the early 19th century.

SOCIAL EFFECTS
 However, harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the industrial
revolution took place as well. Pre-industrial society was very static and often
cruel—child labor, dirty living conditions and long working hours were just as
prevalent before the Industrial Revolution.
 Child labor had existed before the Industrial Revolution, but with the increase in
population and education it became more visible Industrial revolution elsewhere
 Disease was spread through a contaminated water supply. Conditions did
improve during the 19th century as public health acts were introduced covering
things such as sewage, hygiene and making some boundaries upon the
construction of homes

CONCLUSIONS
 Industrial revolution lead to new inventions and new ideas and new pattern of
living
 Some inventions which became the foundation of modern invention stand at the
top of history
 But it also lead to occupy the countries and establishing the colonies to
increase there investments on raw materials which lead to struggle of those
colonies

Indus Valley Civilization
By
Suchitra.R
Veeranababu.K

INTRODUCTION
 Carbon test of the excavation reveals the approximate period of this civilization was
3000 B.C or earlier.
 This corresponds to Mahabharata period.
 It can be presumed that Mohenzodaro, Harappa, Nasik, Tamluk and such other
excavations were the seats of civilizations.
 They must have been influenced by invaders to India and their culture and civilization.
 Historians claim an identifiably independent culture at Mohenzodaro and Harappa –
“that was marked by development of wheels, use of coinage, art of expression and
representation, architecture and planning techniques”

GEOGRAPHY
 Temperature moderate, 24o N to 32 o N latitudes, North of Vindhyas.
 Influence of Vedic period is less in the settlement plan.
 Hence influence of some other culture must be there.
 Migration of the Aryans could be the answer.
 Cultivation was easy and no need for irrigation perennial supply of snow fed water
land.

POLITICAL
 The invaders were more militant than Vedic people.
 They defeated the Vedic natives, captured the land without almost any resistance.
 Political or defense leadership of the Aryans gradually reduced than before.
 Settlements did not now require defense walls.

TECHNOLOGY
 Metals were in use.
 Coinage was in vogue – a medium for exchange.
 Knowledge of geometry, angle, rectangle, slope of ramp, circle, helical coil, ets. were
known.
 Knowledge of cardinal direction , sun and wind directions was there.
 Wheels were in use as a development of a circle.
 Circular tubes for drainage or water supply were in use.
 Wheeled traffic brought roads.

ECONOMY
 Agriculture of Vedic period plus animal husbandry of the invading Aryans leading to
dairy development.
 Import of cow by Aryans.
 Imported technology was engaged in developing industries and crafts.
 Trade and commerce developed.
 Economic leadership gradually became important.
 Distinct areas for agriculture, industry, trade and commerce.
 Market economy developed by medium of exchange of coins.

SOCIO-CULTURAL
 A New social horizon: More division of labor, more specialization leading to more
social stratification.
 Those concerned with Veda, i.e., religion, ethics, art, philosophy, science, and ect.
 Those engaged in agriculture production.
 Those engaged in industrial production.
 Those engaged in trade and transportation.
 Those engaged in administration.
 This led to distinct zoning for the same in the settlements (temples, public spaces,
royal palace, dairy, craftsmen, trade centered, and etc.

MOHENZODARO: 3000 B.C
 No fortification.
 A major streets (second street and east street) in N-S direction.
 Broadly at right angles.
 Streets with in built –up areas were narrow.
 Zoning was distinct for distinct groups, commerce at
the meeting of east road and first street, near palace.
 Three broad divisions of the settlements.
 The religious, institutional and cultural areas –around monastery
and great bath in the western part, including temple.

MOHENZODARO: 3000 B.C
 The northern part principally for production of agriculture and industries.
 The southern part principally for administration trade and commerce.
 Construction technique was very well advanced.
 Buildings were of masonry constructions (sun-dried bricks).
 Ranging from two rooms to mansions with many rooms.
 Underground sewerages and drainage from houses.
 Pumps (helical) to pump water in great bath.
 Principal buildings were Monastry and bath indicating the influence of religion as a
culture.

 Suchitra (070229)
 Veerannababu (070234)
 Anusha (070202)
 Ramakrishna (070216)
 Yuvarekha (070235)
 Anwesh (070203)
 Siddhartha (070226)
 Aparna (070204)
 T.R.Sandeep Reddy (070220)
 Satish (070222)
 Rakesh (070212)
 Sahithya (070218)
 Kumaraswamy (070211)
 Ravi Teja (070217)
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Introduction to civilzations

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