Introduction to sensors & transducers by Bapi Kumar Das
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The document discusses sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal that can be read by an observer or instrument. A transducer is defined as a device that converts one form of energy into another. Sensors convert a physical parameter into an electrical output, while actuators convert an electrical signal into a physical output. Common types of sensors mentioned include temperature, light, magnetic, ultrasonic, pressure, and biosensors. Sensors are used in many applications ranging from industrial machinery to medical devices to consumer electronics.
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Introduction to sensors & transducers by Bapi Kumar Das
- 1. CENTRE FOR ENERGY ENGINEERING (CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF JHARKHAND)
- 2. Transducers ? A device which converts one form of energy to another A sensor converts the physical parameter to an electric outputs & A actuator converts an electrical signal to a physical outputs SENSORS ACTUATOR Physical Parameter Electrical signal Electrical Inputs Physical outputs
- 3. SENSOR ? A sensor is a converter ,that measure a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can by an observer or by an instruments OR A sensor is a device, which responds to an input quantity by generating a functionally related output usually in the form of an electrical or optical signals
- 4. Let’s explain the example of temperature. The mercury in the glass thermometer expands and contracts the liquid to convert the measured temperature which can be read by a viewer on the calibrated glass tube.
- 5. Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch sensitive elevator buttons and lams which dim or brighten by touching and many more like in cars,machines,aerospace,robotics, manufacturing,industrial,airplanes, communications(cellular telephones, radios), electrical devices and many countless other applications
- 6. Common Detectable Phenomenon Stimulus Quantity Biological & Chemical Fluid Concentrations (Gas or Liquid) Electric Charge, Voltage, Current, Electric Field (amplitude, phase, polarization), Conductivity, Permittivity Magnetic Magnetic Field (amplitude, phase, polarization), Flux, Permeability Optical Refractive Index, Reflectivity, Absorption Thermal Temperature, Flux, Specific Heat, Thermal Conductivity Mechanical Position, Velocity, Acceleration, Force, Strain, Stress, Pressure, Torque
- 7. Common types of sensors Temperature sensors Light sensors Magnetic sensors Ultra sonic sensors Pressure sensors Proximity & displacement sensors IR sensors Biosensors
- 8. Temprature sensors Temperature sensors appear in building, chemical process plants, engines, appliances, computers, and many other devices that require temperature monitoring Ex- Resistance Temprature device(RTD),Thermocouple
- 9. Light sensors Light sensors are used in cameras, infrared detectors, and ambient lighting applications Sensor is composed of photoconductor such as a photoresistor, photodiode, or phototransistor
- 10. Magnetic sensors Magnetic Field sensors are used for power steering, security, and current measurements on transmission lines
- 11. Ultrasonic Sensor Ultrasonic sensors are used for position measurements Sound Navigation And Ranging (SONAR) Radio Detection And Ranging (RADAR)
- 12. Proximity Sensor A proximity sensor detects the presence of objects that are nearly placed without any point of contact. Since there is no contact between the sensors and sensed object and lack of mechanical parts, these sensors have long functional life and high reliability. Used in automation engineering to define operating states in process engineering plants, production systems and automating plants ·Used in windows, and the alarm is activated when the window opens · Used in machine vibration monitoring to calculate the difference in distance between a shaft and its support bearing
- 13. Bio-sensors Biosensors - These are based on the electrochemical technology. They are used for food testing, medical care device, water testing, and biological warfare agent detection. And Many Other Types Of sensors like Sound sensors:- measure quantities such as velocity and acceleration Image sensors:- They are used in consumer electronics, biometrics, traffic and security surveillance and PC imaging. Sound sensors:-Microphones Advanced Sensor Technology:-for bar code identification
- 14. Classification of Transducers Transducers can be classified on five basis:- 1. On the form of transduction used 2. As Primary & Secondary Transducers 3. As Passive & Active Transducers 4. As Analog & Digital Transducers 5. As Transducers & Inverse Transducers
- 15. On the Basis of transduction used :- Transducer can be classified in to resistive,inductive,capacitive etc depending upon how they converts the input quantity in to Resistance,inductance,capacitance etc… As Primary & Secondary Transducers:- There are two stages of transduction,firstly the Pressure is Converted in to a displacement by bourdon tube then the Displacement is converted into analogous voltage by linear Variable differential transformer(L.V.D.T),The Bourdon tube Is Primary transducer & L.V.D.T called secondary transducer As Passive & Active Transducer:- Passive transducers uses the power from an external source & A part Of it from the measurand quantity for the process of transduction e.g- resistive,inductive,capacitive etc… Active transducers self generate their own voltage or current output They do not require the external power source e.g- photovoltaic cells,thermocouple etc……
- 16. Analog & Digital Trnasducers Analog transducers converts the input quantity into an analog output which is continuous function of time e.g- thermocouple,L.V.D.T Digital transducers converts the input quantity in to an electrical output which is in the form of pulses Transducers & Inverse Transducers Transducers is the device which converts non electrical quantity in to electrical quantity Inverse transducers is the device which converts electrical quantity in to non electrical quantity
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