IRJET- Power Generation from Small Wind Mill

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 6686
POWER GENERATION FROM SMALL WIND MILL
P. Balashanmugam1, R. Dhanasree2
1Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India
(On Deputation)
2 Lecturer (Part-Time) Department of Electronics and Communications, Central Polytechnic College, Tharamani,
Chennai-113, Tamilnadu, India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Energy is an important aspect in our everyday life.
The resources we use are limited, whereas the population
consuming the same are increasing day by day. Therefore,
there is a need of finding a way to establish a relationship
between a natural resources and growing populations. In this
context wind energy plays the vital role in maintaining the
relationship between human being and a energyrequirement.
Wind energy is free of cost and available with ease. Wind
energy has been harnessed for centuries, but it has only
emerged as a major part of our energy solution quite recently
and this project focuses on utilizing wind energy by using a
vertical axis wind turbine. This energy is available in the
highways; this highway can provide a considerable amount of
wind energy to recapture this wind from vehicles while in
moving. To generated power, this power developed by the
VAWT is stored in the battery, the power is used for road
lamps and many different applicationsome usefulapplication.
Aero turbines convert wind energy into rotary mechanical
energy. A mechanical interface, consisting of a step-up gear
and a suitable coupling transmit the energy to an electrical
generator. The battery is connected to the inverter. The
inverter is used to convert DC voltages toACvoltages. Theload
current is drawn from the inverter. Wind power ratings can
be divided into three convenient grouping, small to 1kW,
medium to 50 kW and larger 200 kW to megawatt frame size.
Key Words: Wind turbine, Alternating current, Micro
controller, Yaw control, Darrieus rotor and Single pole
tower.
1. INTRODUCTION
Wind energy offers another source for pumping as well as
electric power generation. India haspotential ofover20,000
MW of power generation and ranks as one of the promising
countries for tapping this source. The cost of power
generation from wind farms has now become lower than
diesel power and comparable to thermal power in several
areas of our country especially near the coasts. Wind power
projects of aggregate capacity of 8 MW, including 7 wind
farms projects of capacity 6.85 MW have been established in
different parts of the country of which 3 MW capacities has
been completed in 1989 by DNES. Wind farms are operating
successfully and have already fed over 150 lakes units of
electricity to the respective state grids. Over 25 MW of
additional power capacity from wind is under
implementation. Under demonstration programmer 271
wind pumps have been installed up to February 1989. Sixty
small wind battery charges of capacities 300 watts to 4 kW
are under installation. Likewise to stand-alone wind electric
generators of 10 to 25 kW are under installation. The main
aim of this project is fabrication of a highway windmill. This
project converts wind energy into electrical energy. The
electrical energy produced here is used to drive the home
appliances.
A windmill is a type of engine. It uses the wind to make
energy. To do this it uses vanes called sails or blades. The
energy made by windmills can be used in many ways. These
include grinding grain or spices, pumping water and sawing
wood. Modern wind power machines are used to create
electricity. These are called wind turbines. Before modern
times, windmills were most commonly used to grind grain
into flour. The windmill has been in history for many years.
A wind turbine is a device that converts the wind's kinetic
energy into electrical energy. Wind turbines are
manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axis
types. The smallest turbinesareusedforapplicationssuchas
battery charging for auxiliary power forboatsorcaravansor
to power traffic warning signs.Slightlylargerturbinescan be
used for making contributions to a domestic power supply
while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via
the electrical grid. Arrays of large turbines, known as wind
farms, are becoming an increasingly important source of
intermittent renewable energy and are used by many
countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on
fossil fuels. An electrical generator is a machine which
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Induced
EMF is produced in it according to Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction.ThisEMFcausesa currenttoflow
if the conductor circuit is closed. An inverter is an electronic
device or circuitry that changes Direct Current (DC) to
Alternating Current (AC).The input voltage, output voltage
and frequency, and overall power handling depend on the
design of the specific device or circuitry. The inverter does
not produce any power; the power is provided by the DC
source. It just converts direct current into alternating
current.
In this project wind turbine uses wind’s kinetic energy and
converts into mechanical energy. This highway windmill
uses wind energy generated by the moving vehicles and
converts into mechanical energy. The DCgeneratorconverts
the mechanical energy into electrical energy.The Inverter
converts direct current into Alternating current and this is

used to drive the home appliances.The Wind is quite simply
moving air, and is generated by the sun, which heats the
surface of the earth at different rates. During the day, the air
above the land heats up more quickly than the air over
water. The warm air over the land expandsand rises,andthe
heavier, cooler air rushes in to take its place, creating winds.
At night, the winds are reversed because the air cools more
rapidly over land than over water. As long as the Sun keeps
heating the Earth and as long as this process continues to
occur, there shall be wind. The wind has been used by the
human race as a source of energy for a long time {1} {2}. As
long as 5,000 years ago the ancient Egyptians used the wind
to power there sailing boats. The next significant use of the
wind by man was for windmills {3}. A windmill is a machine
that is powered by the energy of the wind. It is designed to
convert the energy of the wind into more useful forms using
rotating blades. The term also refers to the structure, it is
commonly built on {4}. In America windmills and turbines
have been used since the days of colonization. Initially they
used windmills for grinding, but later they used windmillsto
produce electricity, even today it has still seen the evidence
of them using wind mills on remoteranchesandfarms. Wind
has been used for centuries to propel ships and the wind
routes were well known and used by explorers such as
Magellan and Columbus {4}, {5}. Wind power was used as a
source of mechanical energy on the land for thousands of
years. The Babylonians constructed windmills for irrigation
as early as 1700 BC and Europeans were using windmills by
1000 AD. The Dutch used windmills to drain the land and
used eight basic types. Dutch settlers introduced windmills
to the United States in the early 1600’s. Daniel Halliday
invented a new style of windmill, which many believe
encouraged the rapid settling of the American West. More
than 6.5 million windmills were soldintheUSbetween1880
and 1935. They were used to pump water, grind grain and
cut lumber. Some small electrical generating systems were
used to produce direct current by 1900. Cheap electricity
was introduced in the 1940’s and most of the wind powered
generating systems in rural areas were considered obsolete
and fell into disuse {6}. The first wind powered electricity
was produced by a machine built by Charles F. Brush in
Cleveland, Ohio in 1888. It had a rated power of 12 kW
(direct current - dc). Direct current electricity production
continued in the form of small-scale, stand-alone (not
connected to a grid) systems until the 1930's when the first
large scale AC turbine was constructedintheUSA.There was
then a general lull in interest until the 1970's when the fuel
crises sparked a revival in research and development work
in North America (USA and Canada) and Europe (Denmark,
Germany, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the UK).
Modern wind turbine generators are highly sophisticated
machines, taking full advantage of state-of the-art
technology, led by improvements in aerodynamic and
structural design, materials technology and mechanical,
electrical and control engineering and capable of producing
several megawatts of electricity. During the 1980's installed
capacity costs dropped considerably and wind power has
become an economically attractive option for commercial
electricity generation. Large wind farms or wind power
stations have become a common sight in many western
countries {7}
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
D.A. Nikam et al. analyzed the on design and development
of vertical axis wind turbine blade. This paper explains that
the wind mill such as vertical and horizontal windmill is
widely used for energy production. The horizontal windmill
is highly used for large scale applications which require
more space and huge investment. Whereas the vertical wind
mill is suitable for domestic application at low cost. The
generation of electricity is affected by the geometry and
orientation of the blade in the wind turbine. To optimizethis
by setting the proper parameter for the blade design. The
experimental result indicates that the blade plays critical
role in the performance and energy production of the
turbine.
Altab Hossain et al. Investigated the design and
development of A 1/3 scale vertical axis wind turbine for
electrical power generation. In this paper the electricity is
produced from the windmill by wind power and belt power
transmission system. The blade and drag devices are
designed in the ratio of 1:3 to the wind turbine. The
experiment is conducted by different wind speed and the
power produced by the windmill is calculated.
M. Abid et al. Analyzed the design, development and testing
of a savonius and darrieus vertical axis wind turbine. This
paper shows that the vertical axis windmill is more efficient
when compare to the horizontal axis windmill. The darrieus
turbine consists of 3 blades which can start alone at low
wind speed. When savonius turbine is attached on the top of
the existing wind mill which provide the self-start at low
wind speed. The result indicates that the darrieus vertical
axis wind turbine acts as a self-starter during the testing.
3. COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION
This project is designed with,
Hardware Requirements
 PIC Microcontroller
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Diodes
 Voltage Regulator
 Relay
 Input Supply (12 to 24v)


Software Requirements
 MPLAB IDE
 Language: Embedded C
Fig-1 Highway windmill
Fig-2Block diagram of power generation from windmill
3.1. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Design – VAWT Design
A Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) is a device that extracts
the kinetic energy from the wind using a rotor consisting of
two or more blades which are mechanically coupled to an
electrical generator. Therefore wind turbine power
production depends on the interaction between the rotor
and the wind. But there is an upper limit on the amount of
energy that can be derived from the movement of the wind.
No wind turbine can produce more electrical powerthanthe
amount of power in the wind itself. To do that the wind
turbine would have to stop the wind from blowing by
extracting 100% of its kinetic energy.The power generation
from wind mill is shown in figures 1 and 2.
The amount of power converted by a horizontal wind
turbine is proportional to the area swept out by the rotor
(rotor swept area). So in order to capture as much of the
wind’s kinetic energy as possible, the wind turbine blades
should be the longest possible. Also to increase this further,
wind turbines are mounted on towers that are as high as
practicable and most often are mounted on towers that
exceed 80 metres (260 feet) in height. This is because in an
open ,unobstructed landscape, the windspeedrelativetothe
ground can increase by a considerable amount as the
elevation above the ground increases.
Most modern wind turbines use a horizontal axis wind
turbine or HAWT design in which the turbine blades are
mounted on a horizontal shaft with the rotor blades of a
HAWT kept perpendicular to the flow of the wind to capture
the maximum energy. This shaft is connectedtoa gearboxor
transmission, and the gearbox is placed between the wind
shaft (the axle to which the blades are affixed) and the
electrical generator to ensure that the generator turns at an
optimal speed in order to produce electricity suitableforthe
electric grid, typically in the 1,200–1,800 rpm range. One
disadvantage of the horizontal windturbinegeneratoristhat
in order for the rotor blades to rotate, the wind turbinebody
has to continuously rotate to orient the rotorinthedirection
of the oncoming wind. This “yaw” control canbeassimpleas
the tail vane on small wind turbines, or more complexmotor
control on modern towers. However, thereisanothertypeof
wind turbine design called the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine,
of VAWT Wind Turbine for short,whichhastheadvantageof
accepting the wind from any direction.
The “vertical axis wind turbine” has turbine blade
designs either vertical or in the shape of an egg beater, and
similar in many ways to the wind powered centrifugal
ventilators seen on the chimney’s andflue’s.The vertical axis
wind turbine blades are attached to a central vertical shaft
and which has specific advantages over the horizontal wind
turbine designs. When the blades spin, theshaftspins,which
is attached to an alternator generally located at the bottom
of the shaft, often at ground level. Except for the shape of its
rotor blades, all other components used in the VAWT wind
turbine are the same in both designs, with some minor
differences in their placement.
Vertical axis wind turbine blades may be of either a drag-
driven or lift-driven rotor design. The most common drag-
driven vertical axis wind turbine design is that of the
Savonius rotor, which has been used for hundreds of years
for water pumping and other such mechanical applications.
The Savonius VAWT wind turbine has an S-shaped rotor
when viewed from above and operates as a drag device, and
hence, the angular velocity of the turbine cannot exceed the
ambient wind speed.
The power from the Savonius turbine design is based on the
difference in air pressure across the blades as one set of
blade retreat from the wind and the other set of blades
advance into the wind. This is in turn related to the
difference in the drag coefficientsassociatedwiththeconvex
side of the blade and the concave side of the blades.
Generally, compared to other forms of wind turbinedesigns,
the Savonius rotors have fairly low efficiencies.

Lift-driven vertical axis wind turbine rotors however, are
more commonly used for electrical power generation.These
VAWT rotor blades are called lift-driven turbine blades
because when the wind is blowing across the turbine, the
rotor blades will experience a lifting force. Typically lift-
driven rotors have long curved blades and are often called a
Darrieus rotor design after its inventor.
There are several advantages associated with the Darrieus
Wind Turbine. First of all, the Darrieus turbine is
unidirectional and does not require any special yaw
mechanisms to continuously orient itself toward the wind
direction. Secondly, its vertical drive shaft simplifies the
installation of the gearboxandtheelectrical generatoron the
ground, making the structure and maintenance much
simpler. On the negative side, the vertical axis machine has
not been widely used because its output power cannot be
easily controlled in high winds simply by changing the blade
pitch as shown in figure 3.
Fig-3VAWT Turbine with Savonius and
Darrieus Turbines Combined
3.2. HOW TO DESIGN A GOOD SMALL VERTICAL-AXIS
WIND TURBINE
 Although different from a HAWT, the core technologyof
a VAWT remains a wind mill structurewith blades.After
choosing an airfoil, it is necessary to calculate a concave
orientation, angle, width, and quantity because each of
these factors determines the performance of the VAWT.
So a first step is to choose a low-speed airfoil. A second
step puts the concave orientation to outside;a thirdstep
chooses a small blade angle (8° works well) and a
suitable blade width as shown in figure4. The best blade
quantity is five. And thenthe bladeconnectionmethodis
important. Its best is to use socket structure for easy
installation and reduced the drag forces. These factors
determine the power generation performance of the
VAWT.
 A HAWT turbine must yaw − redirect itselfintothe wind
− but the VAWT need not. So VAWTs muse use the
“positive pitch attack angle regulation”. This feature
uses centrifugal force to control the blade angle when
the rotation speed exceeds the rated speed.
 A good vertical axis wind mill has to remain stable when
it is spinning it. If not, the turbine will “shake its head”
when the rotor is turning. That will reduce the turbine’s
life and cause other problems such as noise and
mechanical wear. So the best solution is to use a coaxial
structure for the wind mill and generator. The coaxial
arrangement of wind mill and generator ensures a
reliable seal, safety and stability, free of mechanical
noise, a reasonable bearing for windmill, and a long
useful life.
 Damage may occur to wind turbines when the wind
speed exceeds 25 m/s. So vertical axis wind turbine
needs an automatic brake system. As a wind turbine
starts to brake, it must overcome the rotational inertia
and the driving force from the wind. So a good design
calculates the torque in the rotor at survival wind speed
and chooses a suitable disk brake for that amount of
energy.
Fig-4Wind turbine blade
4. VERTICAL-AXIS WIND TURBINEWORKINGPRINCIPLE
The Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) is a wind turbine
that has its main rotational axis oriented in the vertical
direction.
VAWTs were innovative designs that have not proven as
effective in general as HAWTs, but they have a few good
features, including quiet operation.
Because they are not as efficient as HAWTs, they are rarely
used in large units. Most VAWTsaresmallerunitsthatcanbe
located in residential and commercial locationsbecausethey
are much quieter than the horizontal-axis turbines.
4.1. Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Types
The two types of vertical-axis wind turbines are the
Darrieus wind turbine, which turns a shaftusingliftforces,

and the Savonius wind turbine, whose cups are pushed by
direct wind forces as shown in figure 5.
Fig-5 Small generation from small wind mill
4.2. Advantages of Wind Energy Conversion System
a) The major advantage of this design is that the rotor
blades can accept the wind from any compass.
b) Another added advantageisthatthemachinecanbe
mounted on the ground eliminating tower
structures and lifting of huge weight of machine
assembly, i.e. it can be operated close to the ground
level.
c) Since this machine has vertical axis symmetry, it
eliminates yaw control requirement for its rotor to
capture wind energy. A dual purpose and relatively
simple shaft axis support is anticipated as well as
ground level power output deliverydueto presence
of vertical shaft. This may in turn, allow easier
access and serviceability.
d) Airfoil rotor fabrication costs are expected to be
reduced over conventional rotor blade costs.
e) The absence of pitch control requirements for
synchronous operation may yield additional cost
savings.
f) The tip speed ratio and power coefficient are
considerably better than those of the S-rotor, but
are still below the values for a modern horizontal-
axis, two-bladed propeller rotor.
4.3. Disadvantages Of Wind Energy Conversion System
a) Rotor power output efficiency of a Darrieus wind
energy conversion system is also somewhat lower
than that of a conventional horizontal rotor.
b) Because a Darrieus rotor is generally situated near
ground proximity, it may also experience lower
velocity wind compared to a tower mounted
conventional wind energy conversion system of
comparable projected rotor disc area. This may
yield less energy output
4.4. APPLICATIONS
4.4.1. Direct heat applications
Mechanical motion derivedfromwindpowercanbe
used to drive heat pumps or to produce heat from the
friction of solid materials, or by the churning of water or
other fluids, or in other cases, by the use of centrifugal or
other types of pumps in combinationwithrestrictiveorifices
that produces heat from friction and turbulence when the
working fluid flows through them. This heat may then be
stored in materials having a high heat capacity, such as
water, stones, eutectic salts, etc.,
A home heating system that uses a wind powered
pump and a restrictive orifice to derive direct heat for a
building, without first generating electricity also has been
developed.
4.4.2. Electric Generation Applications:
Wind power can be used in centralized utility
applications to drive synchronous A.C. electrical generators.
In such applications the energy is fed directly into power
networks through voltage step-up transformers.
WECS units can be integrated with existing hydro
electrical networks and used in a “water-saver” mode of
operation. When the wind is blowing, electrical an amount
equal to the being can reducegeneration at the hydroelectric
plants in the network produced by the WECS units. Thus, the
wind turbines supply part of the network load that is
ordinarily produced by the hydroelectric generators. Under
these conditions, some of the water that would have been
used by the hydroelectric plant to supply the load is saved in
the reservoir and madeavailable forlater use when the wind
is not blowing.
CONCLUSION
This system is environmentally friendly. Theworkingmodel
of our project is combined energy sourcewith a solarsystem
and vertical axis wind turbine system which is a good and
effective solution for power generation, basicallythissystem
involves the combination of two energy system, suppose
anyone source fails to generate another source will keep
generating the electricity and will givethecontinuouspower
to the load. The renewable energy sources such as solar and
wind energy are used to generate the electricity.

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Volume 4 Issue I, January 2016

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