IQ Test- Intelligence Testing

IQ Test- Intelligence Testing

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  WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE? A loaded question . . .  Ability to modify one’s behavior to meet demands of the situation  Abstract reasoning (using symbols or mental representations)  Capacity to acquire knowledge  Problem solving ability
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  DEFINITION OF INTELLIGENCE Common to many definitions of intelligence  Knowledge-based thinking  Apprehension  Adaptive purposeful striving  Fluid analytic reasoning  Mental playfulness  Idiosyncratic learning
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  THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE Terman coined the term “Intelligence Quotient” (IQ) in 1916  Mental age/Chronological age  Spearman’s 2 Factor Theory (1927)  Intelligence =  General factors (g) — “mental energy”  E.g., abstract reasoning, problem solving  Specific factors (s) — less complex tasks  E.g., motor speed, attention, v-m coordination, memory  Although originally a 2 factor theory, g is the only factor that accounts for correlations among intellectual abilities
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  THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE Thurstone’s Multidimensional Theory (1938)  Eight primary mental factors  Verbal, perceptual speed, inductive reasoning, number, rote memory, deductive reasoning, word fluency, space or visualization)  He eventually found that these factors correlated and later postulated a second-order factor similar to “g”
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  A MODERN VIEWOF INTELLIGENCE  Intelligence is an integrated construct including:  Biological—dependent on genetics, brain structure, physiological functioning of brain  Cognitive—metacognition and ordinary cognition  Motivational—magnitude, direction, and disposition of individual  Behavioral—behavior in academic, social, and adaptive domains  Genetically-determined intelligence is always modified by experience
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  ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ONIQ  Factors that enhance IQ:  Stimulating environment  Good medical care/nutrition  Parental involvement in learning  Rich language environment  Factors that negatively impact IQ:  Persistent poverty  Perinatal complications, inadequate stimulation in environment, lead exposure  Large family size  Nutrition during gestation and early childhood
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  HEREDITY AND IQ “Heredity may limit a child’s potential, but environment permits their potential to be actualized” (Sattler, 2001, p. 180)  We inherit genes, not an actual IQ  Genetics is only 1 factor affecting IQ (familial, educational, nonfamilial factors)  IQ can change, but it is difficult  Does seem to go up on average about 4 points between childhood and adolescence (develop problem-solving strategies over time)
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  IQ TESTS ANDCULTURE  Culturally Biased  Proponents of this view feel IQ tests are biased against ethnic minorities and don’t take their sociocultural factors into account  Culturally loaded  Proponents of this view feel IQ tests are reflective of the knowledge and skills of the dominant society (those who created the test)
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  COMMON IQ MISPERCEPTIONS IQ is innate  IQ never changes  IQ tests provide perfectly reliable scores  All IQ tests measure the same thing  IQ test scores are interchangeable
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  IQ TESTS VS.ACHIEVEMENT TESTS  IQ tests measure broader abilities  IQ tests are more predictive of future performance  Achievement tests (reading, math, etc.) are heavily dependent on formal learning at home or school  Achievement test scores change more readily  Achievement tests assess mastery of factual information; IQ tests assess ability to apply information in new ways
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  COMMON INTELLIGENCE TESTS Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale  Originally developed in 1916  Currently in the 4th edition  Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WISC)  For children 6-16 years  Currently in the 4th edition (2003)  Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)  For children 3 years to 7 years, 3 months  Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID)  For children aged 1 to 42 months  Cognitive, Motor, and Behavioral scales
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  TYPES OF IQ Ratio IQ  First type of IQ  Stern (1938)  IQ = MA/CA x 100  Same IQ has different meanings at different ages  Not used as often now  Deviation IQ  A type of standard score  Mean = 100, SD = 15/16  Compares IQ to same age peers  Normal distribution  WISC uses this
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