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Introduction to peace and conflict studies1.pptx
- 1. Introduction to Peaceand Conflict Studies ABARSO TECH UNIVERSITY January/February 2023
- 2. About the Course Courseoverview • This social science course serves as an introduction to the interdisciplinary and diverse field of Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS). It provides an overview of the topics related to peace and conflict. • Mainly this introductory course will focus on the conceptualization of peace, security, conflict, conflict analysis and transformation, and various types of violence, and some skills related to conflict resolution techniques – negotiation, mediation, reconciliation, and arbitration etc.
- 3. About the Course Theaim of this course is to enable students understand the fundamental issues related to peace and conflict resolution: At the end of this course, students should be able to: Discuss meaning of peace, theories and related concepts Explain the meaning, theories and nature of conflict Discuss the causes and types of conflicts Discuss on conflict analysis, management, resolution and transformation Explain the forms of conflict resolution – mediation, negotiation, arbitration, litigation, conciliation and so on Be familiar with global issues and peace-building.
- 4. About the Course CourseAssignment: Students will be asked to present practical trends in global peace issues. Analysis and practical solution to a contextual/global conflict
- 5. Conceptualization of Peace& Security Professor Ibeanu’s conceptualization of peace: • Peace as the converse of war- there is peace because there is no war & there is war because there is no peace. • War is only one form of violence, which is physical, open & direct • But there is another form of violence that is not immediately perceived as such. This has to do with social conditions such as poverty, exclusion, intimidation, oppression, want, fear & many types of psychological pressures.
- 6. Conceptualization of Peace& Security Meanings of peace are: • Peace refers to a condition of social harmony in which there are no social antagonisms-no social conflict & individuals & groups are able to meet their needs & expectations. • Peace is generally defined as the absence of war, fear, conflict, anxiety, suffering & violence, & about peaceful co- existence. • Peace as justice & development. • Peace as respect & tolerance between people.
- 7. Conceptualization of Peace& Security Meanings of peace are: • Peace as balance in & with ecosphere - self- sustaining ecosystem • Inner peace/spiritual peace, • Peace does not mean the total absence of any conflict. It means the absence of violence in all forms & the unfolding of conflict in a constructive way.
- 8. Conceptualization of peace •In its traditional definition, peace is seen as merely the absence of war or of conflicts between or within states. • Peace is not in terms of just avoiding war, but establishing an active culture of living in peace in the world. There are two common interpretations of the peace ‘as converse of war argument’- 1. For instrumentalist: ‘peace is a means to an end’ - the absence of war serve as the end of social progress & development. 2. As to functionalist: ‘peace is said to have the social function of integration & order’ - for society and the state to function properly they need peace, otherwise, there would be a lot of stress on the social and political system and then would breakdown.
- 9. Direct Vs StructuralVoilence • Direct violence injures or kills people quickly and dramatically, whereas structural violence is much more widespread and kills far more people by depriving them of satisfaction of their basic needs. • Structural violence occurs whenever people are disadvantaged by political, legal, economic or cultural traditions • Structural violence is also the most potent stimulant of behavioural violence in the form of homicides, suicides, mass murders, and war. • Violence- consists of actions, words, attitudes, structures or system that cause physical, psychological, social or environmental damage & /or prevent people from reaching their full human potential.
- 10. Negative Vs PositivePeace Negative peace: Negative peace refers to the absence of direct violence. • The notion of a stable social order as form of negative peace e.g. Cease fire it is negative because something undesirable stopped happening (e.g. the violence stopped, the oppression ended). • This notion focuses on the absence of direct violence such as war. • The prevention & elimination of visible use of violence require resolving difference through negotiation or mediation rather than resorting to physical force. • Changing social structures that responsible for death, poverty & malnutrition.
- 11. Negative Vs PositivePeace Positive Peace: Positive peace refers to the absence of indirect and structural violence, and is the concept that most peace and conflict researchers adopt. • The concept of positive peace, based on a broad understanding of social condition, means the removal of structural violence beyond the absence of direct violence. • Equality is an essential element of peace b/c its absence perpetuates tensions of all types. • The elimination of various forms of discrimination is a precondition for human realization. • The goals of positive peace touch upon many issues that influence quality of life, including personal growth, freedom, social equality, economic equality, solidarity, autonomy & participation. • The basic distinction between positive and negative peace was popularized by prominent peace theorist Johan Galtung - a Norwegian sociologist who is the principal founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies.
- 12. Negative Vs PositivePeace
- 13. Recap Galtung, Johan. “Violence,Peace, and Peace Research.” Journal of Peace Research, vol. 6, no. 3, 1969, pp. 167–19
- 14. Responding to conflictand violence: Peacemaking, peacekeeping , peace enforcing, and peacebuilding
- 15. • These termsare very important when it comes to maintaining international peace and security as well as promoting collaboration of the world nations in the areas of peace and security.
- 16. Introduction • Peacemaking, peacekeeping,peace-enforcing and peacebuilding are among a range of activities undertaken by the United Nations and regional organizations to maintain international peace and security throughout the world.
- 17. Peacekeeping • Peacekeeping ismeant to preserve peace, especially as a military mission in which troops attempt to keep formerly warring armed forces from starting to fight again by creating a barrier between them. • Normally, peace keeping missions are carried out by the UN or a group of neutral nations and involves monitoring a cease-fire agreed by the parties. • At this stage, the soldiers do nothing to settle the disputant's differences or help negotiate a peace agreement--they simply keep the two sides apart.
- 18. Peacekeeping • These threeprinciples are inter-related and mutually reinforcing: 1.Consent of the parties 2.Impartiality 3.Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate • Peacekeeping is effective at resolving civil wars, reducing violence during wars, preventing wars from recurring, and rebuilding state institutions.
- 19. Introduction • There arecurrently 12 UN peace operations deployed in 3 different regions: seven in Africa, three in the Middle East, two in Europe, and one in Asia • Currently, the United Nations has four peacekeeping missions in Africa: MINURSO in the Western Sahara, UNAMSIL in Sierra Leone, UNMEE in Eritrea and Ethiopia, and MONUC in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. • Current global list of peace keeping missions?
- 20. • Peacekeeping missionin the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2007 • UN Photo/Marie Frechon
- 21. Peacemaking • Peace Making:Includes measures to address conflicts in progress & usually involves diplomatic action to bring hostile parties to a negotiated agreement. • Peace making is possible only when the conflicting parties recognize the legitimacy of the other parties involved. • Peacemaking follows one of the conflict resolution techniques such as mediation, arbitration, conciliation and judicial settlement.
- 22. Peacemaking • Sudanese PeaceAgreement in 2005, which ended the second Sudanese Civil War, and paved the way for the referendum that ultimately gave South Sudan its independence in 2012. • Philippine peace agreement in 2012 between the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and the Philippine Government, which created a semi-autonomous region in Mindanao. • Ethiopia government and TPLF peace deal 2022
- 23. • Egyptian PresidentAnwar Sadat, left, President Carter, center, and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem signing the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel in March 26, 1979. • Photo: AP File Photo
- 24. Peace enforcing • Peaceenforcement is a practice of ensuring peace in an area or region. • Peace-enforcement entails the physical interposition of armed forces to separate ongoing combatants to create a cease-fire that does not exist. • Peace enforcement is different from peacemaking where options, possibly including force, are used to bring conflicting parties to negotiations.
- 25. Peace enforcing • Peaceenforcement does not require the consent of the main parties • Examples of peace enforcing UN operation in the 1950–54 Korean War UN mission to Congo, has been authorised by the Security Council to use aggressive force against certain rebel groups.
- 26. Peace-building • Peace-building isa long process to secure peace. It aims at reducing the tendency that the violent conflict recurs and builds confidence among the parties • Peace-building processes follows different levels of intervention: A. strengthening national capacities for conflict mitigation and management. B. Reintegrating former combatants into civilian society and strengthening the rule of law ( Police and Judiciary). C. improving respect for human rights and social justice D. Providing technical assistance for democratic development
- 27. Security • Security isthe condition or feeling safe from harm or danger. • The defence, protection and preservation of core values, and the absence of threat to acquire values. • As technical term ‘security’ means that something not only is secure but that it has been secured. • Is the condition of being protected against danger or loss • Is the condition of being protected against danger or loss • Free from fear or anxiety • Measure taken especially to guard against military action, espionage or disruption ( concern over internal security)
- 28. • Security issometimes synonymous with the concept of ‘safety’, but as a technical term is the actions taken to make people or places safe while safety is the state of being protected against harm or danger. • E.g.: securing from military attacks vs work place safety
- 29. Security: forms ofsecurity Physical security-example Police, public security bureau (security guard, security police). political security:-international security, national security, Human security, Public security. Others- Energy security, food security, financial security, economic security, energy security, environmental security, and cyber security. The Traditional Understanding of security: It is largely military conception of security that focused on the state as the primarily referent object of security- development of Strategic Studies that mainly rely on military build-up. It does not explain non-military threat to security at individual, societal, state, regional & global level E.g. energy security
- 30. Security Western concept ofsecurity vs Third world security. • Security during the Cold war -Superpower-client r/ns, proxy wars ( including the Korean War, the Vietnamese War, and the Afghan- Soviet War, Ukraine War), inter-state wars • In Third World countries security is very much related with state/regime security. Contemporary Understanding of security: • embrace non-military dimension such as env’t, migration, ethnic-r/ns & national identities, poverty & human insecurity, & diseases. • Peace & security are the two sides of the same coin: one can not exist without the other- & both are mutually re-enforcing. The absence of peace means the absence of security. Likewise, the existence of peace invariably means the existence of security • Security cannot exist without justice, democracy, the rule of law, good governance & the effective respect for human rights of all individuals & communities.
- 31. UNIT CONTENT In thisunit, we will discuss: • Definition of conflict and its conceptualization • Levels of conflict • Causes of conflict • ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR) • ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ADR • TOOLS FOR CONFLICT ANALYSIS • TYPES OF ADR ( NEGOTIATION, MEDIATION, ARBITRATION and Early neutral evaluation) • CASE STUDIES
- 32. Conceptualization of Conflict •Conflict means contradiction arising from differences in interests, ideas, ideologies, beliefs, perceptions and inclinations. • A conflict or controversy: a claims or rights; an assertion or declaration of a right, claim, or demand on one side, met by contrary claims or allegations on the other. • incompatible behaviour between parties whose interests are or appear to be, incompatible or clashing. • Conflict is an open disagreement between two people or groups of people who have different goals, interests and values.
- 33. Conceptualization of Conflict Conflictvs Dispute: • A dispute is a short-term disagreement that can result in the disputants reaching some sort of resolution; it involves issues that are negotiable. • Conflict, in contrast, is long-term with deeply rooted issues that are seen as “non-negotiable” • For example: A labor dispute is any disagreement between an employer and his or her employees concerning anything job-related, such as period, hours, wages, fringe benefits, and employment conditions.
- 34. Facts about Conflict: •Conflict is normal, natural and inevitable phenomenon in any interactive situation of human life • Conflict is not necessarily negative in itself. It is often a by – product of social change and may lead to constructive transformation. • Conflict involves people's feelings as well as their objectives, and both feelings as well as outcome of the conflict must be resolved, agreement must be found or a compromise worked out.
- 35. Levels of Conflict •Interpersonal conflict: refers to a conflict between two individuals e.g. conflicts between individuals or between superiors and subordinate in the workplace. • Intra-personal conflict : occurs within an individual • E.g. A decision about whether to testify against a relative or friend. This may generate an intrapersonal conflict between a value for justice/a religious obligation and a value for loyalty and friendship toward the person. What about decision to quit certain addiction? • Intra-group conflict: happens among individuals within a team. • E.g. conflict between members of parliament.
- 36. Levels of Conflict •Intergroup: takes place when a misunderstanding arises among different teams within an organization. • E.g. conflict of interest between two groups in a same government or NGO. • Inter-communal - internal Conflict b/n groups/sectors in society (ethnic, religious, territorial, resource based) • Intra national: a war between political factions or regions within the same country. • international conflict: refers to conflicts between different nation-states and conflicts between people and organizations in different nation-states.
- 37. Causes of conflicts •Economic conflict: is brought about by a limited amount of resources. The groups or individuals involved then comes into conflict to attain the most of these resources, thus bringing forth hostile behaviors among those involved. Conflicts over Resources are usually easy to identify because they can be seen and are more potentially easy to resolve. • Value conflict: is concerned with the varied preferences and ideologies that people have as their principles. Conflicts driven by this factor are demonstrated in wars wherein separate parties have sets of beliefs that they emphasize (in an aggressive manner at that).
- 38. Causes…. • Power conflict:occurs when the parties involved intends to maximize what influence it has in the social setting. Such a situation can happen among individuals, groups or even nations. In other types of conflict, power is also evident as it involves an asserting of influence to another. Daniel Katz • Psychological Needs Conflict: over psychological needs of groups and individuals are conflicts which cannot be seen but affect the psyche of the individual and group self-actualisation/ or the realization of a person’s/groups full potential, need for individual and group respect, attempt to project one’s group to be better than the others. Maslow’s points out that when an individual psychological need is achieved or satisfied, such an individual becomes dominated by a drive for the other unsatisfied needs.
- 39. Causes…. • Conflict overInformation: The pivotal role of information in societal conflict cannot be over-emphasised, they can either be manipulative or constructive. Especially in a widespread conflict situation, the role of information becomes more crucial, difficult and dangerous.
- 40. Causes of Conflicts:Theories • Human Needs…Burton says that conflict stems from unsatisfied human needs • In conflict, people represent their interests, but not their underlying needs; however, they will use power and coercion to meet those needs • Conflict theory by Karl Marx: a society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources. • Galtung – Structural Violence: Inequalities embedded in the social structure lead to violence and conflict and continuous disputes. Unless those underlying inequalities are solved, then violence will continue
- 41. Causes …… • GameTheory :Zero-sum game People assume that they can either win or lose. Lloyd S. Shapley. –If I win a quarter, they lose a quarter – the sum is always zero –you give up nothing, because it means the other side wins what you give up
- 42.
- 43. ADR • term "alternativedispute resolution" or "ADR" is often used to describe a wide variety of dispute resolution mechanisms that are short of, or alternative to, full-scale court processes. The term can refer to everything from facilitated settlement negotiations in which disputants are encouraged to negotiate directly with each other prior to some other legal process, to arbitration systems or mini-trials that look and feel very much like a courtroom process.
- 44. ADR… • Alternative DisputeResolutions ("ADR") are alternative methods that; an independent, objective and impartial third party provides the parties of the legal dispute to reach an agreement about the dispute by bringing them together and communicating with each other. • ADR are optional dispute resolution proceedings and methods as compared to proceedings before State Courts. ADR aims simpler and faster resolution of the disputes without impairing the judicial sovereignty of the state. • The procedures in ADR are not limited in number and type; each country may choose a method of ADR or create ADR method by taking their social and economic circumstances and facts into consideration.
- 45. ADR CONT…. • Processesdesigned to manage community tension or facilitate community development issues can also be included within the title of ADR. ADR systems may be generally categorized as negotiation, conciliation/mediation, or arbitration systems.
- 46. A Brief Historyof ADR • Dispute resolution outside of courts is not new; societies world-over have long used non-judicial, indigenous methods to resolve conflicts. What is new is the extensive promotion and proliferation of ADR models, wider use of court- connected ADR, and the increasing use of ADR as a tool to realize goals broader than the settlement of specific disputes.
- 47. HISTORY ….. • TheADR movement in the United States was launched in the 1970s, beginning as a social movement to resolve community-wide civil rights disputes through mediation, and as a legal movement to address increased delay and expense in litigation arising from an overcrowded court system. • In the 1980s, demand for ADR in the commercial sector began to grow as part of an effort to find more efficient and effective alternatives to litigation.
- 48. ADR HISTORY…. • Internationally,the ADR movement has also taken off in both developed and developing countries. ADR models may be driven from processes found in the United States or hybrid experiments mixing ADR models with elements of traditional dispute resolution. ADR processes are being implemented to meet a wide range of social, legal, commercial, and political goals.
- 49. HISTORY…. • Today, legaland corporate acceptance of alternative dispute resolution as a legitimate remedy for addressing business disagreements is reflected in the language of business contracts. ADR contingencies have become a standard element in many contracts between companies and their employees, partners, customers, and suppliers.
- 50. Example of standardMoU Clause: Disputes • Both parties will take all reasonable steps to prevent or resolve any dispute arising from the partnership, the terms of this MOU or their application. In the event a dispute cannot be resolved by the management committee, the committee will appoint an independent arbitrator…etc
- 51. The Characteristics ofADR Approaches • Although the characteristics of negotiated settlement, conciliation, mediation, arbitration, and other forms of community justice vary, all share a few common elements of distinction from the formal judicial structure. These elements permit them to address disputes in a manner different from judicial systems. • Characteristics include: • Informality: Most fundamentally, ADR processes are less formal than judicial processes. In most cases, the rules of procedure are flexible, without formal pleadings, extensive written documentation, or rules of evidence.
- 52. Characteristics …. • Applicationof Equity: Equally important, ADR programs are instruments for the application of equity rather than the rule of law. Each case is decided by a third party, or negotiated between disputants themselves, based on principles and terms that seem equitable in the particular case, rather than on uniformly applied legal standards. • Direct Participation and Communication between Disputants
- 53. BENEFITS OF ADR •Support and complement court reform • By-pass ineffective and discredited courts • Increase popular satisfaction with dispute resolution • Increase access to justice for disadvantaged groups • Reduce delay in the resolution of disputes • Reduce the cost of resolving disputes
- 54. • Increase civicengagement and create public processes to facilitate economic restructuring and other social change • Help reduce the level of tension and conflict in a community • Manage disputes and conflicts that may directly impair development initiatives • Improve or Maintain the Relationship • Avoid Future Disputes • Deal with Emotion
- 55. DEMERITS OF ADR •Define, refine, establish and promote a legal framework. • Redress pervasive injustice, discrimination, or human rights problems. • Resolve disputes between parties who possess greatly different levels of power or authority. • Resolve cases that require public sanction. • Resolve disputes involving disputants or interested parties who refuse to participate, or cannot participate, in the ADR process
- 56. • In balanceof power: The benefit of voluntary negotiating agreement may be undermined where there is a serious imbalance of power between the parties – in effect , one party is acting less voluntarily than the other • Lack of legal expertise : Where a dispute hinges a difficult point of law, an arbitrator may not have the required legal expertise to judge.
- 57. • No systemof precedent There is no doctrine of precedent (there is no doctrine for past and future uses), and each case is judged on its merits, providing no real guidelines for future cases. • Enforcement : The decision not made by the court may be difficult to enforcement. Don’t forget that other ADR scholars take easily enforcement of compromise in ADR process as one of the advantages of the system.