Manure Application Method and Timing Effects on Emission of Ammonia and Nitrous Oxide

Manure Application Method and Timing Effects on Emission of Ammonia and Nitrous Oxide

• 1.
  Manure Application Methodand Timing Effects on Emission of Ammonia and Nitrous Oxide Bill Jokela, Carrie Laboski, and Todd Andraski   USDA-ARS, Dairy Forage Research Center, Marshfield, WI Soil Science Dept., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI Waste to Worth Conference April 2-5, 2013. Denver, CO
• 2.
  Situation • Ammonia lossesfrom surface-applied manure can be large, reducing manure N availability/economic value and contributing to environmental problems • Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas that can be released from manure • Injection or quick tillage incorporation can reduce NH3 loss but effect on N2O emissions is less clear. • How do manure management variables (timing, method, incorporation time) affect – NH3 and N2O losses? – N availability/fertilizer value for corn? • Can sidedressed manure be a viable N source?
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  Sidedress Manure? Ontario (Ball-Coehlo) Quebec Vermont(Jokela)
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  Objective • Evaluate theeffect of liquid dairy manure application method and timing, and time of incorporation on: – Ammonia losses – Nitrous oxide emissions – Corn yield and manure N availability/fertilizer N value
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  Field Site • Marshfield,WI, Ag Research Station • Withee silt loam – Aquic Glossudalf – Somewhat poorly drained, 0-2% slope • Previous crop = corn – New site each year
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  Treatments • Pre-plant manure(mid- late May) – Surface application with disk incorporation • Immediate (<1 h) • 1-day • 3-day (surface) – Injection • S-tine (Kongsgilde Vibro-flex) • 15-inch spacing • 2-3-inch diam. band , 4-6 in. deep – All plots chisel plowed 3-5 days after manure application
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  Treatments • Sidedress manure(5-6 lf stage) – Injection • S-tine (Kongsgilde Vibro-flex) with shields • 30-inch spacing • 4-6 inches deep – Surface (Yr 2, 3, and 4) • Fertilizer N – 6 pre-plant rates • 0 to 200 lb/acre – Not evaluated for NH3 or N2O
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  Injected Manure Placement
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  Manure Source • Liquiddairy manure – 6500 gal/acre (target rate) – Solids content: 14% (avg.) – Sand bedding – N application rate (avg.) • 158 lb total N/acre • Variable
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  NH3 emission measurement –Dynamic chamber/equilibrium concentration • Svensson, 1994; Misselbrook and Hansen, 2001 • 2 chambers, 1 ambient meter/plot • 4 passive diffusion samplers (2 types) in each chamber – Started immediately after manure application; continued through Day 3 – 6 measurement periods • Approx. 0-1, 1-2.5, 2.5-6, 6-20, 20-30, and 44-54 h after manure application
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  N2O flux measurement –Static, vented chamber – GRACEnet protocol • Parkin and Venterea, 2010 – 2 chambers/plot – Sampled approx. weekly May-Oct • More frequently after manure or rain • Less frequently late in season – 3 samples/time (0, 30, 60 min.) – Flux calculated by linear regression
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  NH3 N2O N2O
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  Experimental Design • Randomizedcomplete block design • 4 replicates (3 for NH3 and N2O emission) • Plot size: 15 x 50-ft – 50-75-ft alleys for equipment turning
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  Results
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  Ammonia Emission 2009-2011 Avg. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 010 20 30 40 50 60 CumulativeNH3Loss(lbN/acre) Hoursafter Manure Application CumulativeNH3 Loss 2009-2011 Average PP-Inject PP-Disk1 hr PP-Disk3 day SD-Inj a bc b c B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 NH3Emission(lbN/acreh) Hoursafter Manure Application NH3 Emission Rates 2009-2011 Average PP-Inject PP-Disk 1 hr PP-Disk 3 day SD-Inj A
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  Ammonia Emission • Mostloss in first 6-12 hours after application • Total 3-day losses (3-yr average) highest for surface application • NH3 loss reduced by injection (>90%) or immediate disk incorporation (75%)
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  N2O Flux -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 28-May 11-Jun25-Jun 9-Jul 23-Jul 6-Aug 20-Aug 3-Sep 17-Sep 1-Oct 15-Oct ugN2O-Nm-2h-1 N2O Flux 2011 PP-Inj PP-1 hr PP-3-day SD-Inj SD-Sur 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 28-May 4-Jun 11-Jun 18-Jun 25-Jun 2-Jul ugN2O-Nm-2h-1 5 in. rain
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  Cumulative N2O Emission 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 20102011 lb/N2O-N/acre AnnualN2O Loss PP-Inj PP-1 h PP-3-d SD-Inj SD-Surf
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  N2O Emission • Increasein N2O flux after manure application at PP and/or SD – Injection most pronounced – 6 to 12-day lag time • Low levels of N2O late July to Oct. • Magnitude and timing (PP vs. SD) varied by year – May be explained by combination of rain events/soil moisture, soil temperature, and manure characteristics and N content
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  Grain response topreplant incorporated urea
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  N Fertilizer EquivalenceValue (NFEV) of Manure % N Fert Equiv = NFEV ÷ total N applied x 100
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  Fertilizer N Equivalence •Varied by year – Weather, soil conditions, actual manure N rate • General trend (4-year avg.) related to time of incorporation – Inject (52%) >> 1-hr or 1-day (37%) > 3- day (34%) > None (sidedress, 32%)
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  Summary • Highest NH3loss from surface application – Greatly reduced by injection (>90%) or immediate disk incorporation (75%) • Most NH3 loss in first 6-12 hours after application – Quick incorporation important • Fertilizer N equivalence varied but highest for injection, less for delayed incorporation
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  Summary • Injection ofmanure most effective at reducing NH3 losses… but also increased N2O emissions – N2O-N << NH3-N, so not economically important; but environmentally important as a greenhouse gas – But a portion of NH3 emitted eventually converted to N2O (1 %; IPCC, 2006), so trade-off may be minimized
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  • Alternatives toS-tine injection – Tillage incorporation, but consider residue management and erosion/water quality concerns – Different injection techniques (injector type, depth, etc.)
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  Summary • Sidedress applicationof manure is a viable N source for corn – Another window of time for manure application – Can use PSNT to determine rate – Practical limitations • Equipment: Injection or direct incorporation preferred • Field issues: equipment turning, plant damage • Data support recent changes to UWEX manure N availability (N Fertilizer Equivalence) – 50% injected or broadcast incorporated <1 hr – 40% broadcast incorporated 1 to 72 hr – 30% broadcast incorporated >72 hr or not incorporated
• 27.
  Thank You • Researchsponsored by: – USDA-ARS – WI Corn Growers Assoc. • Thanks to all the staff & students that helped with field and lab work