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anatomy
The document summarizes plant anatomy, specifically focusing on the epidermis and epidermal emergences. It defines the epidermis as the outermost cell layer covering plant leaves, stems, flowers and roots. The epidermis functions to protect the plant, regulate gas exchange, secrete compounds, and absorb water and nutrients. Epidermal emergences are sharp projections that serve as adaptations against predation. Examples discussed include root hairs, spines, trichomes, and prickles. Emergences function to protect plants from animals.
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anatomy
- 2. Presentation Plant Anatomy Presentedto; Ma’m Tayaba Presented by; Khadija Murtaza Roll No; 11031506-oo6 Discipline; Botany(6th semester)
- 3.
- 4. Epidermis; The epidermisis "epi“in Greek meaning "over" or "upon", which together with the dermis forms skin. The epidermis is a single layered group of cells that covers plant’s leaves, flowers, roots and stems.
- 5. Structure of dermaltissue of leaf
- 6. Functions of epidermis It forms a boundary between the plant and the external environment. It protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange, secretes metabolic compounds, Absorbs water and mineral nutrients (especially in roots) .
- 7. The epidermisof most leaves shows dorsoventral anatomy: the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions. Woody stems and some other stem structures produce a secondary covering called the periderm that replaces the epidermis as the protective covering.
- 8. Discription; The epidermisis the outermost cell layer of the primary plant body. In some older works the cells of the leaf epidermis have been regarded as specialized parenchyma cells, but the established modern preference has long been to classify the epidermis as dermal tissue, whereas parenchyma is classified as ground tissue. The epidermis is main component of the dermal tissue system of leaves and also stems, roots, flowers, fruits, and seeds; it is usually transparent.
- 9. Structure of dermaltissue of leaf;
- 10. Cells of epidermis; The cells of the epidermis are structurally and functionally variable; Most plants have an epidermis that is a single cell layer thick. Some plants which have periclinal cellular division within the protoderm of the leaves, have an epidermis with multiple cell layers.
- 11. Examples; Ficus elastica Peperomia
- 12. Cell differentiation inthe epidermis The plant epidermis consists of three main cell types: 1-pavement cells, 2-guard cells and their subsidiary cells that surround the stomata’ 3-trichomes,
- 13.
- 14. Epidermal Emergences; Sharpprojections modified on plant organ. An obvious adaptation against predation is plant armature. Plant armature is properly termed as an emergence. (These may be absent in reproductive structures.)
- 15. Reasons of epidermalemergences Natural selection Adaptation Environmental effects
- 16. Plant Emergences; Thereare some plant’s emergences are discussed which are as; Root hairs Spines Trichome Prickles
- 17. Root hairs; Roothairs are lateral extensions of a single cell and rarely branched. Root hairs vary between 5 and 17 micrometres in diameter, and 80 to 1,500 micrometres in length.
- 18. Root hairscan survive for 2 to 3 weeks and then die off. At the same time new root hairs are continually being formed at the top of the root. This way, the root hair coverage stays the same.
- 19. Spines; A sharplypointed tough or woody structure is called a spine. Spines
- 20. Types; Some spine’s typesare as; stem spine: a spine is a modified stem axis (it may have leaf scars), which becomes determinate (i.e., it has a very limited period of growth). leaf spine: a spine is a modified leaf or leaf primordium; also there may be a leaflet spine. shoot spine: a spine is a modified stem and leaves. stipular spine: a spine is a sharp, modified stipule or stipel. petiolar spine: a spine is a modified petiole that remains after the blade is shed.
- 21. root spine:a spine is a modified root that loses its meristematic apex and root cap. bract spine: a spine is a modified leaf (bract) positioned below a flower or part of an inflorescence.
- 22. Trichomes; Trichomes (from the Greek trikhōma meaning "hair") are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants. Example; Aerial surface hairs
- 23. Prickles; A small sharppointed spine is known as prickle.
- 24. Some other emergencesof plants leaf emergence: a sharp projection is from the blade or petiole of a leaf, most commonly arising on the top or bottom of a principal vein or along the petiole. stem emergence: a sharp projection is from stem axes, often associated with climbing or scambling habit. fruit emergence: woody projection, sometimes with hooks, is on the outer fruit wall.
- 25. Inflorescence emergence:projection is from a bract. bark emergence: projection is located on bark of the trunk or its branches.
- 26. Functions of emergences; Plant emergences have some functions which are; • Protect from animals e.g spines. • These are the obvious adaptations against predation .