KIDNEY

PRESENTATION ON
KIDNEY
PRESENTED TO :- PRESENTED BY :-
RESPECTED MRS. SAPNA MA’AM KOKAB ARA ZARGAR
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT KVIN ) BSC (N) 4TH YEAR (616)
PRESENTED ON :-
31 MARCH,2021

OBJECTIVES
• General objectives :-
• To make the students aware about the anatomy and physiology
of kidney.
• SPECIFICOBJECTIVES:-
• At the end of the presentation, the group will be able to :-
• define about urinary system.
• explain about location, size, shape and color of kidney.
• define coverings of kidney.
• explain gross structure of kidney.
• explain about microscopic structure of kidney.
• explain about functions of kidney.
• explain about structure and function of ureters.

INTRODUCTION TO
URINARY SYSTEM
The urinary system is the
main excretory system and
consists of the following
structures ;
 Two kidneys
 Two ureters
 Bladder
 Urethra

INTRODUCTION TO
KIDNEY:-
Kidney is a paired vital organ that removes
waste products from the blood and regulates
fluid and electrolyte levels within the body.
LOCATION
Kidney are a pair of excretory organs on the
posterior abdominal walls,
• Above the waist.
• Extending from upper border of T12 to
L3 vertebra.
• Partially protected 11th and 12th pairs of
ribs.

HEIGHT AND WEIGHT
SIZE :-
Each kidney is about 11cm long,
6cm thick and weigh about 150g in
males and 135g in females.
• Kidneys are bean shaped
• Reddish in color.
SHAPE AND COLOUR

RELATIONS
RIGHT KIDNEY
Superiorly:-
• Right adrenal gland
Anteriorly:-
• Right lobe of liver,
second part of the
duodenum, hepatic
flexure of the colon
Posteriorly:-
• Posterior abdominal
wall muscles, the
diaphragm.
LEFT KIDNEY
Superiorly:-
• The left adrenal gland
Anteriorly:-
• The spleen, stomach,
pancreas, jejunum and
splenic flexure of
colon.
Posteriorly:-
• Posterior abdominal
wall muscle, the
diaphragm.

TISSUES OF KIDNEY
THERE ARE THREE LAYERS OF TISSUES SURROUNDING
EACH KIDNEY :-
1.RENAL CAPSULE:-
IT IS THE DEEPER AND IT IS SMOOTH, TRANSPARENT, FIBROUS MEMBRANE THAT IS
CONTINUOUS WITH THE URETER.
2. ADIPOSE CAPSULE:-
IT IS A MASS OF FATTY TISSUE SURROUNDING THE RENAL CAPSULE.
3. RENAL FASCIA:-
IT IS THE SUPERFICIAL LAYER, AND IS THIN LAYER OF DENSE IRREGULAR
CONNECTIVE TISSUE.

GROSS STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY:-
On longitudinal section of kidney;
FIBROUS CAPSULE :-
It surrounds the kidney, made up of dense
fibrous connective tissue.
CORTEX :-
A reddish brown layer of tissue lie below
the capsule.
MEDULLA :-
It is the inner most layer which is reddish
brown in colour. It contains 8-18 cone
shaped structure termed as renal pyramids

RENAL HILUM :-
The renal hilum is a part with central
fissure where the renal blood and
lymph vessels, ureter and nerve enters.
RENAL PELVIS AND CALYX :-
Inner to hilum is a broad funnel
shaped structure that collects urine
formed by the kidney.
Renal pelvis is divided into major and
minor calyx.

MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF
KIDNEY:-
A KIDNEY IS COMPOSED OF ABOUT 1-2 MILLION
FUNCTIONAL UNITS CALLED NEPHRONS.
NEPHRON:-
THE NEPHRON CONSISTS OF A TUBULE CLOSED AT ONE
END, THE OTHER END OPENING INTO A COLLECTING
TUBULE. A NEPHRON IS COILED TUFT AND IS ABOUT
3CM LONG.

PARTS OF NEPHRON :-
RENAL CORPUSLE :-
It is the head of the nephron.
(A) Bowman’s capsule
(B) Glomerulus
RENAL TUBULE :-
The tubular passage way of the nephron.
(A) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
(B) Loop of Henle
(C) Distal Convoluted Tubule
(D) Collecting Duct

RENAL CAPSULE
(1) BOWMAN’S CAPSULE :-
It is the cover of the capsule that surrounds the
glomerulus.
(2) GLOMERULUS :-
It is the network of capillaries found inside the corpuscle.
OTHERSTRUCTURE:-
(A) AFFERENT ARTERIOLE.
(B) EFFERENT ARTERIOLE

RENAL TUBULE
(1) PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE :-
It is the second part of the nephron. This part has epithelial
cells
(2) LOOP OF HENLE:-
It is U-shaped tube consisting of a descending and an
ascending limb.
(3) DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE :-
It is the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

CONTINUED
• COLLECTING DUCT
It is the straight tubule joined by the distal tubule.it received fluid from
DCT. It is the last segment to save water for the body.
JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS
It is the name given to specialized cells located very near to the
glomerulus.
It consists of three types of cells:-
(A) JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS
(B)MACULA DENSA CELLS
(C) MESSANGIAL CELLS

TYPES OF NEPHRONS
Corticalnephron JUXTAMEDULLARYNEPHRON

BLOODSUPPLYTO KIDNEY
ARTERIAL SUPPLY
Abdominal aorta
Renal artery
Segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries
Arcuate arteries
Interlobular
Form 5 – 6 capillaries

VENOUS SUPPLY
Inferior vena cava
Renal veins
Segmental veins
Interlobar veins
Arcuate veins
Interlobular veins

FUNCTION OF KIDNEY
(A) URINE FORMATION
URINE:-
It is composed of water, certain electrolytes and various
waste products that are filtered out of the blood system.
The kidneys 2 million or more nephrons form urine by
three precisely regulated processes :-
FILTRATION
 SELECTIVEREABSORPTION
 TUBULARSECRETION

FILTRATION
This takes place through the semipermeable
walls of the glomerulus. About 1300 ml of
blood enters the kidney each minute.
Water and other small molecules pass
through, some are reabsorbed later.
Blood cells, plasma protein and other large
molecules are not able to pass though and
therefore remain in capillaries.

CONTINUED
Filtration takes place because there
is a difference between the blood
pressure in glomerulus (55mmHg)
and the pressure of filtrate in the
capsule (15mmHg).
Filtration occur through osmosis and
diffusion.
The volume of filtrate formed by each
kidney is called Glomerular filtration rate.
In an healthy adult GFR rate is 125ml i.e.
180 L per day.

SELECTIVE REABSORPTION
Most reabsorption from the filtrate back into the
blood that takes place in PCT whose walls are
lined with microvilli to increase the surface area of
reabsorption.
60 – 70 % of filtrate reaches the loop of Henle and
15 – 20 % reaches DCT.
Filtrate enters the collecting duct where water is
reabsorbed.

CONTINUED
Hormone that influence selective reabsorption are :-
Parathyroid hormone
Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide

TUBULAR SECRETION
Substances not required and foreign materials e.g. Drugs
entirely filtered out of the blood by peritubular capillaries into
tubules.
Tubular secretion of H+ve ion is important.

OTHER FUNCTIONS
Filtration of
waste product
from blood.
Tubular reabsorption
of useful substances
from filtrate ( water,
glucose, amino acid ).
Tubular secretion of
unwanted substances
back into collecting duct (
urea, ammonia ).

CONTINUED
Maintaining normal blood
pressure by balancing
electrolytes in blood.
Regulation of water and
electrolyte balances.
Regulation of atrial
pressure
Regulation of acid base
balance

CONTINUED
• Secretion, metabolism and excretion of hormones.
• Production and secretion of renin
• Production and secretion of erythropoietin’
• Gluconeogenesis.

URETERS
• The ureters are the tubes that carry
urine from the kidneys to the urinary
bladder

SIZE AND DIAMETER
• The ureters are about 25 – 30 cm
long with the diameter of about 3mm
• They are continuous with the renal
pelvis.

LOCATION
In abdominal cavity, lies on
psoas major muscle.

FUNCTIONS
• These two narrow tubes carry
urine from the kidney to the
bladder.
• Muscles in the ureter walls
continuously tighten and
relax forcing urine downward,
away from the kidneys.

SUMMARIZATION
Definition of urinary system
Location, shape, size and colour of kidney.
Coverings of the kidney.
Gross structure of kidney.
Microscopic structure of kidney.
Process of urine formation.
Functions of kidney.
Structure of ureter.

RECAPITULATION
• Define kidney.
• What are the coverings / tissues of kidney?
• What is the functional unit of kidney ?
• What are the types of nephrons ?
• What are the steps of urine formation ?

CONCLUSION
At last, group is able to explain about
:-
The structure of kidney.
Process of urine formation.
Structure of nephron
Functions of kidney.
Structure and function of ureter.

ASSIGNMENT
• At the end of presentation, I assign the assignment to the students
which is :-
• Draw the structure of kidney and explain any 5 functions of kidney.
• Assignment should be submitted on 02-April-2021.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Kour nirmal. a textbook of anatomy and physiology: introduction
to kidney:3rd ed. New Delhi: lotus publisher;2011.Pp(245 – 251)
• Wilson and ross. anatomy and physiology: anatomy and
physiology of kidney: 11th ed. Chandigarh: Elsevier; 2012. Pp (84 –
98 ).
• Asthalatha PR. A textbook of anatomy and physiology: kidney: 4th
ed. New Delhi: JAYPEE publisher; 2015 Pp(124-130).

KIDNEY

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