IRJET- Design of Solar Rooftop Plant for JSSATEN

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 06 | June-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1186
Design of Solar Rooftop Plant for JSSATEN
Aparupa Shenoy1, Vishal Bhadauria2, Sujay Singh3, Rohit Kumar4, Rajendra Gond5
Department of Civil Engineering, JSS Academy of Technical Education Noida , APJAKTU Lucknow, India
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Abstract - Solar Power a clean renewable resource with zero
emission has tremendous potential of energy which can be
harnessed using a variety of devices. With current
developments, solar energy systems are easily available for
industrial and domestic use with the added advantage of
minimum maintenance. Solar energy could be made
financially viable with government tax incentivesandrebates.
For designing we take JSSATEN College as our plant location
.JSSATEN College is always using large amounts of energy.
Consuming large energy in terms of electricity means our
college is spending huge sum of money to power corporation
every year. JSSATEN has many buildings having open roof
which gives us fair chance to utilize it for implementing solar
panels over there .Thus, by implementing rooftop solar power
plant we can reduce the electricity consumption from the
outside source .The purpose is to convert our college campus
into clean green and smart campusunderenergyconservation
by utilizing roof top solar power plant. With the help of
software we calculate rooftop area of the buildings and
consider for the designing. We can calculate total power
generation after designing and compare with Electric
consumption bill. Considering all the expenses and profits, at
the end we are able to calculate the Payback Period of the
project .We also consider the net metering .This step of our
college is an excellent move towards sustainable energy
conservation and will contribute to the progressofournation.
Key Words: Solar Energy, Payback period, Net Metering,
Total Power Generation, Smart Campus, Photovoltaic.
1. INTRODUCTION
The Sun is a reliable, non-polluting and inexhaustiblesource
of energy. Since the beginning of life on earth, the energy
that was received by all living forms was radiated from the
sun. It is the time now when the mankind is on a standpoint
to again depend and rely upon the sun as the main source
of energy
With rapid rise in energy prices, concern over pollution,
depletion of resources and environment degradation the
awareness for limited resources around the world has
increased dramatically.Useoffossil fuelswhichcausesgreen
house emissions, inefficient use of energy and release of
harmful pollutants to the atmosphere causing threatsuchas
acid rain must be addressed seriously in new buildings.
Governments with vision have come to realise that
generation of electrical power through non renewable
sources of energy is not enough. The power of the future
must be environmentally friendly aswell.(Georgeet.al,Vol-1
2016;Environment impact of Solar Energy Technology)
Photovoltaic is a way by which energy from the sun can be
directly used for power generation. This method for
electricitygenerationcausesnoenvironmental pollution, has
no rotating or moving parts, and causes no material
depletion . Photovoltaics are also multifunctional. It can
generate and operate illuminations, pump water, operate
any house hold equipments and appliances, can operate any
electrical gadgets and communication equipment. The
photovoltaic finds its wide application in village
electrification in the developing countries and electricity
production for the buildings, commercial areas
and industrial sector in cities.( Parida et.al, Jan 2011; The
Review of Photovoltaic Technology)
2. INSIGHTS FROM PREVIOUS STUDIES
Mehdi Hajian [1] explained solar energy can be exploited
through the solar thermal and solar photovoltaic (PV)routes
forvariousapplications.Heexploredvariousmethodofusing
solar energy for number of purposes Power generated is not
just relatively simpler but is also much more environmental
friendlycompared to powergenerationusingnon-renewable
sources like the fossil fuels and coals.
Annie Meyer et.al [2] find that Stonehill College is
currently building one of the U.S.A. 's largest college campus
solar fields. It is a 2.7 MW field that will contain 9,000 solar
PV. The solar field is expected to save about $185,000 a year
on energy costs and account for 20% of the campuselectrical
usage. In addition, the carbon offset is ~521,702 lbsperyear,
which in turn equivalent to the amount of carbon 10,869
trees can absorb in a year or is the same as taking 46 Cars off
the road for the year (Tree Facts, 2014; Greenhouse Gas,
2011).
S. Rodrigues et.al [3] explain the methodology to develop
an application tool that is useful, flexible, and adaptable for
providing technical support to decision making for the
implementation of PV investments in the most suitable
locations in full respect of other uses of the territory. It is
basically a Portuguese case study to acess the lans suitability
for a installation of solar farm.
Tanima Bhattacharya et.al [4] find the effects of
temperature on PV module output performance were
investigated.The ambient temperature has a positive
correlation with the efficiency of the photovoltaic system
which indicatesthatambienttemperatureplaysanimportant
role in performance analysis. Also, there is a direct
proportionality between the ambient temperature of the
locality and efficiency of the PV system. They haveconcluded
that the ambient temperature can be preferredforpredicting

the performance of photovoltaic module compared to wind
speed for the present area of study.
Bhubaneswari Parida et.al [5] gives review of majorsolar
PV technologies comprising of PV power generation, Hybrid
PV generation, various light absorbing materials,
performanceand reliability of PV system, sizing, distribution
and control is presented. The different applications of solar
PV system such as desalination plant, building integrated
system, space, solar home systems and pumps are also
presented.
Andreas Poullikkas et.al [6] gives an overview of the net
meteringmechanismforrenewableenergysourcesforpower
generation (RES-E) systems is carried out. In particular, the
net metering concept is examined with its benefits and
misconceptions. In the USA, any customer’s net excess
generation is credited to the customer’s next electricity bill
for a twelve month billing cycle at various rates or via a
combination between rates.
Shruti Sharma et.al [7] reviewed a progressive
development in the solarcellresearchfromonegenerationto
other, and discussed about their future trends and aspects.
The article also tries to emphasize the various practices and
methods to promotethe benefits of solar energy.Technology
based on nano-crystal QD of semiconductors based solar cell
can theoretically convert more than 60% of the whole solar
spectrum into electric power. However, their degradation
over time is a serious concern.The main outcome of the
article is the comparison of various PV panels.
B. Shiva Kumar & K. Sudhakar [8] did a performance
study of 10 MW peak grid connected solar photovoltaic
power plant installed at Ramagundam by NTPC was
evaluated on annual basis.A peak power outputof10.34MW
and 40.83 kW of minimum power output were observed
during the year round operation. Lowest total energy
generation of 950.228MWh was observed in the month of
July & Maximum total energy generation of 1511.003 MW h
was observed in the month of January.
Roni George & Arun Ouseph Babu [9] deals with
Environmental Impact Assesment of Solar Energy
Technologies (SETs). SETs on the whole provide significant
environmental benefits when compared to the conventional
energy sources, contributing tothesustainabledevelopment.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 MATERIALS
3.1.1 CRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELLS
Most solar cells are made of a single crystal or multi-
crystalline silicon material. Silicon ingots are made by the
process of crystal growth, or by casting in specially designed
furnaces. The ingots are then sliced into thin wafers. Single
crystal wafers are usually 125 × 125 mm or larger sizes with
"pseudo square "shape; multi-crystallinewafersaretypically
square-shaped with a dimension of 100 × 100 mm or larger.
Using high temperature diffusion furnaces, Impurities like
boron or phosphorous are introduced into the silicon wafers
to form a p-n junction. The silicon wafers are thus converted
into solar cells. When exposed to sunlight, acids are
generated in each cell. Contact is attached to the top and
bottom of each cell to enable inter-connections and drawing
of the current
3.1.2 THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS
Thin-film solar cells are made from amorphoussilicon(a-
Si), copper indium selenide / cadmium sulphide (CuInSe2/
CdS)orcadmiumtelluride/cadmiumsulphide(CdTe/CdS),by
using thin-film depositiontechniques.Thesetechnologiesare
at various stages of development and have not yet reached
the maturity of crystalline silicon. Production of thin-film PV
modules is also limited.
3.1.3 PV MODULE
PV modules are usually made from strings of crystalline
silicon solar cells. These cells are made of extremely thin
silicon wafers (about 300 um) and hence are extremely
fragile. To protect the cells from damage, a string of cells is
hermetically sealed between a layer of toughened glass and
layers of ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA). An insulating tedlar sheet
is placed beneath the EVAlayers to give further protectionto
the cell string. An outer frame is attached to give strength to
the module and to enable easy mounting on structures. A
terminal box is attached to the back of a module; here, the
two ends (positive and negative) of the solar string are
welded or soldered to the terminals. This entire assembly
constitutes a PV module. When the PV module is in use, the
terminals are connected either directly to a load, or to
another module to form an array. Single PV modules of
capacities ranging from 10 Wp to 120 Wp can providepower
for different loads. For large power applications, a PV array
consisting of a number of modules connected in parallel
and/or series is used.
Fig 1: Solar Photovoltaic Cell
3.2 METHODOLOGY
There are two methods for implementing solar energy.
i) Directly using PV or photovoltaic- it is the method of
establishing solar power panels on the roofs thus, obtaining
electricity directly from sun.
ii)Indirectly by CSP or concentrated solar power- this is
actually an indirect method in which power is not obtained

directly by sun and require various process to obtain
electricity.
Due to requirement of more power, large area, poor
running on cloudy days,high maintenance and construction
cost in concentrated solar power wewillnotuseCSPmethod.
So, we use photovoltaic method.
3.2.1 CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS
Access to the various information fromthecollegelike
electricity bill of each department of the college, electricity
bill of the hostel, MPH, food court, ISH, library ,etc. i.e. area
where we want to establish roof top solar panel.
So we take Electric Consumption bill for JSSATEN College for
2016-17
TABLE 1: Electric Consumption Bill of JSSATEN
SL. NO. Bill
Month
Unit(KWH) Rates(Rs.) Amount(Rs.)
1 June 2016 2,51,935 7.95 20,02,884
2 July 2016 1,94,979 7.95 15,50,078
3 August
2016
1,43,518 7.95 11,40,971
4 September
2016
1,94,209 7.95 15,43,967
5 October
2016
2,46,821 7.95 19,62,227
6 November
2016
2,00,373 7.95 15,92,967
7 December
2016
1,57,967 7.95 12,55,838
8 January
2017
1,57,504 7.95 12,52,161
9 February
2017
1,48,139 7.95 11,77,711
10 March
2017
1,66,654 7.95 13,24,900
11 April 2017 1,66,672 7.95 13,25,050
12 May 2017 1,87,788 7.95 14,92,920
Average June 2016
to May
2017
1,84,713 7.95 14,68,472
3.2.2 SOFTWARE
Obtaining available utilizable roof top areas in campus
with the help of software ( GOOGLE MAPS)andvisitingthere.
3.2.3 TOTAL POWER GENERATION
To analyze the data from the solar panel, to calculate the
total power generation by the pair of solar panels. By this
data we can estimate the possible power generation
3.2.4 PAYBACK PERIOD
Considering all the expenses and profits, At the end we
are able to calculate the Payback Period of the project.
We also consider the Net Metering[10].
3.2.4.1 NET METERING
For electriccustomers whogeneratetheirownelectricity,
net metering allows for the flow of electricity both to and
from the customer – typicallythrougha single, bi-directional
meter. When a customer’s generationexceedsthecustomer’s
use, electricity from the customer flows back to the grid,
offsetting electricityconsumed by the customeratadifferent
time during the same billing cycle. In effect, the customer
uses excess generation to offset electricity that the customer
otherwise would have to purchase at the utility’s full retail
rate.
Fig. 2: Block Diagram of Net Metering
Advantages of net metering are Financial CreditforExtra
Solar Power Produced , No Battery Storage System Needed ,
No BackupGenerator forwhen Solar Power is Not Available,
Seasonal Storage – Solar Power Produced in Summer Saves
on Winter Costs , No Maintenance – Solar Power Without
Hassles .
3.3 DESIGNING OF SOLAR ROOFTOP PLANT
3.3.1 INTRODUCTION
As per figure NOIDA(near New Delhi ) comes in orange
belt which is 5.8-6.0 KWH/sq.m./day gives us fare
opportunity to implement rooftop solar power plant in our
college. Location of college as per GOOGLE MAPS: JSS
Academy of Technical Education , Noida (U.P. , India)
28.614425,77.358773 ( Geographical Coordinates )

Fig. 3: Solar irradiance in INDIA
3.3.2. ROOFTOP AREA CONSIDERED
i. Total area of the college is 1,13,312 sq.m
ii. According to our requirement we have considered
only Academic Blocks i.e. Academic Block-1,
Academic Block -2, Academic Block -3, Academic
Block -4& Academic Block -5 of JSS Academy of
Technical Education , Noida .
Fig. 4 : Rooftop area calculated by Google Maps
Table 2 : Calculated Rooftop Area
BUILDING ROOFTOP AREA (Sqm)
Academic Block -1 1694.05
Academic Block-2 1573.04
Total 11,186
3.3.3 CALCULATION
The global formula to estimate the electricity generated in
output of a photovoltaic system is :
E = A * r * H * PR  
E =Energy (kWh)
A =Total solar panel Area (m2)
r =solar panel yield or efficiency(%)
H =Annual average solar radiationontiltedpanels(shadings
not included)
PR = Performance ratio, coefficient for losses
r is the yield of the solar panel given by the ratio : electrical
power (in kWp) of one solar panel divided by the area ofone
panel.
i. Total area of college = 11,186 sq.m
ii. Total area covered by panels =5,867sq.m(52.45%)
iii. Area of one 1kw solar panel = 8 sq m ( Source-
http://solarcalculator.co.in)
iv. Total no. Of panels required = 550
v. Thus, 550 panels of 1kw rating with 75% area
efficiency cover 5,867 sq.m
Fig.- 4 Solar Radiation in Noida ( National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, U.S.A )

3.3.4. PANEL DISTRIBUTION
Table 3 : Panel Distribution
Blocks No. of panels
(1 KW)
Power
generation
(KWh)
ADMINISTRATIVE
BLOCK 1
83 10,707
ADMINISTRATIVE
BLOCK 2
77 9,933
ADMINISTRATIVE
BLOCK 3
105 13,545
ADMINISTRATIVE
BLOCK 4
33 4,257
ADMINISTRATIVE
BLOCK 5
252 32,508
TOTAL 550 71,995
Sample Calculation For January
Irradiation = 3.44
Annual average irradiance in Noida = 5.23 KWh/sqm [12]
Annual average production of 1kw panel = 4.3KWh [13]
Thus, Efficiency of panel = 82% [4.3/5.23]
Therefore,
Production of electricity = panel rating * efficiency *
irradiation * no. Of panels * no. Of days
Production of electricity = 1 * .82 *3.44 * 550 *31=48,558.4
units
consumption of electricity in January = 1,57,504 units.
SAVINGS = units produced * charge per unit=48558.4 *7.95
= Rs. 3,86,039.28
Table 4 : Electricity production by solar plant
MONTH ELECT
RIC
BILL
UNITS
IRRADIAT
ION*82%
(4.3/5.23
=.82)
PROD
UCTI
ON
BY
SOLA
R
SAVING
S In
Rupees
JANUARY
2017
1,57,50
4
2.848 48,55
8.4
3,86,039
FEBRUAR
Y 2017
1,48,13
9
3.866 59,53
6.4
4,73,314
MARCH
2017
1,66,65
4
4.980 84,90
9.0
6,75.026
APRIL
2017
1,66,67
2
5.650 93,22
5.0
7,41,138
MAY 2017 1,87,78
8
5.760 98,20
8.0
7,80,753
JUNE 2016 2,51,93
5
5.220 86,13
0.0
6,84,733
JULY 2016 1,94,97
9
4.470 76,21
3.5
6,05,897
AUGUST
2016
1,43,51
8
4.430 75,53
1.5
6,00,475
SEPTEMB
ER 2016
1,94,20
9
4.400 72,60
0.0
5,77,170
OCTOBER
2016
2,46,82
1
4.100 69,90
5.0
5,55,744
NOVEMBE
R 2016
2,00,31
3
3.230 53,29
5.0
4,23,695
DECEMBE
R 2016
1,57,96
7
2.688 45,83
0.4
3,64,351
AVERAGE 1,70,81
9
4.3 71,99
5.4
5,72,362

4. COST ESTIMATION
4.1. COST OF PANEL
According to guidelines of Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy ( Govt. Of India)
1KW Solar Panel Available At Rs. 42000 (with30%subsidy
on Rs. 60000).
Cost of panels= no. of panels*cost of 1 panel
No. of panels= 550
Cost of 1 panel= Rs.42,000
Cost of panels = 550*42,000
= Rs.2,31,00,000
4.2. TOTAL COST
It includes
i) Cost of Panel
ii) Installation Cost
iii) Electrical equipments and wires
Total Panel - 550
Table 5 : Cost Estimation
Components Percentage of
total cost
Amount in Rs.
PV modules
(poly-
crystalline)
52% 2,31,00,000
Inverters 23% 1,02,17,300
Balance of
system
(plugins,
cables,etc.)
17% 75,51,900
Installation
charges
8% 35,53,900
TOTAL 100% 4,44,23,100
According to Ministry of New and Renewable Energy-
Benchmark cost of systems with 5 year warranty for all
components ( inverters , switchgears ,etc.) other than PV
module.
PV module are warranted for 90% of output at the end of
10 years.
It came down to atleast 80% of output at the end of 25 years.
4.3. PAYBACK PERIOD
Considering efficiency of panel to be reduced at a constant
rate of 1% each year till first 10 years.
Total amount to be spent in installing rooftop solar pant is
Rs. 4,44,23,100 in a single lumpsum amount
Total amount saved annually when operational is Rs.
68,68,000 (From Table- 4)
Let the payback period be N
Now, according to the definition of Payback Period-
Investment = savings each year * depreciation 4,44,23,100
=68,68,000*(99+98+97+……..)/100=(N(198+(N-1)(-1))/200
= 6.468
=N*(199-N) = 1293.6
On solving above equation we get,
=N = 6.7 years
which is approx 7 years equal to Payback Period
Note- Here, we have not considered the maintenance cost of
plant as it comes out to be very small as comparedtothesize
of project. Thus, considerednegligible.Andthe majordefects
in equipments if might occurs shall covered under warranty
thus, the maintenance cost will be very small and thatiswhy
it is neglected.
Here, we have not considered Tax Benefit in above
calculation. Doing so, will reduce the Payback period
depending upon the Tax rates as per latest Financial &
Taxation Rules.
Fig. 5 : Payback period representation

5. CONCLUSION
 By this project we convert our campus into smart
campus.
 By this project we can make our college energy
efficient.
 By this project we can contribute to the Initiative of
Government of India
 Also we can minimize the electricity bill of the
campus.
 Make environment more healthy.
 According to MNRE ( Govt. of India) for 550 KW
solar plant
o Carbon dioxide emissions mitigated is
15560 tonnes.
o This installation will be equivalent to
planting 24895 Teak trees over the life
time.
 We can save about Rs. 68 lac per year in initial
working years of plant which can useful to get the
amount we invested in our plant.
On an average we can save 71,995.4 units per month .
REFERENCES
[1]Mehdi Hajian, “ Various Aspects of Solar Energy
Utilization: Review”, International Journal of Advanced
Science and Technology Vol.58, (2013), pp.41-50
http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijast.2013.58.04
[2]Annie Meyer, “A case study- solar pannel at boston
college”, Boston College Environmental Studies Senior
Seminar, published on 1 APRIL 2014.
[3]Sara Rodrigues el al, “Suitability Analysis of Solar
Photovoltaic farms: A Portuguese Case Study”, International
Journal Of Renewable Energy Research S. Rodrigues et al.,
Vol.7, No.1, 2017
[4]Tanima Bhattacharya el al, “Effects of Ambient
Temperature and Wind Speed on Performance of
Monocrystalline Solar Photovoltaic Module in Tripura,
India”, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Solar
Energy Volume 2014, Article ID 817078, 5 pages,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/817078
[5]Bhubaneswari Parida el al, “Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 15 (2011) 1625–1636, published on 12 january
2011.
[6]Andreas Poullikkas el al, “A review of net metering
mechanism for electricity renewable energy sources”,
International journal of energy and environment, Volume 4,
Issue 6, 2013 pp.975-1002,Journal homepage:
www.ijee.ieeFoundation.org
[7]Shruti Sharma el al, “Various Aspects of Solar Energy
Utilization: Review”, International Journal of Advanced
Science and Technology Vol.58, (2013),00 pp.41-50,
published on December 2015.
[8] B.Shiva kumar & K.Sudhakar " Performance evaluationof
10 MW grid connected SPV Power Plant at NTPC" 4 dec
2015 Elsevier Publications
[9]Roni George ,Arun Ouseph Babu,“Environmental Impacts
Of Solar Energy Technologies”, Imperial International
Journal of Eco-Friendly Technologies, Volume-1,Issue-1
2016,pp-75-79
[10]Akshay Kumar Sahoo el al, “Exploring the impact of net
metering with hybrid solar-wind-grid based distribution
generation”, International Reasearch Journal of Engg. And
Technology, Volume-03, published on 5 MAY 2017
[11]Abhinav malhotra,”solar energy plant to power iit
kanpur”, the times of india,article 27 march 2014( https://
aruna kumarankandath “modi government sets revised
timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Solar-energy-
plant-to-power-IIT-Kanpur/articleshow/32768937.cms
http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/solar-panels-
in-educational-institutions/1/658717.html )
[12]Google maps application( https://googlemaps.co.in)
[13]Ministry of New and Renewable Energy( Government of
India)

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