- Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 341 recovered sediment cores from Site U1418 in the Gulf of Alaska dating to the Pleistocene (~0-0.3 Ma).
- Calcareous nannofossils were examined from 44 samples to reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions. Abundances shifted around 100 ka from dominance by Gephyrocapsa to Coccolithus, likely related to changes in sea surface temperature or nutrients.
- Glacial periods like the Last Glacial Maximum (Stage 2) and penultimate glaciation (Stage 6) saw more Gephyrocapsa, while Coccolithus abundances were highest near the end of the last glacial