IS2 Classification PPT

Essential QuestionsWhy do we need to classify things?How do we classify things?

Binomial SystemUsed to categorize organismsCreated by Linnaeus in 18th century2 Latin names: Homo sapiens Homo = genus Homo sapiens = speciesGenus= always written with an initial capital letterSpecific name = lower caseAlways italic (or different from text font) or underlined (when handwritten)Examples: Tiger= PantheratigrisLion = Pantheraleo Dog = CanisfamiliarisWolf = Canis lupusSunflower = Helianthusannuus

Helianthus annuusSunflowerCanisfamiliarisDog BINNOMIAL SYSTEMCanis lupusWolfPantheraleoLionEscherichia colibacteria

HierarchyKINGDOMPHYLLUMCLASSORDERFAMILYGENUSSPECIESIf you need a trick to remember the sequence:“king phillip came over for green soup”

Basic features to remember...Prokaryotic cell x Eukaryotic cellAutotroph x Heterotroph

ClassificationFor a long time: two kingdoms = ANIMALS AND PLANTSWith the microscope = more creatures discoveredNow:

Kingdom Eubacteriabacteria, blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)Unicellular organismsProkaryotesSome move (flagellum), some don’tSome autotrophic, some heterotrophic

Kingdom ArchaebacteriaLive in extreme environments:Rich in methane (found for example in the digestive system of ruminants)Salt Hot springsOcean (plankton)Closer to eukaryotesClassification is still changing

Kingdom ProtistaAmoeba, Plasmodium, Trypanosomacruzi, Toxoplasma, Euglena, ParameciumALL unicellularEukaryotesSome move (cilia, flagellum), some don’tSome autotrophic, some heterotrophicAmoeba moving/feeding: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6rnhiMxtKU&feature=related

Kingdom Plantaealgae, mosses, ferns, flowering plantsALL multicellularEukaryotesALL autotrophic4 main divisions:Bryophytes (moss)Ferns (ferns)Gimnospermophytes (pine trees)Angiospermophytes (flowering plants)

Kingdom Fungifungi, molds, mushrooms, yeasts, mildewsSome unicellular, some multicellularEukaryotesALL heterotrophic (saprotrophic: absorb organic matter from decaying organisms)Do not moveCells: no chlorophyll, cell wall made of chitin (not cellulose like plants)

Kingdom Animaliainvertebrates and vertebratesALL multicellularEukaryotesALL heterotrophicSome move, some don’tMany phyla:Porifera (sponge)Cnidaria (jellyfish)Platyhelminthe (flatworm)Nematoda (roundworm)Annelida (earthworm)Arthropoda (ant)Mollusca (snail)Echinodermata (sea star)Chordata (includes vertebrates)

What is a dichotomous key?tool that allows the user to determine the identity of a certain item (like, for example, a tree, a flower, an animal or a simple object)"Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". Therefore, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.

Engage Activity – Create your own dichotomous key Create a dichotomous key to identify all students in this classroom, using questions based on gender, hair length/color, glasses (or not), clothing color/type, etcRule: You must not use characteristics that might make people feel uncomfortable!!! 1. Gender1a. Is this person male? Go to question 2.1b. Is this person female? Go to question 3.

Phyllum PoriferaSpongesAquatic environmentsOldest of the animal phyla /Porifera = "pore bearer"Asymmetrical / Stationary animalsNo specialized tissuesNo “real” skeletonBody structure = numerous small pores + few large openingsFood: filters plankton Respiration: diffusion of O2 and CO2HermaphroditesSexual and Asexual Reproduction

Phyllum CnidariaJellyfish, anemone, coral, hydra Cnidos = “stinging needle”Aquatic environmentsRadial symmetryTwo layers of tissue (including some nerve cells)Two main life forms: free-swimming medusa (jellyfish) or stationary polyp (anemone)Body = single opening to gastrovascular cavity that serves as the mouth and anus and is typically surrounded by a ring of tentacles packed with stinging cells Stinging cells: offense and defenseFood: from tiny protists to large fishReproduction: sexual and asexual

Phyllum PlatyhelminthesPlanaria, tapewormPlaty = "flat" ; helminth = “worm”Marine, freshwater, damp environmentsBilateral symmetryNervous system presentThree tissue layersNo circulatory system and no hard skeletonTheir bodies have only a single opening, which serves as both a mouth and an anus.Food: carnivorous OR steal food from hostEyespot = group of light-sensitive cellsRespiration: diffusion through skinHermaphroditesSexual and asexual reproductionSome parasites

PhyllumNematodaUnsegmented cylindrical bodyNematos= “thread"Freshwater, sea, soil + parasitesBilateral symmetryBody with 2 openings: mouth and anusNervous system presentRespiration: diffusion through skin Separate gendersWuchereriabancroftiLarva migransFree living nematodeAscarislumbricoides

Phyllum MolluscaClams, Snails, Slugs, Squid, OctopusMollis – “soft”Terrestrial, Aquatic (freshwater + marine)Muscular foot: used for locomotion or graspingA calcium shell present in most mollusks: some mollusks have greatly reduced their shells (squid); while others have completely lost it, e.g., slugs and octopusOctopus/squid: eyes with retina and lensesNervous system (with brain)Respiration: gills / lungs / skinMain body systemsOctopus = venomSexual Reproduction

Phyllum AnnelidaEarthworms, Leeches, PolychaetesAnellus = "little ring”Terrestrial, freshwater, marine, parasitesBilateral symmetryMovement: musclesBody divided into segments (“rings”)Circulatory system presentTwo openings: mouth and anusRespiration: diffusion through skinFood: small invertebrates, earth, bloodSexual and asexual reproductionSome hermaphrodites

Phyllum ArthropodaCrabs, barnacles, lobsters, shrimp, spiders, mites, scorpions, millipedes, centipedes, insectsAll environmentsArthron = “joint”; podos: “foot”Hard exoskeletonJointed appendages + segmented bodyMust molt to grow = shed exoskeleton and inflate the body before the new skeleton hardens. Many appendages : antennae, claws, wings, shields, mouth parts – allow arthropods to exploit nearly every niche on Earth.Circulatory, excretory and nervous systems presentRespiration: gills, trachea Sexual Reproduction

Phyllum EchinodermataSea Stars, Sea Urchins, Sea Cucumbers, Sand Dollar, Brittle StarMarine Larva: bilateral symmetry/ later: radial symmetryNo central brainInternal skeleton made of little calcium platesMove, feed and breathe with a unique water-vascular system ending in what are called tube feetMost are either stationary or slow-moving animalsMain body systems presentFood: from particles to other starfish/shellfishExternal fertilizationRegeneration Sexual and asexual reproduction

Phyllum Chordata97% are vertebrates -- animals whose skeletons include a backbone (which include Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals)Notochord: an elongate rod-like structure replaced by vertebral column in vertebratesDorsal nerve cord: a hollow tube that turns into central nervous systemPharyngeal gill slits or clefts: structures located behind the mouth and in front of the esophagusEndoskeletonLancelet or AmphioxusAscidea or Tunicata

VertebratesSkin: 2 layers – epidermis and dermisVertebral column + skullBrain + spinal cordEndoskeletonMain classes (one of which is extinct): Agnatha - jawlessfishes (lamprey/hagfish: scavengers/parasites)

Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes

Mammalia – MammalsChondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes Sharks, raysCartilaginous endoskeleton, gill slits, and paired fins and nostrilsHeart: 2 chambersVentral mouthNo bone marrowScales EctothermicLateral line (vibrations)Internal fertilizationWhale sharkHammerhead and Sting ray

Osteichthyes - bony fishes 96% of living fish species. Most numerous and diverse of the vertebrates. eel, seahorse, tuna, clownfishAnterior mouthSwim bladder: allows them to float Gills protected by operculumScales Ectothermicbone replaces cartilageExternal fertilization tuna/seahorse/eel/moonfish

Amphibia - Amphibians There are three living amphibian groups: Frogs and toads

Caecilians Originated from fishesAll have bony endoskeletons and usually four legsEctothermicMetamorphosis (some species)All require water at some stage in the life cycle.Most shed their eggs into water, which is also home to a free-swimming larval stage.Respiration: gills, lungs (less efficient) , skinWET skin = respiratory organ (usually thin and sometimes supplied with glands that produce toxins)Heart: 3 chambers External fertilizationEardrumsVocal cordsCaecilia – vestigial eyes + no legs

ReptiliaCrocodiles, Alligators, Turtles, Snakes, LizardsEvolved from amphibiansHeart = 4 chambersEctothermicSkin = dry and full of scales (prevent dehydration)Eggs with shell, amniotic sac (allows them to live on dry land)Well developed lungsInternal fertilization

BirdsPenguin, Kiwi, Hawk, Ostrich Eggs amnion: can develop on landHeart – 4 chambersInternal fertilizationEndothermicMuscular stomach with stones for grinding foodOil gland (help some float in water)Flight adaptations:Feathers – insulation/flightHollow bonesToothlessStrong musclesNo bladder (why do you think?) Lungs with air sacsCerebellum developed (balance)Good visionMembrane covering eye (not eyelid)Some binocular vision (hunters)Blue-footedBoobyBirdkiwiHarpia

Mammalia3 groups:Monotremes = platypus and equidna (egg layers)

Marsupials = pouch (where baby finishes its development)

IS2 Classification PPT

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IS2 Classification PPT