Introduction to research

Introduction to research

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  Introduction (What is andwhy do research?) NIKEN N. MUNIFA (2201412010) RESTI APRILIA(2201412012)
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  WHAT IS RESEARCH? Research is a systematic attempt to provide answers to questions. Such answers may be abstract and general as is often the case in basic research, or they may be highly concrete and specific as is oftn the case in demosntration or applied reseacrh.  Its purpose is to develop a model, or theory that identifies all the relevant variables in particular environment and hypothesized about their relationship.
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  There are twotypes of research : Secondary research and Primary research. 1. Secondary research is derived from secondary resources. 2. Primary research is derived from primary resource resources. Primary research falls into two subdivisions : Case studies and statistical studies.
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  Case Studies  Itcenters on one or few individuals  These studies are ususally longitudinal  You can find many examples of this approach in the literature, especially in relation to the acquisition of a second language. Statistical Studies  Stastistical studies deal with group phenomena as well as individual behavior.  These studies fall into two additional subcategories : Surveys and Experimental studies.  Survey studies focus on a group’s attitudes, opinions, and/or characteristics.  Experimental studies are defined as a whole range of different possible studies that investigate the language behavior of groups under controlled condition.
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  Validity in Research Whatis validity? Validity is described as the degree to which a research study measures what it intends to measure. There are two main types of validity, internal and external. 1. Internal validity 2. External validity
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  Internal Validity In research,internal validity is the extent to which you are able to say that no other variables except the one you're studying caused the result. For example, if we are studying the variable of pay and the result of hard work, we want to be able to say that no other reason (not personality, not motivation, not competition) causes the hard work. We want to say that pay and pay alone makes people work harder.
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  External validity In research,external validity is the extent to which results of a study can be generalized to the world at large.
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  CHARACTERISTICS OF THERESEARCH PROCESS 1. Research is systematic 2. Research is logical 3. Research is empirical 4. Research is reductive 5. Research is replicable and transmittable
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  STEPS IN THERESEARCH PROCESS 1. Identifying a Problem 2. Constructing a Hypothesis 3. Reviewing the Literature 4. Identifying and Labeling Variables 5. Constructing Operational Definitions 6. Manipulating and Controlling Variables 7. Constructing a Research Design 8. Identifying and Constructing Devices for Observation and Measurement
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  STEPS IN THERESEARCH PROCESS 9. Constructing Questionnaires and Interview Schedules 10. Carrying out Statistical Analysis 11. Using the Computer for Data analysis 12. Writing a Research Report 13. Conducting Classroom Research 14. Conducting Evaluation Studies