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Introduction to research
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- 2. Meaning of Research Re+ Search=Research = Search Again Research is the process of finding solutions to a problem after a thorough study and analysis of the situational factors. Research is to know: seek knowledge
- 3. Business research isdefined as the systematic and objective process of generating information for aid in making business decisions.
- 4. Nature of BusinessResearch It provides information for decision making It helps in solving the problems The information is based on the careful analysis of data Research findings in one context may not fully apply in other contexts
- 5. Types of Research Research AppliedVs Fundamental Descriptive Vs Analytical Quantitative Vs. Qualitative Conceptual Vs. Empirical
- 6. 1.Applied research Is tosolve a current problem faced by the manager in the work-setting, demanding a timely solution. 2.Basic research (fundamental, pure, academic) Is to generate a body of knowledge by trying to comprehend how certain problems that occur in organizations can be solved. 3. Descriptive Research If certain phenomena persists or not. Also called ex-post facto research in social sciences. What is happening is reported. 4. Analytical Research The researcher critically analyze and evaluate the data and findings. 5. Quantitative Research It involves the phenomenon or variable that can be expressed in numbers, can be measured and tested.
- 7. 6. Qualitative Research Itinvolves the categorical variable. 7. Conceptual Research Related to some abstract ideas and theory. It aims to reestablish the existing concepts or develop new concepts. 8. Empirical Research It is experimental research.
- 8. Scientific Research • Scientificresearch is a systematic and objective inquiry or investigation in order to solve a specific problem. • It is the systematic investigation of scientific theories and hypotheses. • Positive School of Thought
- 9. The Essence ofthe Scientific Method 9 Characteristics of the Scientific Method Objectivity Systematic Analysis Logical Interpretation of Results Elements of the Scientific Method Empirical Approach Observations Questions Hypotheses Experiments Analysis Conclusion Replication Basic Research Applied Research Scientific Method Information or Ideas for alternative Courses of action General Laws
- 10. Characteristics of ScientificResearch Purposiveness Testability Replicability Objectivity Rigor Generalizability
- 11. ScientificResearchProcess Sensing or Realizingthe Problem Problem Identification Theoretical Framework Hypothesis Formulation Research Design Collection of Data Data Analysis Interpretation and Generalization
- 12. Qualitative Vs QuantitativeResearch Quantitative methods relate to numbers. Data must be able to be numericised and presented in terms of statistical patterns/ associations. Commonly positivist Qualitative methods – non quantifiable, focus on values, processes, experiences, language and meaning. Data is often words/ text. Commonly non-positivist Both methods have their strengths and weaknesses
- 13. Differences between quantitativeand qualitative research Aspects of Research Quantitative Qualitative Relationship between researcher and subject Distant Close Relationship between theory/concepts and research Confirmation Emergent Research Strategy Structured Unstructured Image of Social Reality Static and external to actor Socially constructed by actor Nature of Data Hard, reliable Rich, deep Influence of Social context Lesser Higher
- 14. When to useQualitative and when to use Quantitative methods??
- 15. Qualitative Research When dealingwith qualitative research – it is imperative to be able to tolerate a degree of uncertainty. Qualitative research focuses on depth, meaning, and detail Adjectives like rich, deep, thick often used in talking about qualitative data Deliberate focus on ‘subjectivities’, the participant is the expert
- 16. Methods of QualitativeResearch Observation In-depth Interview Focus Group Method
- 17. Quantitative Research Quantitative Researchis based on numbers or something that can be quantified. Quantitative methods, such as the experiment, have been used partly in order to maintain the appearance of psychology as a scientific discipline with valid knowledge claims. During the 20th century there was a shift away from seeing quantitative methods as the only valid way of gaining data – but also a realization that both methods are needed.
- 18. Methods of QuantitativeResearch Interviews Questionnaire surveys
- 19. Business Research • Businessresearch is defined as the systematic and objective process of generating information for aid in making business decisions. • Business research can be described as a systematic and organized effort to investigate a specific problem encountered in the work setting, that needs a solution.
- 20. Why Business Research? Managerswith knowledge of research have an advantage over those without. Knowledge of research and problem-solving process helps managers to identify problem situations before they get out of control. Minor problems can be solved by the manager, major problems would warrant the hiring of outside researchers or consultants. The manager who is knowledgeable about research can interact effectively with the researchers.
- 21. Knowledge about researchprocess also helps managers to become discriminating recipients of the research findings presented, and to determine whether or not the recommended solutions are appropriate for implementation. When managers understand the research reports about their organizations handed to them by professionals, they will be equipped to take intelligent, educated, calculated risks with known probabilities attached to the success or failure of their decisions. Research then becomes a useful decision-making tool.
- 22. I don’t know ifwe should offer on-site child care?
- 23. When Should BusinessResearch be Undertaken? 23 Is sufficient time available? Is information inadequate? High importance of decision? Research benefits greater than costs? Yes Yes Yes Undertake Business Research NO Do not undertake Business Research
- 24. Value and Costsof Undertaking Business Research 24 VALUE Decreased Uncertainty Higher Likelihood of Correct Decisions Better Business performance Higher Profits Better Reputation COSTS Research Costs Delay in Making Business Decisions Disclosure of Information to Rivals Possibility of Error
- 25. Paradigms in Research Paradigms:school of thought or a set of assumption about how research should be conducted. Positivists: Those who believe in quantitative approach of research. Believe that Scientific methods should be used in research. Interpretivists: Believers of Qualitative methods. Believe that scientific methods can not be used in research.
- 26. Emerging Paradigms inResearch Ethnography: Study of people in their own environment through the use of methods such as participant observation and face to face interviewing. Phenomenology: Describing the lived experience of a phenomenon. Hermeneutics: Interpretation of the texts. Understanding the meaning of the texts. Interpreting about people on the basis of their written text or the texts they read. Constructivism: Reality and our knowledge of it are socially constructed in that they are a product of particular social, political and historical circumstances.
- 27. Subjectivism: How researcherssee the world can affect the research process. Subjectivities take a key role in research. Feminism: Gender has a pervasive influence in research. Positivism is a male point of view. Subjective experience of women differs from that of men. Positivism has omitted women experiences. Issues such as discrimination, gender issues, domestic violence, work-life balance are omitted.
- 28. Ethics in BusinessResearch Ethics are norms or standards of behavior that guide moral choices about our behavior and our relationships with others The goal is to ensure that no one is harmed or suffers adverse consequences from research activities Note: Refer the book of Asmita Publication by Nepali writers (Dev Raj Adhikari and Dhurba Pandey)
- 29. Ethical Issues inB- Research Privacy Confidentiality Deception
- 30. Issues Related toProtecting Participants •Informed consent •Debriefing •Right to Privacy/Confidentiality
- 31. Informed Consent • Securing informedconsent from participants is a matter of fully disclosing the procedures of the proposed survey or other research design before requesting permission to proceed with the study. • If there is a chance the data could harm the participant (offering only limited confidentiality, a signed form detailing the types of limits should be obtained. • For most business research, oral consent is sufficient.
- 32. Informed Consent Proceduresfor Surveys Introduce yourself. Brief description of the survey topic. Geographical area of the respondents and target sample. Sponsor’s name. Describe purpose of research. Time estimate for completing the interview Promise anonymity and confidentiality (when appropriate). Tell the interviewee that participation is voluntary. Tell the participant that item-nonresponse is acceptable. Ask permission to begin.
- 33. Debriefing Participants • Debriefinginvolves several activities following the collection of data: • Explanation of any deception. • Description of the hypothesis, goal, or purpose of the study. • Post study sharing of results. • Post study follow-up medical or psychological attention. • The use of deception is questionable; when it is used, debrief any participant who has been deceived.
- 34. Rights to Privacy •Privacy is more than confidentiality. • A right to privacy means one has the right to refuse to be interviewed or to refuse to answer any question in an interview. • To address these rights, ethical researchers do the following: • Inform participants of their right to refuse to answer any question or participate in the study. • Obtain permission to interview participants. • Schedule field and phone interviews. • Limit the time required for participation. • Restrict observation to public behavior only.
- 35. Ethics and theSponsor: Confidentiality •Sponsor non-disclosure •Purpose non-disclosure •Findings non-disclosure Some sponsors wish to undertake research without revealing themselves. They have a right to several types of confidentiality including