Basic concept of Deep Learning with explaining its structure and backpropagation method and understanding autograd in PyTorch. (+ Data parallism in PyTorch)
PyTorch is an open-source machine learning framework popular for flexibility and ease-of-use. It is built on Python and supports neural networks using tensors as the primary data structure. Key features include tensor computation, automatic differentiation for training networks, and dynamic graph computation. PyTorch is used for applications like computer vision, natural language processing, and research due to its flexibility and Python integration. Major companies like Facebook, Uber, and Salesforce use PyTorch for machine learning tasks.
PyTorch Python Tutorial | Deep Learning Using PyTorch | Image Classifier Usin...Edureka!
( ** Deep Learning Training: https://www.edureka.co/ai-deep-learning-with-tensorflow ** )
This Edureka PyTorch Tutorial (Blog: https://goo.gl/4zxMfU) will help you in understanding various important basics of PyTorch. It also includes a use-case in which we will create an image classifier that will predict the accuracy of an image data-set using PyTorch.
Below are the topics covered in this tutorial:
1. What is Deep Learning?
2. What are Neural Networks?
3. Libraries available in Python
4. What is PyTorch?
5. Use-Case of PyTorch
6. Summary
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Waves are never ending dynamic surfaces created by the action of wind on ocean surfaces. Waves are undulations of the surface layers of bodies of sea waters. Large bodies of water are almost constantly in motion. Ocean surface are never calm and smooth.They are uneven, irregular, rough and restless. Sea waves are defined as undulations of seawater characterized by unique features. Waves are moving energy patterns. They travel along the interface between ocean and the atmosphere.
Backpropagation: Understanding How to Update ANNs Weights Step-by-StepAhmed Gad
This presentation explains how the backpropagation algorithm is useful in updating the artificial neural networks (ANNs) weights using two examples step by step. Readers should have a basic understanding of how ANNs work, partial derivatives, and multivariate chain rule.
This presentation won`t dive directly into the details of the algorithm but will start by training a very simple network. This is because the backpropagation algorithm is meant to be applied over a network after training. So, we should train the network before applying it to catch the benefits of backpropagation algorithm and how to use it.
Talk on Optimization for Deep Learning, which gives an overview of gradient descent optimization algorithms and highlights some current research directions.
1) The document discusses various methods for determining the 3D structure of proteins, including x-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy.
2) X-ray crystallography involves purifying the protein, crystallizing it, collecting diffraction data from x-rays hitting the crystal, using this data to determine phases and calculate an electron density map, and building an atomic model through refinement.
3) NMR spectroscopy involves dissolving the purified protein and using nuclear magnetic resonance to measure distances between atomic nuclei, allowing the structure to be calculated.
Embedded system security is important to protect devices from attacks. Embedded systems are found in consumer electronics, industrial systems, vehicles and more. They need to be reliable but also secure due to limited resources. Hackers can exploit unprotected firmware to gain premium access or overclock devices. Hardware vulnerabilities like Meltdown and Spectre also affect embedded systems. Military equipment is at risk as well if systems are hacked. Attacks on embedded systems can be classified based on preconditions, vulnerabilities, targets, methods, and effects. Security needs to consider connectivity and manage devices effectively while protecting existing systems.
TensorFlow and Keras are popular deep learning frameworks. TensorFlow is an open source library for numerical computation using data flow graphs. It was developed by Google and is widely used for machine learning and deep learning. Keras is a higher-level neural network API that can run on top of TensorFlow. It focuses on user-friendliness, modularization and extensibility. Both frameworks make building and training neural networks easier through modular layers and built-in optimization algorithms.
PyTorch is an open source machine learning library that provides two main features: tensor computing with strong GPU acceleration and built-in support for deep neural networks through an autodiff tape-based system. It includes packages for optimization algorithms, neural networks, multiprocessing, utilities, and computer vision tasks. PyTorch uses an imperative programming style and defines computation graphs at runtime, compared to TensorFlow which uses both static and dynamic graphs.
Scikit-Learn is a powerful machine learning library implemented in Python with numeric and scientific computing powerhouses Numpy, Scipy, and matplotlib for extremely fast analysis of small to medium sized data sets. It is open source, commercially usable and contains many modern machine learning algorithms for classification, regression, clustering, feature extraction, and optimization. For this reason Scikit-Learn is often the first tool in a Data Scientists toolkit for machine learning of incoming data sets.
The purpose of this one day course is to serve as an introduction to Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn. We will explore several clustering, classification, and regression algorithms for a variety of machine learning tasks and learn how to implement these tasks with our data using Scikit-Learn and Python. In particular, we will structure our machine learning models as though we were producing a data product, an actionable model that can be used in larger programs or algorithms; rather than as simply a research or investigation methodology.
What is Deep Learning | Deep Learning Simplified | Deep Learning Tutorial | E...Edureka!
This Edureka "What is Deep Learning" video will help you to understand about the relationship between Deep Learning, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence and how Deep Learning came into the picture. This tutorial will be discussing about Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and its limitations, how Deep Learning overcame Machine Learning limitations and different real-life applications of Deep Learning.
Below are the topics covered in this tutorial:
1. What Is Artificial Intelligence?
2. What Is Machine Learning?
3. Limitations Of Machine Learning
4. Deep Learning To The Rescue
5. What Is Deep Learning?
6. Deep Learning Applications
To take a structured training on Deep Learning, you can check complete details of our Deep Learning with TensorFlow course here: https://goo.gl/VeYiQZ
Keras is a high level framework that runs on top of AI library such as Tensorflow, Theano, or CNTK. The key feature of Keras is that it allow to switch out the underlying library without performing any code changes. Keras contains commonly used neural-network building blocks such as layers, optimizer, activation functions etc and keras has support for convolutional and recurrent neural networks. In addition keras contains datasets and some pre-trained deep learnig applications that make it easier to learn for beginners. Essentially Keras is democrasting deep learning by reducing barrier into deep learning.
An introduction to Keras, a high-level neural networks library written in Python. Keras makes deep learning more accessible, is fantastic for rapid protyping, and can run on top of TensorFlow, Theano, or CNTK. These slides focus on examples, starting with logistic regression and building towards a convolutional neural network.
The presentation was given at the Austin Deep Learning meetup: https://www.meetup.com/Austin-Deep-Learning/events/237661902/
For the full video of this presentation, please visit:
https://www.embedded-vision.com/platinum-members/embedded-vision-alliance/embedded-vision-training/videos/pages/dec-2019-alliance-vitf-facebook
For more information about embedded vision, please visit:
http://www.embedded-vision.com
Joseph Spisak, Product Manager at Facebook, delivers the presentation "PyTorch Deep Learning Framework: Status and Directions" at the Embedded Vision Alliance's December 2019 Vision Industry and Technology Forum. Spisak gives an update on the Torch deep learning framework and where it’s heading.
Keras is a high-level neural networks API, written in Python and capable of running on top of either TensorFlow, CNTK or Theano.
We can easily build a model and train it using keras very easily with few lines of code.The steps to train the model is described in the presentation.
Use Keras if you need a deep learning library that:
-Allows for easy and fast prototyping (through user friendliness, modularity, and extensibility).
-Supports both convolutional networks and recurrent networks, as well as combinations of the two.
-Runs seamlessly on CPU and GPU.
It’s long ago, approx. 30 years, since AI was not only a topic for Science-Fiction writers, but also a major research field surrounded with huge hopes and investments. But the over-inflated expectations ended in a subsequent crash and followed by a period of absent funding and interest – the so-called AI winter. However, the last 3 years changed everything – again. Deep learning, a machine learning technique inspired by the human brain, successfully crushed one benchmark after another and tech companies, like Google, Facebook and Microsoft, started to invest billions in AI research. “The pace of progress in artificial general intelligence is incredible fast” (Elon Musk – CEO Tesla & SpaceX) leading to an AI that “would be either the best or the worst thing ever to happen to humanity” (Stephen Hawking – Physicist).
What sparked this new Hype? How is Deep Learning different from previous approaches? Are the advancing AI technologies really a threat for humanity? Let’s look behind the curtain and unravel the reality. This talk will explore why Sundar Pichai (CEO Google) recently announced that “machine learning is a core transformative way by which Google is rethinking everything they are doing” and explain why "Deep Learning is probably one of the most exciting things that is happening in the computer industry” (Jen-Hsun Huang – CEO NVIDIA).
Either a new AI “winter is coming” (Ned Stark – House Stark) or this new wave of innovation might turn out as the “last invention humans ever need to make” (Nick Bostrom – AI Philosoph). Or maybe it’s just another great technology helping humans to achieve more.
Develop a fundamental overview of Google TensorFlow, one of the most widely adopted technologies for advanced deep learning and neural network applications. Understand the core concepts of artificial intelligence, deep learning and machine learning and the applications of TensorFlow in these areas.
The deck also introduces the Spotle.ai masterclass in Advanced Deep Learning With Tensorflow and Keras.
The document discusses convolutional neural networks (CNNs). It begins with an introduction and overview of CNN components like convolution, ReLU, and pooling layers. Convolution layers apply filters to input images to extract features, ReLU introduces non-linearity, and pooling layers reduce dimensionality. CNNs are well-suited for image data since they can incorporate spatial relationships. The document provides an example of building a CNN using TensorFlow to classify handwritten digits from the MNIST dataset.
Convolutional Neural Network - CNN | How CNN Works | Deep Learning Course | S...Simplilearn
A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a type of neural network that can process grid-like data like images. It works by applying filters to the input image to extract features at different levels of abstraction. The CNN takes the pixel values of an input image as the input layer. Hidden layers like the convolution layer, ReLU layer and pooling layer are applied to extract features from the image. The fully connected layer at the end identifies the object in the image based on the extracted features. CNNs use the convolution operation with small filter matrices that are convolved across the width and height of the input volume to compute feature maps.
image classification is a common problem in Artificial Intelligence , we used CIFR10 data set and tried a lot of methods to reach a high test accuracy like neural networks and Transfer learning techniques .
you can view the source code and the papers we read on github : https://github.com/Asma-Hawari/Machine-Learning-Project-
This document provides an overview of deep learning and neural networks. It begins with definitions of machine learning, artificial intelligence, and the different types of machine learning problems. It then introduces deep learning, explaining that it uses neural networks with multiple layers to learn representations of data. The document discusses why deep learning works better than traditional machine learning for complex problems. It covers key concepts like activation functions, gradient descent, backpropagation, and overfitting. It also provides examples of applications of deep learning and popular deep learning frameworks like TensorFlow. Overall, the document gives a high-level introduction to deep learning concepts and techniques.
NVIDIA compute GPUs and software toolkits are key drivers behind major advancements in machine learning. Of particular interest is a technique called "deep learning", which utilizes what are known as Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs) having landslide success in computer vision and widespread adoption in a variety of fields such as autonomous vehicles, cyber security, and healthcare. In this talk is presented a high level introduction to deep learning where we discuss core concepts, success stories, and relevant use cases. Additionally, we will provide an overview of essential frameworks and workflows for deep learning. Finally, we explore emerging domains for GPU computing such as large-scale graph analytics, in-memory databases.
https://tech.rakuten.co.jp/
CNNs can be used for image classification by using trainable convolutional and pooling layers to extract features from images, followed by dense layers for classification. CNNs were made practical by increased computational power and large datasets. Libraries like Keras make it easy to build and train CNNs. Example projects include sentiment analysis, customer conversion analysis, and inventory management using computer vision and natural language processing with CNNs.
This presentation Neural Network will help you understand what is a neural network, how a neural network works, what can the neural network do, types of neural network and a use case implementation on how to classify between photos of dogs and cats. Deep Learning uses advanced computing power and special types of neural networks and applies them to large amounts of data to learn, understand, and identify complicated patterns. Automatic language translation and medical diagnoses are examples of deep learning. Most deep learning methods involve artificial neural networks, modeling how our brains work. Neural networks are built on Machine Learning algorithms to create an advanced computation model that works much like the human brain. This neural network tutorial is designed for beginners to provide them the basics of deep learning. Now, let us deep dive into these slides to understand how a neural network actually work.
Below topics are explained in this neural network presentation:
1. What is Neural Network?
2. What can Neural Network do?
3. How does Neural Network work?
4. Types of Neural Network
5. Use case - To classify between the photos of dogs and cats
Simplilearn’s Deep Learning course will transform you into an expert in deep learning techniques using TensorFlow, the open-source software library designed to conduct machine learning & deep neural network research. With our deep learning course, you'll master deep learning and TensorFlow concepts, learn to implement algorithms, build artificial neural networks and traverse layers of data abstraction to understand the power of data and prepare you for your new role as deep learning scientist.
Why Deep Learning?
It is one of the most popular software platforms used for deep learning and contains powerful tools to help you build and implement artificial neural networks.
Advancements in deep learning are being seen in smartphone applications, creating efficiencies in the power grid, driving advancements in healthcare, improving agricultural yields, and helping us find solutions to climate change. With this Tensorflow course, you’ll build expertise in deep learning models, learn to operate TensorFlow to manage neural networks and interpret the results.
You can gain in-depth knowledge of Deep Learning by taking our Deep Learning certification training course. With Simplilearn’s Deep Learning course, you will prepare for a career as a Deep Learning engineer as you master concepts and techniques including supervised and unsupervised learning, mathematical and heuristic aspects, and hands-on modeling to develop algorithms.
Learn more at: https://www.simplilearn.com
Part 2 of the Deep Learning Fundamentals Series, this session discusses Tuning Training (including hyperparameters, overfitting/underfitting), Training Algorithms (including different learning rates, backpropagation), Optimization (including stochastic gradient descent, momentum, Nesterov Accelerated Gradient, RMSprop, Adaptive algorithms - Adam, Adadelta, etc.), and a primer on Convolutional Neural Networks. The demos included in these slides are running on Keras with TensorFlow backend on Databricks.
This document provides an outline for a course on neural networks and fuzzy systems. The course is divided into two parts, with the first 11 weeks covering neural networks topics like multi-layer feedforward networks, backpropagation, and gradient descent. The document explains that multi-layer networks are needed to solve nonlinear problems by dividing the problem space into smaller linear regions. It also provides notation for multi-layer networks and shows how backpropagation works to calculate weight updates for each layer.
https://telecombcn-dl.github.io/2018-dlai/
Deep learning technologies are at the core of the current revolution in artificial intelligence for multimedia data analysis. The convergence of large-scale annotated datasets and affordable GPU hardware has allowed the training of neural networks for data analysis tasks which were previously addressed with hand-crafted features. Architectures such as convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks or Q-nets for reinforcement learning have shaped a brand new scenario in signal processing. This course will cover the basic principles of deep learning from both an algorithmic and computational perspectives.
TensorFlow and Keras are popular deep learning frameworks. TensorFlow is an open source library for numerical computation using data flow graphs. It was developed by Google and is widely used for machine learning and deep learning. Keras is a higher-level neural network API that can run on top of TensorFlow. It focuses on user-friendliness, modularization and extensibility. Both frameworks make building and training neural networks easier through modular layers and built-in optimization algorithms.
PyTorch is an open source machine learning library that provides two main features: tensor computing with strong GPU acceleration and built-in support for deep neural networks through an autodiff tape-based system. It includes packages for optimization algorithms, neural networks, multiprocessing, utilities, and computer vision tasks. PyTorch uses an imperative programming style and defines computation graphs at runtime, compared to TensorFlow which uses both static and dynamic graphs.
Scikit-Learn is a powerful machine learning library implemented in Python with numeric and scientific computing powerhouses Numpy, Scipy, and matplotlib for extremely fast analysis of small to medium sized data sets. It is open source, commercially usable and contains many modern machine learning algorithms for classification, regression, clustering, feature extraction, and optimization. For this reason Scikit-Learn is often the first tool in a Data Scientists toolkit for machine learning of incoming data sets.
The purpose of this one day course is to serve as an introduction to Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn. We will explore several clustering, classification, and regression algorithms for a variety of machine learning tasks and learn how to implement these tasks with our data using Scikit-Learn and Python. In particular, we will structure our machine learning models as though we were producing a data product, an actionable model that can be used in larger programs or algorithms; rather than as simply a research or investigation methodology.
What is Deep Learning | Deep Learning Simplified | Deep Learning Tutorial | E...Edureka!
This Edureka "What is Deep Learning" video will help you to understand about the relationship between Deep Learning, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence and how Deep Learning came into the picture. This tutorial will be discussing about Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and its limitations, how Deep Learning overcame Machine Learning limitations and different real-life applications of Deep Learning.
Below are the topics covered in this tutorial:
1. What Is Artificial Intelligence?
2. What Is Machine Learning?
3. Limitations Of Machine Learning
4. Deep Learning To The Rescue
5. What Is Deep Learning?
6. Deep Learning Applications
To take a structured training on Deep Learning, you can check complete details of our Deep Learning with TensorFlow course here: https://goo.gl/VeYiQZ
Keras is a high level framework that runs on top of AI library such as Tensorflow, Theano, or CNTK. The key feature of Keras is that it allow to switch out the underlying library without performing any code changes. Keras contains commonly used neural-network building blocks such as layers, optimizer, activation functions etc and keras has support for convolutional and recurrent neural networks. In addition keras contains datasets and some pre-trained deep learnig applications that make it easier to learn for beginners. Essentially Keras is democrasting deep learning by reducing barrier into deep learning.
An introduction to Keras, a high-level neural networks library written in Python. Keras makes deep learning more accessible, is fantastic for rapid protyping, and can run on top of TensorFlow, Theano, or CNTK. These slides focus on examples, starting with logistic regression and building towards a convolutional neural network.
The presentation was given at the Austin Deep Learning meetup: https://www.meetup.com/Austin-Deep-Learning/events/237661902/
For the full video of this presentation, please visit:
https://www.embedded-vision.com/platinum-members/embedded-vision-alliance/embedded-vision-training/videos/pages/dec-2019-alliance-vitf-facebook
For more information about embedded vision, please visit:
http://www.embedded-vision.com
Joseph Spisak, Product Manager at Facebook, delivers the presentation "PyTorch Deep Learning Framework: Status and Directions" at the Embedded Vision Alliance's December 2019 Vision Industry and Technology Forum. Spisak gives an update on the Torch deep learning framework and where it’s heading.
Keras is a high-level neural networks API, written in Python and capable of running on top of either TensorFlow, CNTK or Theano.
We can easily build a model and train it using keras very easily with few lines of code.The steps to train the model is described in the presentation.
Use Keras if you need a deep learning library that:
-Allows for easy and fast prototyping (through user friendliness, modularity, and extensibility).
-Supports both convolutional networks and recurrent networks, as well as combinations of the two.
-Runs seamlessly on CPU and GPU.
It’s long ago, approx. 30 years, since AI was not only a topic for Science-Fiction writers, but also a major research field surrounded with huge hopes and investments. But the over-inflated expectations ended in a subsequent crash and followed by a period of absent funding and interest – the so-called AI winter. However, the last 3 years changed everything – again. Deep learning, a machine learning technique inspired by the human brain, successfully crushed one benchmark after another and tech companies, like Google, Facebook and Microsoft, started to invest billions in AI research. “The pace of progress in artificial general intelligence is incredible fast” (Elon Musk – CEO Tesla & SpaceX) leading to an AI that “would be either the best or the worst thing ever to happen to humanity” (Stephen Hawking – Physicist).
What sparked this new Hype? How is Deep Learning different from previous approaches? Are the advancing AI technologies really a threat for humanity? Let’s look behind the curtain and unravel the reality. This talk will explore why Sundar Pichai (CEO Google) recently announced that “machine learning is a core transformative way by which Google is rethinking everything they are doing” and explain why "Deep Learning is probably one of the most exciting things that is happening in the computer industry” (Jen-Hsun Huang – CEO NVIDIA).
Either a new AI “winter is coming” (Ned Stark – House Stark) or this new wave of innovation might turn out as the “last invention humans ever need to make” (Nick Bostrom – AI Philosoph). Or maybe it’s just another great technology helping humans to achieve more.
Develop a fundamental overview of Google TensorFlow, one of the most widely adopted technologies for advanced deep learning and neural network applications. Understand the core concepts of artificial intelligence, deep learning and machine learning and the applications of TensorFlow in these areas.
The deck also introduces the Spotle.ai masterclass in Advanced Deep Learning With Tensorflow and Keras.
The document discusses convolutional neural networks (CNNs). It begins with an introduction and overview of CNN components like convolution, ReLU, and pooling layers. Convolution layers apply filters to input images to extract features, ReLU introduces non-linearity, and pooling layers reduce dimensionality. CNNs are well-suited for image data since they can incorporate spatial relationships. The document provides an example of building a CNN using TensorFlow to classify handwritten digits from the MNIST dataset.
Convolutional Neural Network - CNN | How CNN Works | Deep Learning Course | S...Simplilearn
A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a type of neural network that can process grid-like data like images. It works by applying filters to the input image to extract features at different levels of abstraction. The CNN takes the pixel values of an input image as the input layer. Hidden layers like the convolution layer, ReLU layer and pooling layer are applied to extract features from the image. The fully connected layer at the end identifies the object in the image based on the extracted features. CNNs use the convolution operation with small filter matrices that are convolved across the width and height of the input volume to compute feature maps.
image classification is a common problem in Artificial Intelligence , we used CIFR10 data set and tried a lot of methods to reach a high test accuracy like neural networks and Transfer learning techniques .
you can view the source code and the papers we read on github : https://github.com/Asma-Hawari/Machine-Learning-Project-
This document provides an overview of deep learning and neural networks. It begins with definitions of machine learning, artificial intelligence, and the different types of machine learning problems. It then introduces deep learning, explaining that it uses neural networks with multiple layers to learn representations of data. The document discusses why deep learning works better than traditional machine learning for complex problems. It covers key concepts like activation functions, gradient descent, backpropagation, and overfitting. It also provides examples of applications of deep learning and popular deep learning frameworks like TensorFlow. Overall, the document gives a high-level introduction to deep learning concepts and techniques.
NVIDIA compute GPUs and software toolkits are key drivers behind major advancements in machine learning. Of particular interest is a technique called "deep learning", which utilizes what are known as Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs) having landslide success in computer vision and widespread adoption in a variety of fields such as autonomous vehicles, cyber security, and healthcare. In this talk is presented a high level introduction to deep learning where we discuss core concepts, success stories, and relevant use cases. Additionally, we will provide an overview of essential frameworks and workflows for deep learning. Finally, we explore emerging domains for GPU computing such as large-scale graph analytics, in-memory databases.
https://tech.rakuten.co.jp/
CNNs can be used for image classification by using trainable convolutional and pooling layers to extract features from images, followed by dense layers for classification. CNNs were made practical by increased computational power and large datasets. Libraries like Keras make it easy to build and train CNNs. Example projects include sentiment analysis, customer conversion analysis, and inventory management using computer vision and natural language processing with CNNs.
This presentation Neural Network will help you understand what is a neural network, how a neural network works, what can the neural network do, types of neural network and a use case implementation on how to classify between photos of dogs and cats. Deep Learning uses advanced computing power and special types of neural networks and applies them to large amounts of data to learn, understand, and identify complicated patterns. Automatic language translation and medical diagnoses are examples of deep learning. Most deep learning methods involve artificial neural networks, modeling how our brains work. Neural networks are built on Machine Learning algorithms to create an advanced computation model that works much like the human brain. This neural network tutorial is designed for beginners to provide them the basics of deep learning. Now, let us deep dive into these slides to understand how a neural network actually work.
Below topics are explained in this neural network presentation:
1. What is Neural Network?
2. What can Neural Network do?
3. How does Neural Network work?
4. Types of Neural Network
5. Use case - To classify between the photos of dogs and cats
Simplilearn’s Deep Learning course will transform you into an expert in deep learning techniques using TensorFlow, the open-source software library designed to conduct machine learning & deep neural network research. With our deep learning course, you'll master deep learning and TensorFlow concepts, learn to implement algorithms, build artificial neural networks and traverse layers of data abstraction to understand the power of data and prepare you for your new role as deep learning scientist.
Why Deep Learning?
It is one of the most popular software platforms used for deep learning and contains powerful tools to help you build and implement artificial neural networks.
Advancements in deep learning are being seen in smartphone applications, creating efficiencies in the power grid, driving advancements in healthcare, improving agricultural yields, and helping us find solutions to climate change. With this Tensorflow course, you’ll build expertise in deep learning models, learn to operate TensorFlow to manage neural networks and interpret the results.
You can gain in-depth knowledge of Deep Learning by taking our Deep Learning certification training course. With Simplilearn’s Deep Learning course, you will prepare for a career as a Deep Learning engineer as you master concepts and techniques including supervised and unsupervised learning, mathematical and heuristic aspects, and hands-on modeling to develop algorithms.
Learn more at: https://www.simplilearn.com
Part 2 of the Deep Learning Fundamentals Series, this session discusses Tuning Training (including hyperparameters, overfitting/underfitting), Training Algorithms (including different learning rates, backpropagation), Optimization (including stochastic gradient descent, momentum, Nesterov Accelerated Gradient, RMSprop, Adaptive algorithms - Adam, Adadelta, etc.), and a primer on Convolutional Neural Networks. The demos included in these slides are running on Keras with TensorFlow backend on Databricks.
This document provides an outline for a course on neural networks and fuzzy systems. The course is divided into two parts, with the first 11 weeks covering neural networks topics like multi-layer feedforward networks, backpropagation, and gradient descent. The document explains that multi-layer networks are needed to solve nonlinear problems by dividing the problem space into smaller linear regions. It also provides notation for multi-layer networks and shows how backpropagation works to calculate weight updates for each layer.
https://telecombcn-dl.github.io/2018-dlai/
Deep learning technologies are at the core of the current revolution in artificial intelligence for multimedia data analysis. The convergence of large-scale annotated datasets and affordable GPU hardware has allowed the training of neural networks for data analysis tasks which were previously addressed with hand-crafted features. Architectures such as convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks or Q-nets for reinforcement learning have shaped a brand new scenario in signal processing. This course will cover the basic principles of deep learning from both an algorithmic and computational perspectives.
1. Backpropagation is an algorithm for training multilayer perceptrons by calculating the gradient of the loss function with respect to the network parameters in a layer-by-layer manner, from the final layer to the first layer.
2. The gradient is calculated using the chain rule of differentiation, with the gradient of each layer depending on the error from the next layer and the outputs from the previous layer.
3. Issues that can arise in backpropagation include vanishing gradients if the activation functions have near-zero derivatives, and proper initialization of weights is required to break symmetry and allow gradients to flow effectively through the network during training.
Alpine Data Labs presents a deep dive into our implementation of Multinomial Logistic Regression with Apache Spark. Machine Learning Engineer DB Tsai takes us through the technical implementation details step by step. First, he explains how the state of the art Machine Learning on Hadoop is not doing fulfilling the promise of Big Data. Next, he explains how Spark is a perfect match for machine learning through their in-memory cache-ing capability demonstrating 100x performance improvement. Third, he takes us through each aspect of a multinomial logistic regression and how this is developed with Spark APIs. Fourth, he demonstrates an extension of MLOR and training parameters. Finally, he benchmarks MLOR with 11M rows, 123 features, 11% non-zero elements with a 5 node Hadoop cluster. Finally, he shows Alpine's unique visual environment with Spark and verifies the performance with the job tracker. In conclusion, Alpine supports the state of the art Cloudera and Pivotal Hadoop clusters and performances at a level that far exceeds its next nearest competitor.
Multinomial Logistic Regression with Apache SparkDB Tsai
Logistic Regression can not only be used for modeling binary outcomes but also multinomial outcome with some extension. In this talk, DB will talk about basic idea of binary logistic regression step by step, and then extend to multinomial one. He will show how easy it's with Spark to parallelize this iterative algorithm by utilizing the in-memory RDD cache to scale horizontally (the numbers of training data.) However, there is mathematical limitation on scaling vertically (the numbers of training features) while many recent applications from document classification and computational linguistics are of this type. He will talk about how to address this problem by L-BFGS optimizer instead of Newton optimizer.
Bio:
DB Tsai is a machine learning engineer working at Alpine Data Labs. He is recently working with Spark MLlib team to add support of L-BFGS optimizer and multinomial logistic regression in the upstream. He also led the Apache Spark development at Alpine Data Labs. Before joining Alpine Data labs, he was working on large-scale optimization of optical quantum circuits at Stanford as a PhD student.
The document discusses public key cryptography based on the discrete logarithm problem (DLP). It defines the DLP and describes some common algorithms for solving it, including the ElGamal cryptosystem, Diffie-Hellman key exchange, baby-step giant-step algorithm, Pohlig-Hellman algorithm, and Pollard's rho algorithm. It also explains how the difficulty of solving the DLP can provide the basis for secure cryptographic systems.
Opening of our Deep Learning Lunch & Learn series. First session: introduction to Neural Networks, Gradient descent and backpropagation, by Pablo J. Villacorta, with a prologue by Fernando Velasco
Deep Feed Forward Neural Networks and RegularizationYan Xu
Deep feedforward networks use regularization techniques like L2/L1 regularization, dropout, batch normalization, and early stopping to reduce overfitting. They employ techniques like data augmentation to increase the size and variability of training datasets. Backpropagation allows information about the loss to flow backward through the network to efficiently compute gradients and update weights with gradient descent.
Introduction to computing Processing and performance.pdfTulasiramKandula1
This document discusses analyzing the performance of computer programs through empirical analysis and mathematical modeling. It provides an example of empirically analyzing the running time of a 3-sum problem algorithm by running experiments with increasing input sizes, measuring times, plotting the results, and fitting the data to a mathematical model. The analysis suggests the algorithm runs in O(N3) time. Doubling the input size and verifying the predicted running time supports the performance hypothesis.
This document provides an overview of neural networks and machine learning concepts. It discusses how neural networks mimic the brain and simulate networks of neurons. It then covers perceptrons and their limitations in solving XOR problems. Next, it introduces multi-layer neural networks, backpropagation for training networks, and regularization to address overfitting. Key concepts are explained through examples, including computing gradients, error minimization, and determining optimal hidden unit numbers.
The slides explain Shor's algorithm - its purpose, structure, process and code.
These slides are used in my video https://youtu.be/T3QUcZ1pI9I
The document provides an introduction to MATLAB, describing the main environment components like the command window and workspace. It explains basic MATLAB functions and variables, arrays, control flow statements, M-files, and common plotting and data analysis tools. Examples are given of different array operations, control structures, and building simple MATLAB functions and scripts.
Introduction of Quantum Annealing and D-Wave MachinesArithmer Inc.
This slide was used for Arithmer seminar in April 2021, by Dr. Yuki Bando.
It is for introduction of quantum computer, D-wave series, and its application to optimization problems in industry.
"Arithmer Seminar" is weekly held, where professionals from within and outside our company give lectures on their respective expertise.
The slides are made by the lecturer from outside our company, and shared here with his/her permission.
Arithmer株式会社は東京大学大学院数理科学研究科発の数学の会社です。私達は現代数学を応用して、様々な分野のソリューションに、新しい高度AIシステムを導入しています。AIをいかに上手に使って仕事を効率化するか、そして人々の役に立つ結果を生み出すのか、それを考えるのが私たちの仕事です。
Arithmer began at the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Mathematical Sciences. Today, our research of modern mathematics and AI systems has the capability of providing solutions when dealing with tough complex issues. At Arithmer we believe it is our job to realize the functions of AI through improving work efficiency and producing more useful results for society.
2014-06-20 Multinomial Logistic Regression with Apache SparkDB Tsai
Logistic Regression can not only be used for modeling binary outcomes but also multinomial outcome with some extension. In this talk, DB will talk about basic idea of binary logistic regression step by step, and then extend to multinomial one. He will show how easy it's with Spark to parallelize this iterative algorithm by utilizing the in-memory RDD cache to scale horizontally (the numbers of training data.) However, there is mathematical limitation on scaling vertically (the numbers of training features) while many recent applications from document classification and computational linguistics are of this type. He will talk about how to address this problem by L-BFGS optimizer instead of Newton optimizer.
Bio:
DB Tsai is a machine learning engineer working at Alpine Data Labs. He is recently working with Spark MLlib team to add support of L-BFGS optimizer and multinomial logistic regression in the upstream. He also led the Apache Spark development at Alpine Data Labs. Before joining Alpine Data labs, he was working on large-scale optimization of optical quantum circuits at Stanford as a PhD student.
The document discusses backpropagation, an algorithm used to train neural networks. It begins with background on perceptron learning and the need for an algorithm that can train multilayer perceptrons to perform nonlinear classification. It then describes the development of backpropagation, from early work in the 1970s to its popularization in the 1980s. The document provides examples of using backpropagation to design networks for binary classification and multi-class problems. It also outlines the generalized mathematical expressions and steps involved in backpropagation, including calculating the error derivative with respect to weights and updating weights to minimize loss.
Gradient descent optimization with simple examples. covers sgd, mini-batch, momentum, adagrad, rmsprop and adam.
Made for people with little knowledge of neural network.
Machine learning allows computers to learn from data without being explicitly programmed. There are two main types of machine learning: supervised learning, where data points have known outcomes used to train a model to predict unknown outcomes, and unsupervised learning, where data points have unknown outcomes and the model finds hidden patterns in the data. Machine learning algorithms build a mathematical model based on sample data, known as "training data", in order to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed to perform the task.
Introduction to Neural Networks and Deep Learning from ScratchAhmed BESBES
If you're willing to understand how neural networks work behind the scene and debug the back-propagation algorithm step by step by yourself, this presentation should be a good starting point.
We'll cover elements on:
- the popularity of neural networks and their applications
- the artificial neuron and the analogy with the biological one
- the perceptron
- the architecture of multi-layer perceptrons
- loss functions
- activation functions
- the gradient descent algorithm
At the end, there will be an implementation FROM SCRATCH of a fully functioning neural net.
code: https://github.com/ahmedbesbes/Neural-Network-from-scratch
This document provides an introduction to machine learning concepts including linear regression, linear classification, and the cross-entropy loss function. It discusses using gradient descent to fit machine learning models by minimizing a loss function on training data. Specifically, it describes how linear regression can be solved using mean squared error and gradient descent, and how linear classifiers can be trained with the cross-entropy loss and softmax activations. The goal is to choose model parameters that minimize the loss function for a given dataset.
This document discusses using multiple GPUs in PyTorch for improved training performance and GPU utilization. It describes problems with single GPU usage like low utilization and memory issues. Data parallelism in PyTorch is introduced as a solution, using torch.nn.DataParallel to replicate models across devices and distribute input/output. After applying parallelism with a batch size of 128 and 16 workers, GPU utilization is high, memory usage is improved, and training time decreased significantly from 25 minutes to just 7 minutes for 10 epochs.
The document discusses trialing practical neural networks using transfer learning. It preprocesses a dataset with 3 classes of images and divides it for training and validation. Several models are fine-tuned on the data, with accuracy ranging from 86% to 95%. Issues addressed include the small amount of training data per class and need for hyperparameter tuning to improve performance.
Discrete Convolution에 대해 설명합니다.
- Discrete Convolution은 입력 데이터와 커널(Kernel)을 이용하여 출력 데이터를 계산하는 연산입니다.
- 입력 데이터와 커널의 각 원소를 곱한 후 그 값들을 합하여 출력 데이터의 각 원소 값을 구합니다.
- 이를 통해 입력 데이터의 특징을 추출하고 필터링하는 역할을 합니다.
Pooling의 대표적인 두 가지 방법은 Max Pooling과
This document discusses recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and how to build an RNN model with TensorFlow. It begins by explaining RNN cells and how RNNs can process sequential data by considering previous inputs. It then shows how to make a dictionary of characters, set parameters, convert text to indices, build an RNN cell (vanilla or LSTM), run a training session, and get predictions. The document concludes by discussing future plans like reviewing deep learning concepts, making an image dataset tool, studying preprocessing, and implementing models from scratch.
This document summarizes key aspects of deep neural networks, including:
1. The number of parameters in a neural network is determined by the number and size of layers and weights.
2. Rectified linear units (ReLU) are used instead of sigmoid to avoid vanishing gradients, where ReLU keeps inputs above 0 and sets others to 0.
3. Weight initialization, such as Xavier and He initialization, helps training by setting initial weights to small random numbers.
Logistic classification is a linear classifier that uses logistic regression to predict class membership probabilities. It minimizes the cross-entropy between the predicted probabilities and true labels using gradient descent. The weights and biases are initialized randomly and updated on each step to reduce the loss, while avoiding overfitting through regularization and separate training/validation datasets to tune hyperparameters. Performance is measured on a held-out test set to fairly evaluate the model.
GPUs are specialized for enormous small tasks in parallel, while CPUs are optimized for few huge tasks sequentially. The typical procedure for a CUDA program includes: 1) allocating memory on the GPU, 2) copying data from CPU to GPU, 3) launching kernels on the GPU, and 4) copying results back to the CPU. Measuring GPU performance focuses on throughput or tasks processed per hour rather than latency of each task.
How to Choose the Right Online Proofing Softwareskalatskayaek
This concise guide walks you through the essential factors to evaluate when selecting an online proofing solution. Learn how to compare collaboration features, file-format support, review workflows, integrations, security, and pricing—helping you choose the right proofing software that streamlines feedback, accelerates approvals, and keeps your creative projects on track. Visit cwaysoftware.com for more information and to explore Cway Software’s proofing tools.
Mastering Data Science: Unlocking Insights and Opportunities at Yale IT Skill...smrithimuralidas
The Data Science Course at Yale IT Skill Hub in Coimbatore provides in-depth training in data analysis, machine learning, and AI using Python, R, SQL, and tools like Tableau. Ideal for beginners and professionals, it covers data wrangling, visualization, and predictive modeling through hands-on projects and real-world case studies. With expert-led sessions, flexible schedules, and 100% placement support, this course equips learners with skills for Coimbatore’s booming tech industry. Earn a globally recognized certification to excel in data-driven roles. The Data Analytics Course at Yale IT Skill Hub in Coimbatore offers comprehensive training in data visualization, statistical analysis, and predictive modeling using tools like Power BI, Tableau, Python, and R. Designed for beginners and professionals, it features hands-on projects, expert-led sessions, and real-world case studies tailored to industries like IT and manufacturing. With flexible schedules, 100% placement support, and globally recognized certification, this course equips learners to excel in Coimbatore’s growing data-driven job market.
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Content Moderation Services_ Leading the Future of Online Safety.docxsofiawilliams5966
These services are not just gatekeepers of community standards. They are architects of safe interaction, unseen defenders of user well-being, and the infrastructure supporting the promise of a trustworthy internet.
Ethical Frameworks for Trustworthy AI – Opportunities for Researchers in Huma...Karim Baïna
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping societies and raising complex ethical, legal, and geopolitical questions. This talk explores the foundations and limits of Trustworthy AI through the lens of global frameworks such as the EU’s HLEG guidelines, UNESCO’s human rights-based approach, OECD recommendations, and NIST’s taxonomy of AI security risks.
We analyze key principles like fairness, transparency, privacy, robustness, and accountability — not only as ideals, but in terms of their practical implementation and tensions. Special attention is given to real-world contexts such as Morocco’s deployment of 4,000 intelligent cameras and the country’s positioning in AI readiness indexes. These examples raise critical issues about surveillance, accountability, and ethical governance in the Global South.
Rather than relying on standardized terms or ethical "checklists", this presentation advocates for a grounded, interdisciplinary, and context-aware approach to responsible AI — one that balances innovation with human rights, and technological ambition with social responsibility.
This rich Trustworthy and Responsible AI frameworks context is a serious opportunity for Human and Social Sciences Researchers : either operate as gatekeepers, reinforcing existing ethical constraints, or become revolutionaries, pioneering new paradigms that redefine how AI interacts with society, knowledge production, and policymaking ?
2. Objective
Understanding AutoGrad
Review
Logistic Classifier
Loss Function
Backpropagation
Chain Rule
Example : Find gradient from a matrix
AutoGrad
Solve the example with AutoGrad
Data Parallism in PyTorch
Why should we use GPUs?
Inside CUDA
How to parallelize our models
Experiment
4. Logistic Classifier (Fully-Connected)
𝑊𝑋 + b = y
2.0
1.0
0.1
p = 0.7
p = 0.2
p = 0.1
S(y)
ProbabilityLogits
X : Input
W, b : To be trained
y : Prediction
S(y) : Softmax function (Can be other activation functions)
A
B
C
𝑆 𝑦 =
𝑒 𝑦 𝑖
𝑖 𝑒 𝑦 𝑖
represents the probabilities of elements in vector 𝑦.
A
Instance
6. Loss Function
The vector can be very large when there are a lot of classes.
How can we find the distance between vector S(Predict) and L(Label) ?
𝐷 𝑆, 𝐿 = −
𝑖
𝐿𝑖 log(𝑆𝑖)
0.7
0.2
0.1
1.0
0.0
0.0
S(y) L
※ D(S,L) ≠ D(L,S)
Don’t worry to take log(0)
𝑆 𝑦 =
𝑒 𝑦𝑖
𝑖 𝑒 𝑦 𝑖
7. In-depth of Classifier
Let there’re equations …
1. Affine Sum
𝜎(𝑥) = 𝑊𝑥 + 𝐵
2. Activation Function
𝑦(𝜎) = 𝑅𝑒𝐿𝑈 𝜎
3. Loss Function
𝐸 𝑦 =
1
2
𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 − 𝑦
2
4. Gradient Descent
𝑤 ← 𝑤 − 𝛼
𝜕𝐸
𝜕𝑤
𝑏 ← 𝑏 − 𝛼
𝜕𝐸
𝜕𝑏
• Gradient Descent requires
𝜕𝐸
𝜕𝑤
and
𝜕𝐸
𝜕𝑏
.
• How can we find them? -> Use chain rule !
𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 : Training data
𝑦 : Prediction result
10. Example : Finding gradient of 𝑋
Let input tensor 𝑋 is initialized by following square matrix of 3rd order.
𝑋 =
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
And 𝑌, 𝑍 is defined following …
𝑌 = 𝑋 + 3
𝑍 = 6(𝑌)2
= 6( 𝑋 + 3)2
And output 𝛿 is the average of tensor 𝑍
𝛿 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑍 =
1
9
𝑖 𝑗
𝑍𝑖𝑗
11. Example : Finding gradient of 𝑋
We can find scalar 𝑍𝑖𝑗 from its definition (Linearity)
𝑍𝑖𝑗 = 6(𝑌𝑖𝑗)2
𝑌𝑖𝑗 = 𝑋𝑖𝑗 + 3
To find gradient, We use ‘Chain Rule’ so that we can find partial gradients.
𝜕𝛿
𝜕𝑍𝑖𝑗
=
1
9
,
𝜕𝑍𝑖𝑗
𝜕𝑌𝑖𝑗
= 12𝑌𝑖𝑗,
𝜕𝑌𝑖𝑗
𝜕𝑋𝑖𝑗
= 1
𝜕𝛿
𝜕𝑋𝑖𝑗
=
𝜕𝛿
𝜕𝑍𝑖𝑗
𝜕𝑍𝑖𝑗
𝜕𝑌𝑖𝑗
𝜕𝑌𝑖𝑗
𝜕𝑋𝑖𝑗
=
1
9
∗ 12𝑌𝑖𝑗 ∗ 1 =
4
3
𝑋𝑖𝑗 + 3
12. Example : Finding gradient of 𝑋
Thus, We can get a gradient of (1,1) element of 𝑋
𝜕𝛿
𝜕𝑋𝑖𝑗
=
4
3
𝑋𝑖𝑗 + 3 |(𝑖, 𝑗)=(1,1) =
4
3
1 + 3 =
16
3
Like this, We can get whole gradient matrix of 𝑋 …
𝜕𝛿
𝜕 𝑋
=
𝜕𝛿
𝜕𝑋11
𝜕𝛿
𝜕𝑋12
𝜕𝛿
𝜕𝑋13
𝜕𝛿
𝜕𝑋21
𝜕𝛿
𝜕𝑋22
𝜕𝛿
𝜕𝑋23
𝜕𝛿
𝜕𝑋31
𝜕𝛿
𝜕𝑋32
𝜕𝛿
𝜕𝑋33
=
16
3
20
3
24
3
28
3
32
3
36
3
40
3
44
3
48
3
20. Why GPU? (CUDA)
T T
Core
T T
Core
T T
Core
T T
Core
T T
Core
T T
Core
…
3584 cores
Good for few huge tasks Good for enormous small tasks
3.6 GHz
1.6 GHz
(2.0 GHz @ O.C)
21. Dataflow Diagram
CPU GPU
Memory MemorycudaMemcpy()
cudaMalloc()
__global__ sum()
hello.cu
NVCC
Co-processor
CPU GPU
d_a
d_b
d_out
h_a
h_b
h_out
1.Memcpy
sum
2.Kernal call (cuBLAS)
3.Memcpy
22. CUDA on Multi GPU System
Quad SLI
14,336 CUDA cores
48GB of VRAM
How can we use multi GPUs in PyTorch?
24. Problem
- Duration & Memory Allocation
Large batch size causes lack of memory.
Out of memory error from PyTorch -> Python kernel dies.
Can’t set large batch size.
Can afford batch_size = 5, num_workers = 2
Can’t divide up the work with the other GPUs
Elapsed Time : 25m 44s (10 epochs)
Reached 99% of accuracy in 9 epochs (for training set)
It takes too much time.
25. Data Parallelism in PyTorch
Implemented using torch.nn.DataParallel()
Can be used for wrapping a module or model.
Also support primitives (torch.nn.parallel.*)
Replicate : Replicate the model on multiple devices(GPUs)
Scatter : Distribute the input in the first-dimension.
Gather : Gather and concatenate the input in the first-dimension.
Apply-Parallel : Apply a set of already-distributed inputs to a set of already-distributed
models.
PyTorch Tutorials – Multi-GPU examples
https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/former_torchies/parallelism_tutorial.html
26. Easy to Use : nn.DataParallel(model)
- Practical Example
1. Define the model.
2. Wrap the model with nn.DataParallel().
3. Access layers through ‘module’
27. After Parallelism
- GPU Utilization
Hyperparameters
Batch Size : 128
Number of Workers : 16
High Utilization.
Can use large memory space.
Allocated all GPUs
28. After Parallelism
- Training Performance
Hyperparameters
Batch Size : 128
Large batch size need more memory space
Number of Workers : 16
Recommended to set (4 * NUM_GPUs) – From the forum
Elapsed Time : 7m 50s (10 epochs)
Reached 99% of accuracy in 4 epochs (for training set).
It just taken 3m 10s.
#3: PyTorch 에서 제공하는 자동 미분 기능인 AutoGrad 를 이해하기 위해…
Deep Learning 의 기초 이론을 다지고
Backpropagation 을 좀더 깊게 살펴본다.
그리고 그 Backpropagation 과 AutoGrad 의 구현을 보며 차이점을 이해한다.
GPU 를 사용하는 이유와 CUDA 연산의 과정을 보고
PyTorch 에서 제공하는 데이터 병렬화 Method 의 사용법을 본다.
그리고 다중 GPU와 단일 GPU의 성능을 비교한다.
#5: 로지스틱 분류기의 기본적인 형태는 1차 선형 함수 꼴. (WX+b = y)
이 때 X 는 입력, W, b 는 가중치와 편향 (학습을 한다는 것은 적절한 가중치와 편향을 찾는 것.)
Y 는 예측 결과 –> 이 결과 (Logits) 를 확률로 변환 (Softmax Function)
왜 ? : Logit이 매우 커질수도 있으니 이를 0~1 사이의 간단한 값으로 변환.
확률이 제일 높은 것으로 분류
클래스가 두개 ? : Logistic Classification
클래스가 여러 개 ? : Softmax/Multinomial Classification
#6: 클래스를 수로 나타내려면 ?
벡터에서 해당하는 클래스가 참의 값을 가지게 하면 됨. (제일 높은 확률을 갖는 클래스)
Ex) 클래스 A ? -> [ 1 0 0 0 0 ….. ] : 클래스 A에 해당하는 인덱스의 값만 참, 나머지는 거짓
#7: 정답과 예측간의 거리 : Cross-Entropy
Softmax will not be 0, 순서주의
즉 값이 작으면(가까우면) 옳은 판단.
S(y) 의 합은 1이고 각 인스턴스는 0보다 큰 값을 가지므로 log(0) 에 대한 문제가 발생하지 않는다.
#10: 연쇄 법칙에 따라 Loss Function E 의 w 에 대한 미분은 다음과 같음.
이는 곧, w가 변할때 E가 변하는 정도는 합성된 함수에 의한 변화량의 곱과 같음.
Y 가 E에 영향을 주고 시그마가 y에 영향을 주고 w가 시그마에 영향을 주는 것으로 나누어 표현.
각각에 대한 미분을 구하면 다음과 같음.
이 때, ReLU 는 Non-linear Function 이므로 구간을 나누어 미분.
#12: 행렬을 그대로 연산하기는 번거로우므로, 단일 요소에 대한 스칼라 표현을 사용.
그리고 부분 미분을 구하면… 이렇게 나오고 이것을 합성함수로 표시하면
#13: X에 1행 1열 원소인 1을 대입하면 다음과 같이 나옴.
마찬가지로 다른 원소들을 다시 원본 표현인 행렬로 나타내면 다음과 같고 결과는 저렇게 나옴.
#14: Gradient Function 은 결국 가장 기본적인 계산 노드의 Backpropagation 을 의미.
#15: 합성함수에 대하여 제대로 알았으므로 역전파로 가보자.
x 와 y 가 z 에 값에 얼마나 영향을 줬는가?
즉, x 와 y 가 변할 때 z 가 어떻게 변하는가?
역전파 : 신호에 노드의 국소적 미분을 곱한 후 다음 노드로 전달 (거꾸로)
더하기 노드의 역전파는 이전 신호를 그대로 전파.
곱하기 노드의 역전파는 이전 신호에 반대편 신호를 곱한 신호를 전파.
#16: 제곱함수 노드와 그에 대한 순전파, 역전파는 다음과같이 나타남.
마찬가지로 z 에 대하여 x 와 n 이 주는 영향을 찾는다는 점에서 같음. 그렇게 구하면 다음과 같이 나옴.
#17: 행렬에 대한 계산 그래프를 나타내면 다음과 같음.
여러 요소에 대하여 각각 계산 후 그 원소 수와 합을 이용하여 평균을 구함.
#18: 행렬에 대한 표현은 이해하기 어려우므로, 각 원소에 대하여 Scalar 로 표시하도록 하자.
앞서 다룬 역전파 원리에 이해 아래와 같이 구해짐.