IoTppt_Unit1 notes which give all the notes

Text Book for IoT
INTERNET OF THINGS, Architecture and
Design Principles By Prof. Raj Kamal

IOT : The concept
Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept which enables
communication between internetworking devices and
applications, whereby physical objects or ‘things’
communicate through the Internet.

IOT : The concept
The concept of IoT began with things classified as
identity communication devices. Radio Frequency
Identification. Device (RFID) is an example of an
identity communication device. Things are tagged to
these devices for their identification in future and can be
tracked, controlled and monitored using remote
computers connected through the Internet.

IOT : The concept
The concept of IoT enables, for example, GPS-based
tracking, controlling and monitoring of devices;
machine-to-machine (M2M) communication; connected
cars; communication between wearable and personal
devices and Industry 4.0.

IOT : The concept
IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling
hardware prices, and modern attitudes towards
technology. Its new and advanced elements bring major
changes in the delivery of products, goods, and services;
and the social, economic, and political impact of those
changes.

IoT Definition
The Internet is a vast global network of connected
servers, computers, tablets and mobiles that is governed
by standard protocols for connected systems. It enables
sending, receiving, or communication of information,
connectivity with remote servers, cloud and analytics
platforms.

IoT Definition
Thing in English has number of uses and meanings. In a
dictionary, thing is a word used to refer to a physical
object, an action or idea, a situation or activity, in case
when one does not wish to be precise. Example of
reference to an object is—an umbrella is a useful thing in
rainy days. Streetlight is also referred to as a thing.

IoT Definition
Internet of Things means a network of physical things
(objects) sending, receiving, or communicating
information using the Internet or other communication
technologies and network just as the computers, tablets
and mobiles do, and thus enabling the monitoring,
coordinating or controlling process across the Internet
or another data network.

IoT Definition
Internet of Things is the network of physical objects or ‘things’
embedded with electronics, software, sensors and connectivity
to enable it to achieve greater value and service by exchanging
data with the manufacturer, operator and/or other connected
devices. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its
embedded computing system but is able to interoperate within
the existing Internet infrastructure.

IoT − Key Features
The most important features of IoT include artificial
intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active engagement,
and small device use. A brief review of these features is
given below:
 AI – IoT essentially makes virtually anything ―smart‖,
meaning it enhances every aspect of life with the power
of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and
networks. This can mean something as simple as
enhancing your refrigerator and cabinets to detect when
milk and your favorite cereal run low, and to then place
an order with your preferred grocer.

Connectivity – New enabling technologies for
networking, and specifically IoT networking, mean
networks are no longer exclusively tied to major
providers. Networks can exist on a much smaller and
cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates
these small networks between its system devices.

Sensors – IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They
act as defining instruments which transform IoT from a
standard passive network of devices into an active
system capable of real-world integration.

Actuator : An actuator is a part of a device or machine
that helps it to achieve physical movements by
converting energy, often electrical, air, or hydraulic, into
mechanical force. Simply put, it is the component in any
machine that enables movement.

Active Engagement – Much of today's interaction with
connected technology happens through passive
engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for active
content, product, or service engagement.

Small Devices – Devices, as predicted, have become
smaller, cheaper, and more powerful over time. IoT
exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its
precision, scalability, and versatility.

IoT Vision
Internet of Things is a vision where things (wearable
watches, alarm clocks, home devices, surrounding
objects) become ‘smart’ and function like living entities
by sensing, computing and communicating through
embedded devices which interact with remote objects
(servers, clouds, applications, services and processes) or
persons through the Internet or Near-Field
Communication (NFC) etc.

Smart and Hyper connected Devices
As per Collins Dictionary, hyper connectivity means use
of multiple systems and devices to remain constantly
connected to social networks and streams of
information.

Smart devices are devices with computing and
communication capabilities that can constantly connect
to networks.

A device is considered at the edge of Internet
infrastructure. Edge computing implies computations at
the device level before the computed data communicates
over the internet.

IoTppt_Unit1 notes which give all the notes

Characteristics of IoT
1. Interconnectivity: With regard to the IoT, anything
can be interconnected with the global information
and communication infrastructure.
2. Things-related services: The IoT is capable of
providing thing-related services within the
constraints of things, such as privacy protection and
semantic consistency between physical things and
their associated virtual things. In order to provide
thing-related services within the constraints of
things, both the technologies in physical world and
information world will change.

3. Heterogeneity: The devices in the IoT are
heterogeneous as based on different hardware
platforms and networks. They can interact with other
devices or service platforms through different
networks.
4. Dynamic changes: The state of devices change
dynamically, e.g., sleeping and waking up, connected
and/or disconnected as well as the context of devices
including location and speed. Moreover, the number
of devices can change dynamically.

5. Enormous scale: The number of devices that need to
be managed and that communicate with each other
will be at least an order of magnitude larger than the
devices connected to the current Internet. Even more
critical will be the management of the data generated
and their interpretation for application purposes. This
relates to semantics of data, as well as efficient data
handling.

6. Safety: As we gain benefits from the IoT, we must not
forget about safety. As both the creators and recipients
of the IoT, we must design for safety. This includes the
safety of our personal data and the safety of our
physical well-being. Securing the endpoints, the
networks, and the data moving across all of it means
creating a security paradigm that will scale.
7. Connectivity: Connectivity enables network
accessibility and compatibility. Accessibility is getting
on a network while compatibility provides the
common ability to consume and produce data.

IoT CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A single object (umbrella) communicating with a central
server for acquiring data. The following equation
describes a simple conceptual framework of IoT:
Physical Object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators
+ Internet = Internet of Things

IoT consists of an internetwork of devices and physical
objects wherein a number of objects can gather the data
at remote locations and communicate to units
managing, acquiring, organizing and analyzing the data
in the processes and services.

The IoT framework of IoT used in number of
applications as well as in enterprise and business
processes is therefore, in general, more complex than the
one represented by Equation
An IoT conceptual framework for the enterprise processes and
services, based on a suggested IoT architecture given by Oracle.
The steps are as follows:

1. At level 1 data of the devices (things) using sensors or the things
gather the pre-data from the internet.
2. A sensor connected to a gateway, functions as a smart sensor (smart
sensor refers to a sensor with computing and communication capacity).
The data then enriches at level 2, for example, by transcoding at the
gateway. Transcoding means coding or decoding before data transfer
between two entities.
3. A communication management subsystem sends or receives data
streams at level 3.
4. Device management, identity management, and access management
subsystems receive the device’s data at level 4.
5. A data store or database acquires the data at level 5.
6. Data routed from the devices and things organizes and analyses at
level 6. For example, data is analyzed for collecting business intelligence
in business processes.

An alternative conceptual representation for a complex system. It is
based on IBM IoT conceptual framework. The equation shows the
actions and communication of data at successive levels in IoT. The
framework manages the IoT services using data from internetwork of the
devices and objects, internet and cloud services, and represents the flow
of data from the IoT devices for managing the IoT services using the
cloud server.

The equation represents a complex conceptual
framework for IoT using cloud-platform-based
processes and services.

The steps are as follows:
1. Levels 1 and 2 consist of a sensor network to gather and consolidate
the data. The first level gathers the data of the things (devices) using
sensor circuits. The sensor connects to a gateway. Data then
consolidates at the second level, for example, transformation at the
gateway at level 2.
2. The gateway at level 2 communicates the data streams between
levels 2 and 3. The system uses a communication-management
subsystem at level 3.
3. An information service consists of connecting, collecting, assemble,
and managing subsystems at levels 3 and 4. The services are rendered
from level 4.
4. Real-time series analysis, data analytics, and intelligence
subsystems are also at levels 4 and
5. A cloud infrastructure, a data store, or a database acquires the data
at level 5.

The figure in the next slide shows blocks and
subsystems for IoT in the IBM conceptual framework.
New terms in the figure will be explained in the future.
Various conceptual frameworks of IoT find the number
of applications including the ones in M2M
communication networks, wearable devices, city
lighting, security and surveillance, and home
automation. Smart systems use things (nodes) that
consist of smart devices, smart objects, and smart
services. Smart systems use user interfaces (Uis),
application programming interfaces (APIs),
identification data, sensor data, and communication
ports.

IoT ARCHITECTURAL VIEW
An IoT system has multiple levels. These levels are also known as
tiers. A model enables the conceptualization of a framework. A
reference model can be used to depict building blocks, successive
interactions, and integration. An example is CISCO’s presentation of a
reference model comprising seven levels

Oracle’s IoT architecture (Device identity
management means identifying a device,
registering a device for actions after
identifying, de-registering the device, and
assigning a unique identity to the device.
Device access management means enabling,
disabling the device access, authenticating a
device for access, and authorizing a device
for access to a subsystem.

Oracle’s IoT architecture
An architecture has the following features:
● The architecture serves as a reference in applications of IoT in services and business
processes.
● A set of sensors that are smart, capture the data and perform necessary data element
analysis and transformation as per the device application framework and connection
directly to a communication manager.
● A set of sensor circuits is connected to a gateway possessing separate data
capturing, gathering, computing and communication capabilities. The gateway
receives the data in one form at one end and sends it in another form to the
other end.
● The communication-management subsystem consists of protocol handlers,
message routers and message cache.

Oracle’s IoT architecture
● This management subsystem has functionalities
for device identity database, device identity
management and access management.
● Data routes from the gateway through the
Internet and data center to the application server
or enterprise server which acquires that data.
● Organization and analysis subsystems enable
the services, business processes, enterprise
integration and complex processes.

P24133 standard
IEEE suggested the P24133 standard
for the architecture of IoT. It is a
reference architecture that builds upon
the reference model(s). The reference
architecture covers the definition of
basic architectural building blocks and
their integration capability into multi-
tiered systems.

P24133 standard
P2413 architectural framework4 is a reference model
that defines relationships among various IoT verticals,
for example, transportation and healthcare. P2413
provides for the following:
● Follows top-down approach (consider top layer
design first and then move to the lowest)
● Does not define new architecture but reinvents
existing architectures congruent with it

P24133 standard
● Gives a blueprint for data abstraction
● Specifies abstract IoT domain for various IoT domains
● Recommends quality ‘quadruple’ trust that includes
protection, security, privacy, and Safety
● Addresses how to document
● Strives for mitigating architecture divergence(s)

P24133 standard
The scope of the IEEE P2413 standard defines an architectural
framework for the IoT. It includes descriptions of various IoT domains,
definitions of IoT domain abstractions, and identification of
commonalities between different IoT domains. Smart manufacturing,
smart grid, smart buildings, intelligent transport, smart cities, and e-
health are different IoT domains. P2413 leverages existing applicable
standards. It identifies planned or ongoing projects with a similar or
overlapping scope.

IEEEP2413 Goals
• Accelerate the growth of the IoT Market by enabling cross-domain
interaction and platform unification through increased system
compatibility, interoperability, and functional exchangeability
• Define an IoT architecture framework that covers the architectural
needs of the various IoT Application Domains
• Increase the transparency of system architectures to support
system benchmarking, safety, and security assessments
• Reduce industry fragmentation and create a critical mass of multi-
stakeholder activities around the world
• Leverage the existing body of work

TECHNOLOGYBEHINDIoT
The following entities provide a diverse technology environment and are
examples of technologies, which are involved in IoT.
● Hardware (Arduino Raspberry Pi, Intel Galileo, Intel Edison, ARM mBed,
Bosch XDK110, Beagle Bone Black and Wireless SoC)
● Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for developing device software,
firmware and APIs
● Protocols [RPL, CoAP, RESTful HTTP, MQTT, XMPP (Extensible
Messaging and Presence Protocol)]
● Communication (Powerline Ethernet, RFID, NFC, 6LowPAN, UWB,
ZigBee, Bluetooth, WiFi, WiMax, 2G/3G/4G)

TECHNOLOGYBEHINDIoT
● Network backbone (IPv4, IPv6, UDP and 6LowPAN)
● Software (RIOT OS, Contiki OS, Thingsquare Mist firmware,
Eclipse IoT)
● Internetwork Cloud Platforms/Data Centre (Sense, ThingWorx,
Nimbits, Xively,
openHAB, AWS IoT, IBM BlueMix, CISCO IoT, IOx and Fog,
EvryThng, Azure, TCS CUP)
● Machine learning algorithms and software. An example of
machine-learning software is GROK from Numenta Inc. that
uses machine intelligence to analyze the streaming data from
clouds and uncover anomalies, has the ability to learn
continuously from data and ability to drive action from the output
of GROK’s data models and perform high level of automation for
analyzing streaming data

MajorComponents of IoT
System
1. Physical object with embedded software into a hardware.
2. consisting of a microcontroller, firmware, sensors, control unit,
actuators and communication module.
3. Communication module: Software consisting of device APIs and
device interface for communication over the network and
communication circuit/port(s), and middleware for creating
communication stacks using 6LowPAN, CoAP, LWM2M, IPv4, IPv6 and
other protocols.
4. Software for actions on messages, information and commands which
the devices receive and then output to the actuators, which enable
actions such as glowing LEDs, robotic hand movement etc.

Actuation
An actuator is a component of a machine or a
system that moves or controls the mechanism of
the system. So, typically these actuators are
based on some control system, and these control
systems, act on the environment. So, an actuator
basically requires some kind of a control signal
and a source of energy for their functioning.

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