Jammu and Kashmir Problems and Solutions

Jammu and Kashmir:
Problems and Solutions

Prafulla Ketkar
Asst. Prof and Head, Political Science,
Smt. BRD Arts and Commerce Mahila Mahavidylaya, Nashik Road
prafulla10@gmail.com

Sequence of Discussion
What do we know about Kashmir?
 Various perspectives on the Kashmir
Issue;
 Historical understanding
 Strategic issues
 Decoding myths
 What we should highlight?


What do we know About Kashmir?
History?
 Demography/Population composition?
 Geography/Strategic Location?
 Political Situation?


Why Kashmir Now?


8 point agenda declared by the Centre:

a.

to de-scale the presence of security forces
to constitute a group of interlocutors to hold a
“sustained dialogue” with all shades of Valley life;
to release about 245 persons detained for stonepelting;
5 lakhs for people who died in army/police firing;
to remove AFSPA in certain districts.

b.
c.
d.
e.

Why Kashmir Now?
Statement by the J & K CM that the
accession of Jammu and Kashmir into
Indian Union was conditional and it had
not merged with India ;
 26th October: date of accession of Kashmir
in India.
 22nd Feb – Resolution for Complete
Integration of J & K


Kashmir Issue: Various
Perspectives
Spearhead of Secular India;
 Socio-economic problem;
 Strategically Important;
 Culturally, historically and politically India’s
integral part


Historical Understanding







Kalhana’s ‘Rajat Rangini’ Story of “Jalodbhav” –
Kashyapanche Meer;
Gonand: Mahabharat period: Remained the
center of Hindu Civilization;
273-232 BC: Ashoka established “Shrinagari” –
Jalouka spread the cultural aspects of Hinduism
Karkota Regime – 300 -761 Kanishka,
Avantivarma and Lalitaditya: further integrated
and brought the golden age in Kashmir
Lohara Regime – 1003 AC Mohammad
Gajhanavi invaded Kashmir

Damara regime – real degeneration – Shah
Mir and Rinchana entered Kashmir
 1320 – Mongol invader Dulacha came to
Kashmir – King Suhadev kept borders
unguarded and Dulancha captured Kashmir
with Shah Mir and Ramchandra Pradhan –
Islamization of Kashmir
 14 Oct 1586 – Akbar took over Kashmir










Akbar ruled through his representatives;
After
weakening
of
Moghal
empire
their
representative Mir Mukim Kanth ruled Kashmir and
called Mohammad Shah Abdali to crush the popular
revolt
Abdullakhan, Jabbarkhan & Azadkhan most cruel
Afghani pathans;
Batta Bazar and Batavath
1720 – 1746 – worst period – ruled by Nadir Shah







1819 – Raja Ranjitsingh took over Kashmir and
Ruled from Lahore;
9th March 1846 – British took over Kashmir from
Dulip Singh after Sikh British War against – Lahore
Agreement
16th March 1846 – Gulab Singh in Jammu region –
from Dogra family since 900, helped Britishers
during war, Purchased Kashmir in 75 lakhs,
integrated Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir – ultimate
British Control;

Partition and Kashmir
Raja Hari Singh – took decision to remain
independent on the advice of Swami Sant Deo
 Mountbatten, Mahatma Gandhi and Sri Guruji
tried to convince Hari Singh on accession –
but he refused;
 24th October 1947 – Pakistan sent military
infiltrators in Kashmir Valley, dual plan of
Pakistan (Ramchandra Kak and Military) –
Raja fled to Jammu


Accession of Kashmir






Shaikh Abdullah – key member of Islamic
Conference – close to Nehru
Role of Major Shah and Meharchand Mahajan
24th and 25th October – Ramlal Batra met Nehru
and Patel with a request letter from Raja – they
pressed Raja to sign the accession treaty
26th October 1947 – the Raja signed the
accession treaty – V P Menon – special
representative of the Government got the treaty
signed – defense, Ex. Affairs and Communication
handed over to the Indian government – became
the foundation of Art. 370

Blunder of 1948
From 27th October 1947 – Bharat declared
all out war against Pakistan;
 After initial losses, Indian military made
serge in northern areas through Jozilla;
 431 days war ended with a blunder - on
the advice of Lord Mountbatten Nehru
took the matter to the United Nations – 1 st
January 1948 and 28th October made a
declaration about ‘plebiscite’ in Kashmir;


Internationalization of Kashmir
Gave Pakistan an advantage;
 Became a key to Pakistan’s role in the Cold
War;
 Retained the separate status of Kashmir
through Art 370;
 Had to accept the terms of condition of the UN
– S-1100 – resolution on 13th August 1948


UN resolution – key terms
End of War
 Pakistan will withdraw forces from
Kashmir Valley
 India will take plebiscite in Jammu and
Kashmir
 Both the countries will finalize an
agreement with each other regarding the
modalities;


Karachi Agreement
Both the countries declared ceasefire on
1st January 1949;
 Karachi Conference – Gen Nazir Ahmad &
Gen Thimayya – UN delegation of 5
members headed by Williams Dell
 Line of Control – was forced to be
accepted


Strategic Issues







Key transport and trade roots passes through
Pakistan;
All major rivers that makes Punjab and Sindh
fertile originates in India;
It’s a key to enter in central and East Asia;
Reach natural resources and important strategic
location makes ‘hot point’ for international
politics.

Decoding the Myths?
Jammu and Kashmir is a Muslim majority
state with Muslim Culture; (Hairat)
 Most of the Kashmiri people are antiIndian; (Lord Aveberry plebiscite);
 Indian and Government and Army has
been
unjust
to
Kashmiri
people;
(Sadbhavana and packages)
 India refused to take plebiscite


What we Need to Understand?
Kashmir has been an integral part of
Hindu (Indian) culture since ages;
 It is not an issue of Hindu or Muslim
Majority – Kashmiriyat is as much part of
Hindu culture as Punjabi/Marathi culture;
 370 article has made the situation worst;
 It is not an issue of Hindu/Muslim/Buddhist
way of worship but nationality


More than 300000 pandits are displaced
in last 23 years, their human rights are
equally important;
 Human rights of armed and police forces
are also important;
 Abdullah and Mufti Mohammad Said
family used Kashmir for personal gains;
 Huriyat conference never participated in
elections;


Indian government is soft on separatists –
should not be party to dialogue;
 Democratic participation in Indian parts is
much better than PoK (Nicholson report);
 US cannot help us solve this problem;
 Pressurize government to make it an
issue of national importance – scrape Art
370 – make the integration real


Jammu and Kashmir Problems and Solutions

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