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Introduction to For gen&Tree Improvement
- 1. Course Name ForestGenetics and Tree Improvement Lecture Series -1 • Introduction • Glossary • History and Development of Tree • Improvement, • Its Relation to Other Disciplines of Forestry
- 2. Objectives: To understandthe importance of tree improvement in forestry To know the history of Tree improvement/tree breeding
- 3. GLOSSAR Y • Progeny: Thetrees produced from the seed of a parent tree are called its progeny • Progeny test: These are tests established to determine the genetic worth of the parent trees or for the determination of other genetic characteristics • Population: It is a community of interbreeding individuals. • Stand: it refers to a group of trees of special interest within a population.
- 4. • Race: Groupsof populations that generally interbreed with one another and that intergrade more or less continuously are referred to as races. e.g. edaphic, climatic, elevational etc. • Family: Individuals that are more closely related to each other than to other individuals in a population are called a family. It has one or both parents common. • Siblings: A group of individuals within a family are referred to as siblings.
- 5. • Half-sib family:The group of related individuals when only one parent is common is called a half-sib family. • Full-sib family: The group of related individuals when both parents are common. • Open pollinated family: It is one in which one parent is common and other parent(s) are unknown. • Rotation age: The age at which a stand of trees is to be harvested is called the rotation age. • Seed orchard: An area where superior phenotypes or genotypes are established and managed intensively and entirely for seed production. • Genotype: Genetic constitution of an individual.
- 6. • Phenotype: Physicalappearance of the tree. • Ortet: It is the donor tree from which the vegetative material is collected. • Ramet: The individual vegetative material in the form of cutting, bud etc. is known as a ramet. • Clone: The sum of the propagules arising from one ortet(parent) is collectively called as clone. • Autoplastic: When the root stock is the same. • Homoplastic: When a ramet is grafted upon a different stock of the same species. • Heteroplastic: When ramet is grafted upon a stock of different species.
- 7. 1. INTRODCTION Forestsplay dual function o Meeting domestic industrial raw material requirements o Ensuring sustainable social and livelihood opportunities of forest dwellers. Earlier more concern was towards aggressive silvicultural practices for increasing production hence less genetic potential were exploited. Existing natural forests in India has a low productivity (0.5 m3/ha/year) compared to the global average of 2.3 million ha/year. Demands for wood and wood products has increased manifold in last few decades due to growing population, urbanization and industrialization. Earlier, the majority of the demand for wood and wood products was fulfilled by natural forests; however, owing to legislative and legal constraints (The Forest Conservation Act of 1980), the supply from natural forests has fallen drastically. It became imperative to increase the tree plantation outside the forest through social forestry, farm forestry, agro-forestry, block plantation to shorten the gap in demand and supply of wood. For increasing productivity of tree, it is essential to know and explore its genetic potential.
- 8. 2. WHY TREEIMPROVEMENT IS REQUIRED ? Addressing need for quality planting material to increase productivity of plantation forests Meeting wood supply to the needs for a growing industries, green earth and population Need to adapt trees to environmental stresses Need to adapt tree to specific production systems (e.g. agroforestry) Developing new tree varieties Satisfying industrial and other end-use requirements
- 9. 3.FOREST GENETICS, FORESTTREE BREEDING AND TREE IMPROVEMENT • Forest Genetics: Activities are restricted to genetic studies of forest trees. • Forest Tree Breeding: These are the activities that solve some specific problems or produce desirable products e.g. development of pest resistance or strains possessing superior wood quality. • Tree Improvement: It is improvement of overall yield and quality of the forest products by combining the forest management activities with control of parentage or it is an additional tool of silviculture that deals with the genetic makeup of trees to be used in forest practices
- 10. 4. OBJECTIVES OFTREE BREEDING Development of High Yielding Varieties Introduction of new resource for industrial raw material Improvement of wood quality Development of biotic resistant variety Development of abiotic resistant variety Development of short duration tree varieties
- 11. 4.OBJECTIVES OF TREEBREEDING (cont..) Development of photo and thermo-insensitive varieties Developing of tree varieties with synchronous flowering/maturity Developing of varieties with desirable tree characters Development of varieties for diverse environmental adoptability Developing Toxin free varieties
- 12. 5.BASIC STEPS INTREE IMPROVEMENT • Assessment of original genetic variability • Selection of desirable genotypes or phenotypes; • Development of trees or populations containing desirable genotypes or phenotypes • Capture of the benefits derived from genetic improvement
- 13. 6. ADVANTAGES OFTREE IMPROVEMENT • Change in genetic make up of the tree for better quality product • The developed superior genetic material can be kept intact for an indefinite time by means of vegetative propagation. • Maintenance of greater genetic variability in most tree stands, which is not greatly changed by the action of the people. • Wider adaptability due to greater genetic variation
- 14. 7. LIMITATIONS OFTREE IMPROVEMENT • Requirement of large area for storage of desired genetic material and for testing. • The size of the trees also creates problems to carry out different breeding activities, e.g. measurement of height, diameter, crossing, seed collection etc. • The cost and effort of producing new seed crops per year is large. • Different trees possess different growth curves. Therefore juvenile-mature correlations are not satisfactory for growth characteristics. • Lack of availability of seed with the known or desired genetic background. • Requirement of good, permanent record because tree improvement is a long-term process.
- 15. 8. PROBLEMS SPECIFICTO TREE IMPROVEMENT • Lack of basic genetic information about trees • Long gestation/ rotation time • Uncertainty in seed production • Need for Continuous Experimentation • Indirect gene interactions and product • High economic loss if wrong genetic material planted
- 16. 9. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTIN TREE BREEDING • Sweden was the global pioneer in tree breeding, and other nations later launched and reinforced the tree breeding programme, resulting in increased productivity. • In comparison to agriculture, forest tree breeding and development is a relatively new science that dates back eight to nine decades.
- 17. 9.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTOF TREE IMPROVEMENT IN WORLD • The use of selection in forest crops is not unique and has been practiced as early as 2500 B.C. as depicted from archaeological evidences. • Selecting the best Provenance from different geographic origin has begun about 1820. • During 1800s, work on hybridization and vegetative propagation initiated. • In 1856, Luise de Vilmorin developed progeny testing as a means to rank parents. • In 1859 Charles Darwin has given Theory of Natural Selection and published book ‘The origin of species’ that showed evolution of species. • In1866, Gregor Mendel has given Classical Laws of Inheritance that became base to genetics.
- 18. 9.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTOF TREE IMPROVEMENT IN WORLD (Cont..) • In1902, W.S. Sutton and Th. Boveri proposed the chromosome theory of heredity and identified chromosomes as carriers of genetic material. • W. Bateson in 1906 coined the term “ Genetics ”and proposed the concept of allele. • Godfrey Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg in 1908 given gene frequency equilibrium in populations. • Nilsson-Ehle (1910) and East (1916) showed inheritance of multiple segregating genes with similar effects as per laws of inheritance. • In1925 concepts of ANOVA, randomization and experimental designs were given by Fisher.
- 19. 9.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTOF TREE IMPROVEMENT IN WORLD (Cont..) • In 1930s principles of population genetics, inbreeding were given by Wright (1931) and principles of animal breeding that are equally important in plant breeding were given by Lush (1935). Pine and aspen breeding started. • In 1940’s Discovery of DNA as hereditary material by Avery et al. (1944) • In 1950s Double helical structure of DNA given by Watson and Crick (1953) and large scale tree improvement programmes were initiated. FAO published several articles on issues related to forest genetic resources in Unasylva, FAO’s journal on forestry and forest industries. • In 1960s the isozymes for population genetic studies were used. The genetic code and polynucleotide synthesis were discovered.
- 20. 9.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTOF TREE IMPROVEMENT IN WORLD (Cont..) • In 1970s, the isozymes were applied in forest trees (Conkle, 1977). Restriction enzymes were isolated (Nathans, Smith and Arber). Chemical determination of DNA sequences (Sanger et al. 1977). • In 1980s RFLP mapping techniques (Botstein et al 1980). CAMCORE gene conservation cooperative started. Transformation by Agrobacterium (Matzke and Chilton 1981). Polymerase chain reaction was given by Sakai et al. (1985) and PCR technology was Mullis (1987). Paternal inheritance of Chloroplast DNA in conifers (Neale et al. 1986) and first transgenic forest tree was developed (Filatti et al. 1987). • In 2006 complete genome sequence of Populus trichocarpa was completed (Tuskan et al. 2006). • In 2014 complete genome sequence of Eucalyptus grandis was completed (Myburg et al. 2014).
- 21. 9.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTOF TREE IMPROVEMENT IN INDIA • In 1956, Karyotyping studies in pines (Mehra and Khoshoo 1956). • In 1950s systematic introduction of European and euro American popular made by Uttar Pradesh forest Department. • In 1960 breeding programme in forest trees initiated by Forest Research Institute, Dehradun in which teak (Tectona grandis), Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii), Semul (Bombax ceiba) and Eucalyptus were prioritized. • In 1970, the establishment of first clonal seed orchard at Dehradun (Kedarnath et al., 1970). • In 1977, hybrids of Eucalyptus were evaluated (Venktatesh and Sharma, 1977).
- 22. 9.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTOF TREE IMPROVEMENT IN INDIA (Cont..) • In 1979, tree improvement programme of pines (Khosla et al., 1979) and poplar (Khosla et al. 1979) was started. • In 1980s development of tissue culture protocol for major tree crops. Improvement programme in Populus ciliata (Khurana and Khosala, 1982) was started. Progeny trial of Pinus roxburghii was initiated at UHF Nauni. • Till 1990, FRI Dehradun, Dr YSP University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni and WIMCO introduced Populus deltoides clones. • In 1990s hybrids of interspecies and intraspecies hybrids of Populus species were developed. Provenance trials of various tree species and multilocation trials were conducted.
- 23. 9.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTOF TREE IMPROVEMENT IN INDIA (Cont..) In 2002-2004, introduction of Salix clones at Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni. Seedling seed orchard of Grewia optiva was established at UHF Nauni. TNAU released variety of Casuarina (MTP CA1 in 2008), Melia dubia (MTP1 in 2012 and MTP2 in 2018), Kadamba (2019) and hybrid clones of Casuarina (2010) and Eucalyptus (2013). At UHF Nauni, selections in Acacia catechu, Albizia lebbeck, Cedrus deodara, Celtis australis, Morus alba, Pinus roxburghii, Terminalia chebula, Toona ciliata etc. were done (Sharma et al. 2021). Hybrids of Salix (2015) and Bauhinia variegata (2019) were developed in UHF.
- 24. TREE IMPROVEMENT RELATIONTO OTHER FIELD OF FORESTRY:
- 25. References: •Zobel, B., &Talbert, J. (1984). Applied ForestTtree Improvement. John Wiley & Sons. • Parthiban , K.T.; Krishnakumar N. and Devanand, P.S. (2020). Tree breeding and improvement: theory and techniques, Scientific Publishers •White, T. L., Adams, W. T., & Neale, D. B. (Eds.). (2007). Forest genetics. CABI. •Surendran C, Sehgal RN, Paramatma M. 2003. Textbook of Forest Tree Breeding. New Delhi, India: Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 247 pp •Tuskan GA, DiFazio S, Jansson S, Bohlmann J, Grigoriev I, Hellsten U, et al. (2006) The genome of black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray). Science 313: 1596–1604 •Myburg, A., Grattapaglia, D., Tuskan, G. et al. The genome of Eucalyptus grandis. Nature 510, 356–362 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13308 •Sharma JP and Thakur S. 2021. Status of Tree Improvement in the North Western Himalayan Region of India. Indian Journal of Tree Sciences,40(1):51-77
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