Introduction to Research

Introduction to Research

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  INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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  WHAT IS ARESEARCH Is the pursuit of truth with help of study, observations, comparison and experiment.
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  Why do research? Validate intuition  Improve methods  Demands of the Job  For publication
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  Motivation in Research Desire to get research degree  Desire to face challenges in solving the unsolved problems  Desire to get intellectual joy doing some creative work  Desire to be of service to the society  Desire to get responsibility
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  Choose a subject Based on an idea  Based on your experience  Based on your reading  Originality
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  Objectives of Research Researchcomprises  Defining and redefining the problems  Formulating the hypotheses or suggested solutions.  Collecting, organizing and evaluating data.  Making conclusions  And at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypotheses
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  TYPES OF RESEARCH Descriptive Research:-Means description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. Researcher only reports only what has happened or what is happening  Applied Research:- Aims at finding solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industry/ business organizations  Quantitative Research:-Based on the measurement of quantity or amount. Applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity.
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   Conceptual Research:- Related to some abstract ideas or theory. Used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or re-interpret existing ones.  Empirical Research: - Relies on experience or observations alone, often without due regard for system and theory.  Qualitative Research: - Concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e. phenomenon relating to or involving quality or kind
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   Fundamental Research:- Mainly concerned with generalizations and with the formulation of a theory.  Analytical Research: - Researcher has to use facts on information already available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.
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  RESEARCH METHODS Vs.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY  Research Methods:- Refers to the methods/ techniques researchers use in performing research operations.  Research Methodology:- It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it we study the various steps that are generally adopted by researcher in studying his research problem along with the logic behind them.
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  Choose a subject Based on an idea  Based on your experience  Based on your reading  Originality
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  Choose a studydesign  Case report  Case series  Case controlled study  Cross sectional  Cohort  Retrospective comparison  Prospective Comparison
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  A Case report Description of one interesting and unusual case  This is anecdotal and may form the basis for further study  This may be the only way to report on something very rare
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  Case series  Descriptionof several cases in which no attempt is made to answer specific hypotheses or compare results with another group of cases.
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  Cross sectional study A survey of the frequency of disease, risk factors or other characteristics in a defined population at one particular point in time.
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  Cohort study  Anobservational study of a group of people with a specific characteristic or disease who are followed over a period of time to detect change  Comparison with control group is allowed
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  Case control study An observational study where characteristics of people with a disease (cases) are compared with selected people without the disease (controls)
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  Controlled Trials  Anexperimental study in which an intervention is applied to one group and the outcome compared with that in a similar group (controls) not receiving the intervention