Jute HCP for building environment

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Journal of Natural Fibers
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Exploration of Jute-HCP Composites Material for
Building Environments
G. Mohamed Zakriya, C. Prakash & G. Ramakrishnan
To cite this article: G. Mohamed Zakriya, C. Prakash & G. Ramakrishnan (2019): Exploration
of Jute-HCP Composites Material for Building Environments, Journal of Natural Fibers, DOI:
10.1080/15440478.2019.1697988
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1697988
Published online: 29 Nov 2019.
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Exploration of Jute-HCP Composites Material for Building
Environments
G. Mohamed Zakriyaa
, C. Prakash b
, and G. Ramakrishnanc
a
Department of Fashion Technology, KCG College of Technology, Chennai, India; b
Department of Fashion
Technology, Sona College of Technology, Salem, India; c
Department of Fashion Technology, Kumaraguru College of
Technology, Coimbatore, India
ABSTRACT
Jute and hollow conjugated polyester fiber (HCP)-reinforced nonwoven
composites were designed by Box and Behnken model approach. Its
thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, ther-
mal transmittance, and thermal diffusivity were evaluated. From the test
results of response surface method (RSM), the weight of composite mate-
rial maintained as 3280 g/m2
with the proportion of jute/HCP fiber in the
ratio of 50/50%, 60/40%, and 70/30% played a significant role in insulation
and mechanical properties. Various needling density maintained on the
composite material such as 300, 150, and 75 punches/cm2
contributes to
the role of significant impacts on the research process. The optimum of 150
needling density with the proportion of 50/50 Jute and HCP fiber was
selected to produce four kinds of composite structures. Its thermal,
sound, electrical insulation values and limiting oxygen values were ana-
lyzed and suggested for building environments.
摘要
黄麻和中空结合聚酯纤维（HCP）增强无纺布复合材料采用Box和Behnken
模型方法设计. 评价了其热导率、热阻、热透射性和热扩散率等热特性. 从
响应表面法（RSM）图的测试结果来看，复合材料的重量保持在3280克/平
方米，黄麻/HCP纤维的比例为50/50、60/40和70/30%，对绝缘和机械性能
有显著作用. 在复合材料上保持的各种需要密度，如300、150和75冲孔/
cm2，有助于对研究过程产生重要影响. 选取了150个配比密度的最佳，比
例为50/50黄麻和HCP纤维，可产生四种复合结构. 对建筑环境的热、声、
电绝缘值和限制氧值进行了分析和建议.
KEYWORDS
Hollow conjugated
polyester; jute; nonwoven
composites; thermal
insulator; sound absorber;
electrical insulator
关键词
空心连聚酯; 黄麻; 无纺布
复合材料; 热绝缘体; 吸音
器; 电气绝缘体
Introduction
Nowadays lightweight strong load-bearing materials along with thermal, sound, and electrical
insulations are essential necessities of building constructional material. Significant impacts on eco
friendliness, low energy consumption, and less maintenance cost are also other dimensions of
building material requirements. Naturally available and cultivated jute fiber-based-reinforced
nonwoven composites, utilized as material for thermal insulation and sound absorption in indoor
and outdoor of buildings was suggested by so many researchers (Zakriya et al. 2017a). Considering
total weight of composite, 50–70% weight of jute fiber content with 30–50% weight of hollow-
conjugated polyester (HCP) fiber, ideal thickness 4 to 5 mm factors were taken in Box and
Behnken model. From 2500 grams per square meter (gsm) to 3500 gsm, 15 composite samples
CONTACT C. Prakash dearcprakash@gmail.com Department of Fashion Technology, Sona College of Technology,
Salem 636005, Tamil Nadu, India
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/wjnf.
© 2019 Taylor & Francis
JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS
https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1697988

were designed, as shown in Figure 1. Its thermal responses are shown in Figure 2. 3280 gsm
composite shows optimized thermal responses; it is predicted from response surface method
(RSM) graph as shown in Figure 3. (Zakriya et al. 2017b).
Figure 1. Design of initial samples.
Figure 2. Thermal values of designed composites.
2 G. M. ZAKRIYA ET AL.

Furthermore, research continued to select the blend proportions of Jute and HCP fiber consid-
ered as 50/50, 60/40, and 70/30%. Needling density of nonwoven fabric maintained as 300, 150, and
75 punches/cm2
. Thermal and mechanical properties were evaluated on 15 developed nonwoven
composite materials, such as thermal resistance, thermal conductivity, elongation and breaking force
were tested. Its design of samples and thermo-mechanical analysis are depicted in Figures 4 and 5.
Among the samples, 50/50 blends with 150 needling density samples shows optimized responses.
The optimum one was selected to produce four kinds of composite structures (Zakriya et al. 2016).
Research continued on structural differences adopted on manufacturing process in the form of
sandwich structure (A), blended fiber structure (B), blended fiber along with 5% of low melt polyester
content (C), and stitched layers of nonwoven composites (D) were manufactured. Its thermal, electrical,
acoustic insulation, and mechanical strength performances were analyzed for functional application
(Zakriya et al. 2017b). Further research work aims at investigating the fitness of developed composites for
an indoor and outdoor application. It is determined based on limiting oxygen value index and natural
weathering exposure test. Three point flexural test, tensile strength and strain at break values were all
evaluated before and after the coating of Acrylic-based silicon emulsion (ASE) (Zakriya et al. 2016).
In this paper, suggestion provided through complete analysis from the research work on jute and
HCP fiber-reinforced nonwoven composite material and its appropriate phenomena to meet the
indoor and outdoor building environment.
Figure 3. Response surface graph on thermal analysis.
Figure 4. Design of blend proportions and needling density on composite samples.
JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS 3

Materials and methods
Materials
Jute fiber is obtained from National Jute Board of India and HCP fiber procured from Reliance
Industries. Significant physical properties of HCP and jute fibers are presented in Table 1.
Mentioned fibers were opened, blended, and carded. As per the need of weight of material (g/m2
),
webs were cross-lapped and needle punched using Dilo needle punching machine.
Composite manufacturing
After making of nonwoven structure, compression-molding technique is used to fabricate
a nonwoven composite. 160°C temperature was set for the thermo-bonding process; pressing time
is 15–30 minutes and the pressure level at 0.6 ± 0.02 MPa, fixed on required g/m2
of the material.
Sheath component of HCP fiber starts to melt from 110°C.
Figure 5. Thermo-mechanical values of composites.
Table 1. Properties of HCP and jute fibers (Zakriya and Ramakrishnan 2018).
Properties HCP Jute Low melt polyester
Length, mm 64 56–64 51
Fineness, Denier 13.8 ± 0.8 20 04
Density, g/m3
1.38 1.46 –
Crimps, Nos./cm 1.3 ± 0.4 2.0 –
Moisture regain at 65% RH, % 0.55 12.55 –
Tensile strength, MPa 58 396 –
Breaking elongation, % 21.05 1.2 –
Hollowness, % 18 – 22 – –
Melt or burning temperature, o
C 230 290 110

Sample A at the time of compression molding process, itself bonded together and changed into
sandwich composites. Blended sample B with its sheath of bi component fiber, bonded with jute
fiber and turned into a homogeneous matrix composites. Sample C with 5 % of added low-melt
polyester fiber content, made a spontaneous bond with each layers, improves the strength of
composites and it turned into rigid composites. Sample D is stitched with 60s
Ne two ply nylon
sewing thread and it formed as strong flexible composites (Zakriya et al. 2016). These four kinds of
composite schematic diagrams are shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Schematic view of four kinds of composite structures.

Testing methods
Steady state thermal conductivity (λ) is determined by heat flow meter (Gibson et al. 2007)
according to ASTM C518 procedure and other thermal properties are derived from the formulae
(Zakriya et al. 2017a). Sound absorption coefficient of Jute/HCP composites was tested using
impedance tube method based on ASTM E 1050 procedure. ASTM D3039 tensile test was used to
measure the force required to break a fiber-reinforced composite specimen. Three point bending
test was carried out on Zwick Roell Z010 model universal testing machine using 10kN load cell,
according to ASTM D 790–02 standard. The thickness of the composites was measured with
thickness tester, using ASTM D5729 procedure.
Result and discussion
Analysis of thermal properties
In Figure 2, thermal values of 15 designed composites were shown. The thermal conductivity
phenomena increased proportionally to the bulk density of the composite material. Due to increase
in thickness, it reduces the thermal conductivity, thermal transmittance, thermal diffusivity, and it
increases the thermal resistance phenomena of composites (Thilagavathi et al. 2010). The air gap
between the fiber batting reduces the thermal conductivity, hollow fiber possess air trap in its core
and bound in-between jute fiber-reinforced nonwoven composite improves the thermal insulation
values. The air gap between the fiber batting reduces the thermal conductivity, hollow fiber possess
air trap in its core and bound in-between jute fiber-reinforced nonwoven composite improves the
thermal insulation values. The S1 composite sample consists 51/49 parts of Jute/HCP fiber with
5.0 mm thickness, shows the highest thermal resistance and lowest thermal transmittance values
(Zakriya et al. 2016).
The S6 composite sample consists 76.5/23.5 parts of Jute/HCP fiber with 4.5 mm thickness, shows
the lowest thermal conductivity and lowest thermal diffusivity values. By considering RSM graph, the
mean value of Jute fiber contributes 1780 g/m2
, the mean value of HCP fiber contributes 1500 g/m2
,
with the 5.0 mm thickness of the composite material. i.e., total weight of 3280 gsm composite sample
approximately makes 54/46 parts of Jute/HCP fiber gives optimized thermal responses such as low
thermal conductivity, low transmittance, low diffusivity and high thermal resistance values turns into
good thermal insulator (Zakriya et al. 2016).
From the analysis, by fixing the total weight of composite was 3280 g/m2
. Further research on finding
the right proportion of Jute and HCP fiber were initiated. 50/50, 60/40, and 70/30 proportions were
stimulated to continue the research experiments on further optimization process (Zakriya et al. 2017b).
Analysis of thermo-mechanical properties
Reduction in HCP fiber percentage and 300 punches/cm2
needling density increases the air
permeability phenomena. The one (sample D1) composed of 50/50 and 150 needling density
shows the highest values of breaking force and good mechanical stability characteristics are
shown in Figure 5. Melted content (sheath) over the composite and the needling density of
a sample determines the elongation phenomena. Loose bulky structure radiates the thermal transfer
more than moderate density batting. The effect of 300 needling density adds more permeability
compared to 75 and 150 needling density. High permeability improves the thermal conductivity of
the composite material. 150 needling density is the most appropriate on mechanical stability and
shows the lowest thermal conductivity, highest thermal resistance values. The needling density,
proportion and combination of the material, mass per unit area and its batting construction are the
parameters have the significant effects on thermal and mechanical strength of the composites
(Thakur et al. 2014).

Analysis of composites for an indoor and outdoor application
Composites selected for indoor application is not coated with any finishes. Outdoor application
composite is coated with Acrylic-based silicone emulsion (ASE), as it prevents the deformation of
composites from natural weathering process. Obtained test values are clearly depicted in Figure 7.
Generally, fibrous insulation modifies their thermal resistance value in presence of moisture.
However, 50% contribution of Hollow Conjugated Polyester at the time of compression molding
process, is melted throughout the composites and it blocks the needling holes of fabric and reduces
the gap between the layers and fibers. Thermal conductivity phenomena do not affect the probability
of occurrence of resistance, transmittance and diffusivity of the composite material (Thakur and
Thakur 2014).
Even though it has uniform mass per unit area and material proportion, due to the structural
differences in-between the samples, the phenomena of resistance, transmittance and diffusivity may
be considered as independent. Thickness of the material and bulk density of the composite
determines the resistance, transmittance and diffusivity properties. ASE-coated composites shows
reduced thermal conductivity value while compared to uncoated composites. Weathering factors
affected the structures and improve the porosity (Yan, Chouw, and Jayaraman 2014).
Figure 7. Insulation and mechanical properties of composites.

Sample D shows the highest average noise reduction coefficient value (NRC) 0.69 by considering
the frequency levels at 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz. Next to that, A > C > B shows the
NRC, respectively. Multiple layer stitched (D) and sandwich composite (A) are bulkier structure, due
to that it increases the sound reduction. Blended fiber with 5% of low melt Polyester (C) shows
highest sound reduction as compared to blended structures (B) nonwoven composite, by blocking
off little bit air. The ASE coated composites shows reduction in average noise absorption values as
compared to uncoated samples (Dhand et al. 2015).
Sample C > B, being strong and rigid insulating material for thermal, electrical and sound
properties, shows better mechanical properties such as high tensile strength, young’s modulus,
good hardness and impact strength compared to A and D samples. Sample C possesses high flexural
modulus, flexural strength and strain at break. Next to that, the rigid sample B averagely possesses
strength. Sample A and D orderly being flexible and shows less flexural properties (Chen et al. 2016;
Pickering, Efendy, and Le 2016)
Multiple layers with 5% of low-melt polyester composite (C) shows the highest tensile strength,
hardness and impact strength. The samples B, A and D show the sequential order of mechanical
strength. Improved porosity due to natural weathering exposure weakens the composite structures
(Sanjay et al. 2018).
Analysis of electrical insulation values of composites
Electrical resistivity of four kinds of composite samples shows good surface resistivity value 1011
Ω
and volumetric resistivity value in 109
Ω shows the similarity of ceramic material’s resistivity. In
Figure 8, sample A > B > C > D show the sequential order of electrical resistant properties. The ASE
coated and an uncoated composites sample does not show much more differences on electrical
properties (Kalia, Kaith, and Kaur 2009).
LOI of composites
Rigid structure composite has less quantity of trapped air inside the composite structure and also it
requires a high level of oxygen for its combustion. Hence, limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) value is good
for rigid and tough structure C. By following the sample order D < A < B < C as shown in Figure 9.
High trapped air content present in the composite structures, comparatively took less oxygen for its
combustion. Generally, high amount of oxygen is required by composite material for its complete
burning preferred in building environments. The ASE coated and an uncoated composites do not
show much more differences in LOI value testing (John and Anandjiwala 2008).
Figure 8. Electrical resistivity properties of composites.

Conclusion
Sandwich structure composite (A) and multiple layers of nonwoven stitched composite (D) both
exposed to weathering causes deteriorated easily. This has the highest thermal insulation and noise
reduction coefficient values. Sample A and D orderly being flexible and shows less flexural proper-
ties. It is suggested to use in indoor applications, such as in interiors of commercial buildings, air
conditioned rooms, sound recording rooms and seminar hall, etc.
Blended nonwoven structure composite (B) and multiple layers with 5% of low melt polyester
added composite (C) both are not affected more by natural weathering process. It shows better
post-impact performance with the average value of sound and thermal insulation. Especially,
sample C shows good mechanical properties both before and after the natural weathering expo-
sure. Sample C possesses high flexure modulus and strain at break. Next to that, the rigid sample
B averagely possesses strength. It is suggested to use in outdoor applications, such as railway
coaches, automobile body parts, outer wall coverings in building blocks, window frames, door
panels and to make artifacts articles will reduce the utilization of plastics, metals and alloys in
future.
Ecological balance can be maintained by reducing the consumption of blue metals in construction
of building sectors. By using Jute and HCP fibers in composite manufacturing process, where Jute is
agricultural biomass and HCP fiber can be recycled. In earthquake and disaster prone areas this kind
(sample C) of strong and rigid composite material could be used in building constructions. Due to its
low weight, the collapsed structure of building does not take the lives of dwellers at the time of
natural disasters.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank PSG Tech COE Indu Tech, Center of Excellence for Industrial and Home Textiles, Coimbatore,
Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Fashion Technology, KCG College of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India;
and KCT TIFAC CORE, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India for their technical assistance and for providing the necessary
facilities to manufacture and test the nonwoven composite materials.
ORCID
C. Prakash http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2472-6765
Figure 9. LOI values of composites.

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