Introduction to linked data

DATA
SUPPORT
OPEN
Training Module 1.2
Introduction to
Linked Data
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This presentation has been created by PwC
Authors:
Michiel De Keyzer, Nikolaos Loutas, Christophe
Colas and Stijn Goedertier
Presentation
metadata
Slide 2
Open Data Support is funded by
the European Commission
under SMART 2012/0107 ‘Lot
2: Provision of services for the
Publication, Access and Reuse of
Open Public Data across the
European Union, through
existing open data
portals’(Contract No. 30-CE-
0530965/00-17).
© 2014 European Commission
Disclaimers
1. The views expressed in this presentation are purely those of the authors and may not, in any
circumstances, be interpreted as stating an official position of the European Commission.
The European Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the information included in this
presentation, nor does it accept any responsibility for any use thereof.
Reference herein to any specific products, specifications, process, or service by trade name,
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recommendation, or favouring by the European Commission.
All care has been taken by the author to ensure that s/he has obtained, where necessary,
permission to use any parts of manuscripts including illustrations, maps, and graphs, on which
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or their legal representative.
2. This presentation has been carefully compiled by PwC, but no representation is made or
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of a general nature and is solely for guidance on matters of general interest. This presentation is
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Learning objectives
By the end of this training module you should have an understanding
of:
• What is linked data;
• What is open data;
• What is the difference between linked and open data;
• How to publish linked data (5-star schema);
• The economic and social aspects of linked data.
Slide 3

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Content
This module contains ...
• An introduction to the linked data principles;
• An introduction to linked data technologies;
• An outline of the 5-star scheme for publishing linked data;
• An example of how tabular data can be published as linked data
using Open Refine;
• The expected benefits of linked data for governments;
• An overview of linked data initiatives in Europe.
Slide 4

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What is linked
data?
Evolution from a document-based Web to a Web of
interlinked data.
Slide 5

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The Web is evolving from a “Web of linked
documents” into a “Web of linked data”... (1/2)
Slide 6
Web of documents... Web of linked data...

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The Web is evolving from a “Web of linked
documents” into a “Web of linked data”... (2/2)
• The Web started as a collection of
documents published online – accessible at
Web location identified by a URL.
• These documents often contain data about
real-world resources which is mainly
human-readable and cannot be understood
by machines.
• The Web of Data is about enabling the access
to this data, by making it available in
machine-readable formats and connecting it
using Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs),
thus enabling people and machines to collect
the data, and put it together to do all kinds
of things with it (permitted by the licence).
Machine-readable data
(or metadata) is data in a format
that can be interpreted by
a computer.
2 types of machine-readable
data:
• human-readable data that
is marked up so that it can
also be understood by
computers, e.g.
microformats, RDFa;
• data formats intended
principally for computers, e.g.
RDF, XML and JSON.
Slide 7
See also:
http://www.ted.com/talks/tim_berners_lee_on_the_next_web.html
http://linkeddatabook.com/editions/1.0/

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Defining linked data...
“Linked data is a set of design principles for sharing machine-readable
data on the Web for use by public administrations, business and
citizens.”
EC ISA Case Study: How Linked Data is transforming eGovernment
The four design principles of Linked Data (by Tim Berners Lee):
1. Use Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) as names for things.
2. Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names.
3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the
standards (RDF*, SPARQL).
4. Include links to other URIs so that they can discover more things.
Slide 8
See also:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4x_xzT5eF5Q
http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uju4wT9uBIA

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Linked (open) government data – value
proposition
• Flexible data integration: LOGD facilitates data integration and
enables the interconnection of previously disparate government
datasets.
• Increase in data quality: The increased (re)use of LOGD triggers
a growing demand to improve data quality. Through crowd-sourcing
and self-service mechanisms, errors are progressively corrected.
• New services: The availability of LOGD gives rise to new services
offered by the public and/or private sector.
• Cost reduction: The reuse of LOGD in e-Government applications
leads to considerable cost reductions.
9
See also:
ISA Study on Business Models for LOGD
https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/community/semic/document/study-business-
models-linked-open-government-data-bm4logd

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The four principles in practice... (1)
1. Use Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) as names for things.
2. Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names.
E.g. for an organisation: UNICEF
- http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/corporate-body/UNICEF
Slide 10

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The four principles in practice... (2)
3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using
the standards (RDF*, SPARQL).
4. Include links to other URIs so that they can discover more things.
Slide 11

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Linked data vs. open data
Open data
Data can be published and be
publicly available under an open
licence without linking to other
data sources.
Linked data
Data can be linked to URIs from
other data sources, using open
standards such as RDF without
being publicly available under an
open licence.
Slide 12
“Open data is data that can be freely used, reused and redistributed by
anyone – subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and
sharealike.”
- OpenDefinition.org
See also:
Cobden et al., A research agenda for Linked Closed Data
http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-782/CobdenEtAl_COLD2011.pdf

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Key milestones for linked government data
Slide 13
RDF published as W3C
recommendation
http://www.w3.org/RDF
Tim Berners-Lee publishes
the 4 Linked Data principles
http://www.w3.org/DesignIss
ues/LinkedData.html
http://5stardata.info/
SPARQL, the query
language for RDF,
published as W3C
recommendation
http://www.w3.org/TR/r
df-sparql-query/
The large research
initiative on Linked
Open Data (LOD2) and
the LOD Around The
Clock (LATC) project are
launched under FP7
http://lod2.eu/
http://latc-project.eu/
W3C establishes the Government
Linked Data (GLD) Working
Group
http://www.w3.org/2011/gld
ISA Member State
representatives endorse key
Linked Government Data
specifications
http://joinup.ec.europa.eu/n
ews/isa-member-state-
representatives-endorse-key-
specifications-e-government-
interoperability
2004 2006 2008 2010 2011 20122009
The UK Government
released data.gov.uk.
Pioneer in linked
government data they
contributed to set the
example world-wide.

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Linked data
foundations
URIs for naming things, RDF for describing data and
SPARQL for querying it.
Slide 14

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Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
“A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that
identifies an abstract or physical resource.”
– ISA’s 10 Rules for Persistent URIs
A country, e.g. Belgium
- http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/country/BEL
An organisation, e.g. the Publications Office
- http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/corporate-body/PUBL
A dataset, e.g. Countries Named Authority List
- http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/country/
Slide 15
BE
See also:
http://www.slideshare.net/OpenDataSupport/design
-and-manage-persitent-uris

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RDF & SPARQL
The Resource Description Framework (RDF ) is a syntax for representing
data and resources in the Web
Slide 16
RDF breaks every piece of information down in triples:
• Subject – a resource, which may be identified with a URI.
• Predicate – a URI-identified reused specification of the relationship.
• Object – a resource or literal to which the subject is related.
SPARQL is a standardised language for querying RDF data.
http://example.org/place/Brussels is the capital of “Belgium”.
OR
http://example.org/place/Brussels is the capital of http://example.org/place/Belgium.
Subject Predicate Object
See also:
http://www.slideshare.net/OpenDataSupport/introduction-to-rdf-sparql

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How to publish
linked data?
Paving the way towards 5-star linked data
Slide 17

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5 star-schema of Linked (Open) Data
★
Make your stuff available on the Web (whatever format)
under an open license.
★★
Make it available as structured data (e.g., Excel instead of
image scan of a table)
★★★ Use non-proprietary formats (e.g., CSV instead of Excel)
★★★★
Use URIs to denote things, so that people can point at your
stuff
★★★★★ Link your data to other data to provide context
Slide 18
optional

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★ Make your stuff available on the Web under an
open licence
Slide 19

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Pros & cons of ★ open data
Slide 20
As a consumer... As a publisher...
You can access the data. It is simple to publish.
You can store it locally. You do not have explain repeatedly
to others that they can use your data.
You can enter the data into any
other system.
You can change the data.
You can share the data with
anyone.

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★ ★ Make it available as structured data
Slide 21

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Pros & cons of ★ ★ open data
All the benefits of ★ open data; plus
Slide 22
You can directly process it with
proprietary software to aggregate it,
perform calculations, visualise it,
etc.
It is still simple to publish.
You can export it into another
(structured and/or non proprietary)
format.

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• Proprietary: Excel, Word, PDF...
• Non-proprietary: XML, CSV, RDF, JSON, ODF...
Road safety- Accidents 2006:
★ ★ ★ Use non-proprietary formats
Slide 23

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Pros & cons of ★ ★ ★ open data
All the benefits of ★ ★ open data; plus
Slide 24
You can manipulate the data in
any way you like, without being
confined by the capabilities of any
particular software.
It is still simple to publish.
- But, you may need converters or
plug-ins to export the data from the
proprietary format.

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★ ★ ★ ★ Use URIs to denote things
For example, creating an URI for one of the units of the Greek Ministry of the
Administrative Reform and e-Governance.
Slide 25
See also:
http://www.slideshare.net/OpenDataSupport/design-and-manage-persitent-uris
http://data.ydmed.gov.gr/doc/organization/16180

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Pros & cons of ★ ★ ★ ★ open data
All the benefits of ★ ★ ★ open data; plus
Slide 26
You can link to it from any other place. Other data publishers can now link
into your data, promoting it to 5 star.
You can bookmark it. You will be able to reuse vocabularies,
data and metadata, and URI design
patterns instead of creating them from
scratch.
You can access information about a
particular resource directly through its
URI, without having to download the
complete dataset.
You may be able to reuse existing tools
and libraries.
- But you typically need to invest some
time in identifying the resources and
assigning URIs.
You can combine the data with other
data.
- You need to invest in a stable policy,
management and infrastructure for
persistent URIs.
- But understanding the technology requires effort and can have a steep learning
curve.

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★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Link your data to other data to
provide context
Slide 27

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Pros & cons of ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ open data
All the benefits of ★ ★ ★ ★ open data; plus
Slide 28
You can discover more (related)
data while consuming the data.
You make your data discoverable.
You can directly learn about the
data schema.
You increase the context,
expressivity, quality and value of
your data (and consequently you
give visibility to your organisation).
You can combine data from
different source, be innovative, gain
new knowledge, be an
entrepreneur...
- This requires an investment in
time, money, technology and
competencies/ skills.
- But, you now have to deal with broken data links. Not all publishers/data
sources will be reliable.

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Example
Using Open Refine for RDF to publish tabular data as
Linked Data.
Slide 29

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What is Open Refine RDF extension
Open Refine RDF extension, allows you to easily import data in
different formats such as :
 CSV;
 Excel(.xls and .xlsx);
 JSON;
 XML; and
 RDF/XML.
And then determine the intended structure of an RDF dataset, by
drawing a template graph.
Slide 30
See also:
LOD 2 Webinar – Open Refine
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ve93C238gI

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Case study: Linking data about plant protection
products
We will show how a dataset of the
Greek Ministry of Rural
Development and Food was
described using an ontology
developed by DG Health and
Consumers and was then
published as Linked Data.
The dataset was in CSV format.
Slide 31
http://health.testproject.eu/PPP/
See also:
http://joinup.ec.europa.eu/asset/core_business/document/linking-
data-about-applications-and-decisions-authorisation-ppp

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Creating the project in Open Refine
• Make sure that Open
Refine and the RDF
extension are installed on
your machine.
• Launch Open Refine.
• Upload the spreadsheet
and selected the sheets
that you want.
• Confirm the creation of
the project.
Slide 32

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Mapping the raw data to the ontology
You can map the data to the ontology using a simple graphical interface to
create or edit an existing RDF skeleton.
You can set the base URI for the data.
Slide 33
Graphical interface to copy/paste
an existing RDF skeleton
Graphical interface to edit
an RDF skeleton

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Exporting the data in RDF – Linked Data
You can now export your data
in:
• RDF/XML; or
• Turtle
Slide 34
Export of the
data in Turtle

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LOGD enablers &
roadblocks
From the study on Business Models for LOGD of the ISA
Programme of the European Commission.
Slide 35

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LOGD enablers
• Efficiency gains in data integration – the network effect.
• Forward-looking strategies.
• Increased linking and integrated services.
• Ease of model updates.
• Ease of navigation.
• Open licensing and free access.
• Enthusiasm from ‘champions’.
• Emerging best practice guidance.
36
See also:

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Linked data can help you publish structured data
and integrate data from different sources
Slide 37
Building a
common
view on
address
data in
Belgium
See also:
https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/asset/core_
location/document/core-location-pilot-
interconnecting-belgian-address-data
http://location.testproject.eu

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LOGD roadblocks
• Necessary investments.
• Lack of necessary competencies.
• Perceived lack of tools.
• Lack of service level guarantees.
• Missing, restrictive, or incompatible licences.
• Surfeit of standard vocabularies.
• The inertia of the status quo – change is accomplished slowly.
38
See also:

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Linked data
initiatives in Europe
Some examples on supra-national, national, regional and
private initiatives in the area of linked (open) data across
Europe.
Slide 39

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Member State initiatives – some examples
DE – Bibliotheksverbund Bayern
Linked data from 180 academic libraries in Bavaria, Berlin and Brandenburg.
IT – Agenzia per l’Italia digitiale
Three datasets published as linked data: the Index of Public Administration, the SPC
contracts for web services and conduction systems and the Classifications for the data in
Public Administration.
NL – Building and address register
The Dutch Address and Buildings base register published as linked data.
UK – Ordnance Survey
Three OS Open Data products published as linked data: the 1:50 000 Scale Gazetteer,
Code-Point Open and the administrative geography taken from Boundary Line.
UK – Companies House
Publishing basic company details as linked data using a simple URI for each company in
their database.
Slide 40
See also:

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Linked Government Data & Metadata initiatives
funded by the European Commission
Slide 41
ADMS.
SW
CORE
VOCABULARY
PUBLIC
SERVICE

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The Linked Government Data Pilots of ISA
Slide 42
http://health.testproject.eu/PPP/ http://maritime.testproject.eu/CISE/
http://cpsv.testproject.eu/CPSV/

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Non-governmental applications
Slide 43

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Conclusions
• Linked data is a set of design principles for sharing machine-readable
data on the Web.
• Linked data and open data are not the same.
• URIs, RDF and SPARQL form the foundational layer for Linked data.
• Linked data offers a number of advantages for:
o Data integration with small impact on legacy systems;
o Enables for semantic interoperability;
o Enables creativity and innovation through context and knowledge-
creation.
Slide 44

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Group questions
Slide 45
Is there supply and demand for (Linked) Open Government
Data in your country?
What are, in your opinion, the expected benefits and pitfalls of
Linked Data?
Are there any Linked (Open) Data initiatives in your country?
If so, how many stars would you give them?
http://www.visualpharm.com
Take also the online test here!

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Thank you!
...and now YOUR questions?
Slide 46

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References
Slide 6:
• EUCLID. Course 1: Introduction and Application Scenarios. http://www.euclid-
project.eu/modules/course1
• Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch. http://lod-
cloud.net/
Slides 8:, 13, 36, 38:
• ISA Programme. Case study on how Linked Data is transforming eGovernment.
https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/community/semic/document/case-study-how-linked-data-
transforming-egovernment
• Tim Berners-Lee. Linked Data. http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html
Slide 9:,
• ISA Programme Study on Business Models for LOGD
https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/community/semic/document/study-business-models-linked-
open-government-data-bm4logd
Slide 12:
• The Open Knowledge Foundation. Open Data – An Introduction. http://okfn.org/opendata/
Slides 18-28:
• 5 ★ Open Data. http://5stardata.info/
Slide 19:
• UK National Archives, Sustainable development targets 2011-12.
Slide 21:
• Data.gov.uk. Housing stock. http://data.gov.uk/dataset/uk-housing-stock
Slide 23:
• Data.gov.uk. Road Safety Data. http://data.gov.uk/dataset/road-accidents-safety-data
Slide 25 & 27:
• ISA Organization Ontology pilot - Linking public sector's organisational data,
https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/asset/core_business/document/organization-ontology-pilot-
linking-public-sectors-organisational-data
http://data.ydmed.gov.gr/
Slide 37:
• ISA Programme. Core Location Pilot - Interconnecting Belgian Address Data.
https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/asset/core_location/document/core-location-pilot-
interconnecting-belgian-address-data
Slides 30-34:
• Open Refine: https://github.com/OpenRefine
• RDF Extension: http://refine.deri.ie/
• ISA Programme, Linking data about applications and decisions for authorisation of PPP,
http://joinup.ec.europa.eu/asset/core_business/document/linking-data-about-applications-
and-decisions-authorisation-ppp
Slide 40
• Bibliotheksverbund Bayern, http://lod.b3kat.de/doc
• Agenzia per l’Italia Digitale, http://spcdata.digitpa.gov.it/data.html
• NL – Building and address register, http://lod.Geodan.nl
• UK Ordnance Survey, http://data.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/
• UK Companies House, http://companieshouse.gov.uk/
Slide 47

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Further reading
Linked Open Data: The Essentials. Florian Bauer, Martin Kaltenböck.
http://www.semantic-web.at/LOD-TheEssentials.pdf
Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space. Tom Heath
and Christian Bizer.
http://linkeddatabook.com/editions/1.0/
Linked Open Government Data. Li Ding Qualcomm, Vassilios
Peristeras and Michael Hausenblas.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6237454
EUCLID - Course 1: Introduction and Application Scenarios
http://www.euclid-project.eu/modules/course1
Slide 48

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Related projects and initiatives
LOD2 FP7 project, http://lod2.eu/
The Open Knowledge Foundation, http://okfn.org/
W3C Semantic Web, http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/
EUCLID, http://projecteuclid.org/
ISA Programme, http://ec.europa.eu/isa/
W3C LOGD WG, http://www.w3.org/2011/gld/wiki/Main_Page
LOD Around The Clock FP7 project, http://latc-project.eu/
Data.gov.uk, http://data.gov.uk/linked-data
Slide 49

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Slide 50

Introduction to linked data

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Introduction to linked data

Editor's Notes