Introduction to Pharmacology

INTRODUCTION TO
PHARMACOLOGY
By: Dr.Muhammad Usman Khalid
DPT,MS-NMPT

PHARMACOLOGYAND
THERAPEUTICS
A science which
deals with
interaction of drug
with the body

Recommended Books
•Katung B G. Basic and clinical pharmacology
11th Edition (New York) Mc Graw Hills
• Howland pilchard D. , Mary J. Mycek
Lippincott’s Illustrated reviews
Pharmacology 5th Edition
•Board review series -- Katzung,
Lippincott’s
• Pharmacology by H.P. Rang & M.M. Dale (6th edition)

MCQ / reference book
• For MCQs
• Pre-test Pharmacology by Marshal Shlafer (one best type) 11th
Edition
• Board review series (at end of each chapter)
• Katzung
• Lippincott’s
• Reference Book.
• Hardman J. Limbird LE: Goodman and Gilman’s the
pharmacology Basis of Therapeutics 11th Edition (New York) Mc
Graw Hills

Books
• Multiauthor Textbook of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
( volume I and Volume II)
• Prof Maqsood Cheema, prof Akhlaq-un-Nabi Khan and Prof S.M.
Yusuf
• Clinico-basic pharmacology
A rapid review for under graduates and post graduates ---
Muhammad Shamim and Ghazala Shamim
• Nauman’s textbook of Pharmacology 2nd edition

PHARMACOLOGY
Greek : Pharmacon
(an active principle)
&
loges (a discourse
or treatise)

Pharmacology
A science which deals with the
study of substances that interact
with living systems
&
activating or inhibiting
normal body process

Therapeutics
• The branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of
disease
• Therapy ------ the act of caring for someone (as by
medication or remedial training)
• Treatment designated to eliminate disease (or bodily
disorders or derangement.) e.g.,
• Anticoagulant therapy, Immunosuppressive therapy, Gene therapy:
(It is the insertion of an appropriate healthy gene into somatic cells
for treatment.)
• Physiotherapy ---- Therapy that uses physical agents:
exercise and massage and other modalities

Therapeutics
•The art and
scientific account
of the treatment
of diseases

Pharm; Pertaining to drug
•Pharmacopeia
An authoritative treatise ( a formal, systematic written
presentation of a subject ) on drugs with their formulas and
preparations.
• British Pharmacopeia (B.P)
• British National Formulary (B.N.F)
• United States Pharmacopeia (U.S.P)

Pharm: Pertaining to drug
• Pharmacy --- The art of preparing or compounding and
dispensing of medicines or preparing suitable dosage forms
for administration of drugs to man or animals.
• A shop for compounding and dispensing drugs and medical supplies
• Pharmacist --- A person licensed to compound or dispense
drugs
• Pharmaceutics -- The large scale manufacture of drugs

•Pharmacognosy ----
identification of drugs
The study of biological, biochemical and economic
features of natural drugs and their constituents
•Materia medica --- The science of drug
preparation and the medical use of drugs.

• Pharmacogenomics: (
Pharmacogenetics)
• The study of genetic variations that cause
differences in drug response among individuals
or populations.
• Pharmacodiagnosis --- The use of drugs in diagnosis
•Posology--- It is the branch of
pharmacology which deals with the
doses of drugs

• Pharmacotherapeutics
• The application of pharmacological information together with
knowledge of the disease for its prevention or cure
• Therapeutic evaluation
• Whether a drug is of value and how it may best be used;
• (a) formal therapeutic trials
• (b) surveillance studies for both efficacy and adverse effects
• Rational therapeutics by
• Controlled clinical trials --- To accurately evaluate therapeutic
claims

• Medical pharmacology --- The science of substances
used to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease.
• Clinical pharmacology
• Scientific study of drugs in man to generate data for optimum use
of drugs
• Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, evaluation of efficacy and
safety of drugs, comparative trials with other form of treatments,
and adverse effects

Toxicology
•That branch of pharmacology
which deals with the
undesirable effects of drugs
and chemicals on living
system
•Detection, prevention and
treatment of poisoning

Drug body interactions
Drug Body
(Pharmacodynamics)
(Pharmacokinetics)
• Pharmacdynamics ---
• It is the actions of drugs on the body
• pharmacological effects --- therapeutic / toxic effects produced by
the drug and its mechanism of action
• Pharmacokinetics
• It is the actions of body on the drug
• What happens with the drug in the body (absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and excretion)

•Pharmodynamics is
what drugs do to the
body
•Pharmokinetics is what
the body does to drugs

Pharmacodynamics
• Where it acts?
(site of action)
• What are the effects ?
(pharmacological effects)
• How it acts?
(mechanism of action)
Pharmacokinetics
• Absorption
(locally or into the
blood from its site of
application)
• Distribution
(to its site of action or other non
required sites )
• Permeation
(through various membranes)
• Elimination by
Metabolism or Excretion

Drug (French; drogue, a dry herb)
Any substance that brings about a change in
biological function through its chemical
actions

Drug
•Any substance used for the
purpose of diagnosis,
prevention, relief or cure of a
disease in man or animal
• Drug (WHO, 1966)
“drug is any substance or product that is used or intended
to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or
pathological states for the benefit of the patients”

What is drug?
•A chemical substance of
known structure, other than a
nutrient or an essential dietary
ingredient, which, when
administered to a living
organism, produce a
biological effect.

Nature of drugs
• A drug is any substance that brings about a change in
biological function through its chemical actions. It reacts
with a regulator molecule called as receptor to show its
effects
• Hormones are drugs synthesized within the body
• Xenobiotics (Greek xenos; stranger)
• Chemicals not synthesized in the body ---
• Drugs synthesized in the pharmaceutical industries
• Poisons in small doses are drugs

Poisons and Toxins
• Poisons are drugs that have almost exclusively harmful
effects
• Toxins are poisons of biological origin ---synthesized by
plants or animals.
• Inorganic poisons ---- lead , arsenic
•Poisons in small doses are
drugs

Paracelsus (1493-1541)
•“All things are poisons and there is
nothing that is harmless, the dose
alone decides that something is no
poison”
•“The dose makes the
poison”
• All substances can be harmful if taken in the wrong doses
• Poisons in small doses are drugs

William withering (1741-1799)
•“Poisons in small doses are the
best medicine; and useful
medicines in too large doses are
poisonous” i.e., drugs are
useful poisons.

Drug / medicine
•A drug is a single chemical
substance that forms the
active ingredient of a
medicine
•Medicine = active
ingredient + excipient

Excipient
•An inert (or slightly active substance) used in
preparing medicines as a vehicle or
medium of administration for the
medicinal agents
•Substances in which an active
ingredient is incorporated to
formulate medicines

Excipient
•To deliver drugs in a stable form,
acceptable and convenient to the
patient
•May affect absorption as well as
solubility of the medicine
•Lactose, sucrose, starch,
calcium phosphate or lactate

Hippocrates (460-355 B.C.)
•“First do no harm”
•“It is good remedy
sometimes to use
nothing”

Napoleon Bonaparte, 1820
•I do not want two diseases
--- one nature made,
one doctor made

J.H. Gaddum, 1959
•Patient may recover in spite of
drugs or because of them

William Osler, M.D.
• The person who takes medicine must recover twice, once
from the disease and once from the medicine.

Introduction to Pharmacology

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