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The document discusses various image file formats including JPEG, JPEG 2000, Exif, TIFF, RAW, GIF, BMP, PNG, PPM/PGM/PBM, WEBP, HDR formats, and vector formats like CGM. It describes the key features and uses of each format, such as JPEG being a common format for photographs that uses lossy compression, while PNG supports lossless compression and transparency and is better for images with large uniform areas.
![JPEG/JFIF[edit]
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a lossy compression method; JPEG-compressed images are
usually stored in the JFIF (JPEG File Interchange Format) file format. The JPEG/JFIFfilename
extension is JPG or JPEG. Nearly every digital camera can save images in the JPEG/JFIF format, which
supports 8-bit grayscale images and 24-bit color images (8 bits each for red, green, and blue). JPEG
applies lossy compression to images, which can result in a significant reduction of the file size.
Applications can determine the degree of compression to apply, and the amount of compression affects
the visual quality of the result. When not too great, the compression does not noticeably affect or
detract from the image's quality, but JPEG files suffer generational degradation when repeatedly edited
and saved. (JPEG also provides lossless image storage, but the lossless version is not widely supported.)
JPEG 2000[edit]
JPEG 2000 is a compression standard enabling both lossless and lossy storage. The compression
methods used are different from the ones in standard JFIF/JPEG; they improve quality and compression
ratios, but also require more computational power to process. JPEG 2000 also adds features that are
missing in JPEG. It is not nearly as common as JPEG, but it is used currently in professional movie editing
and distribution (some digital cinemas, for example, use JPEG 2000 for individual movie frames).
Exif[edit]
The Exif (Exchangeable image file format) format is a file standard similar to the JFIF format with TIFF
extensions; it is incorporated in the JPEG-writing software used in most cameras. Its purpose is to record
and to standardize the exchange of images with image metadata between digital cameras and editing
and viewing software. The metadata are recorded for individual images and include such things as
camera settings, time and date, shutter speed, exposure, image size, compression, name of camera,
color information. When images are viewed or edited by image editing software, all of this image
information can be displayed.
The actual Exif metadata as such may be carried within different host formats, e.g. TIFF, JFIF (JPEG) or
PNG. IFF-META is another example.
TIFF[edit]
The TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) format is a flexible format that normally saves 8 bits or 16 bits per
color (red, green, blue) for 24-bit and 48-bit totals, respectively, usually using either
theTIFF or TIF filename extension. The tagged structure was designed to be easily extendible, and many
vendors have introduced proprietary special-purpose tags – with the result that no one reader handles
every flavor of TIFF file.[citation needed]
. TIFFs can be lossy and lossless; some offer relatively good lossless
compression for bi-level (black&white) images. Some digital cameras can save images in TIFF format,
using the LZW compression algorithm for lossless storage. TIFF image format is not widely supported by
web browsers. TIFF remains widely accepted as a photograph file standard in the printing business. TIFF
can handle device-specific color spaces, such as the CMYK defined by a particular set of printing press](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/fizdhdajt2iwzcgrlulb-140605065130-phpapp01/85/madhu-1-320.jpg)
![inks. OCR (Optical Character Recognition) software packages commonly generate some form of TIFF
image (often monochromatic) for scanned text pages.
RAW[edit]
RAW refers to raw image formats that are available on some digital cameras, rather than to a specific
format. These formats usually use a lossless or nearly lossless compression, and produce file sizes
smaller than the TIFF formats. Although there is a standard raw image format, (ISO 12234-2, TIFF/EP),
the raw formats used by most cameras are not standardized or documented, and differ among camera
manufacturers.
Most camera manufacturers have their own software for decoding or developing their raw file format,
but there are also many third-party raw file converter applications available that accept raw files from
most digital cameras. Some graphic programs and image editors may not accept some or all raw file
formats, and some older ones have been effectively orphaned already.
As far as videocameras are concerned, ARRI's Arriflex D-20 and D-21 cameras provide raw 3K-resolution
sensor data with Bayer pattern as still images (one per frame) in a proprietary format (.ari file
extension). Red Digital Cinema Camera Company, with its Mysterium sensor family of still and video
cameras, uses its proprietary raw format called REDCODE (.R3D extension), which stores still as well as
audio+video information in one lossy-compressed file.
GIF[edit]
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is limited to an 8-bit palette, or 256 colors. This makes the GIF format
suitable for storing graphics with relatively few colors such as simple diagrams, shapes, logos and
cartoon style images. The GIF format supports animation and is still widely used to provide image
animation effects. Its LZW lossless compression is more effective when large areas have a single color,
and less effective for photographic or dithered images.
BMP[edit]
The BMP file format (Windows bitmap) handles graphics files within the Microsoft Windows OS.
Typically, BMP files are uncompressed, and therefore large; their advantage is their simple structure and
wide acceptance in Windows programs.
PNG[edit]
The PNG (Portable Network Graphics) file format was created as a free, open-source alternative to GIF.
The PNG file format supports 8 bit paletted images (with optional transparency for all palette colors)
and 24 bit truecolor (16 million colors) or 48 bit truecolor with and without alpha channel - while GIF
supports only 256 colors and a single transparent color.
Compared to JPEG, PNG excels when the image has large, uniformly colored areas. Even for photographs
– where JPEG is often the choice for final distribution since its compression technique typically yields](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/fizdhdajt2iwzcgrlulb-140605065130-phpapp01/85/madhu-2-320.jpg)
![smaller file sizes – PNG is still well-suited to storing images during the editing process because of its
lossless compression.
PNG provides a patent-free replacement for GIF (though GIF is itself now patent-free), and can also
replace many common uses of TIFF. Indexed-color, grayscale, and truecolor images are supported, plus
an optional alpha channel. The Adam7 interlacing allows an early preview, even when only a small
percentage of the image data has been transmitted. PNG can store gamma and chromaticity data for
improved color matching on heterogeneous platforms.
PNG is designed to work well in online viewing applications like web browsers and can be fully streamed
with a progressive display option. PNG is robust, providing both full file integrity checking and simple
detection of common transmission errors.
Animated formats derived from PNG are MNG and APNG. The latter is supported by Mozilla
Firefox and Opera and is backwards compatible with PNG.
PPM, PGM, PBM, and PNM[edit]
Netpbm format is a family including the portable pixmap file format (PPM), the portable graymap file
format (PGM) and the portable bitmap file format (PBM). These are either pure ASCIIfiles or raw binary
files with an ASCII header that provide very basic functionality and serve as a lowest common
denominator for converting pixmap, graymap, or bitmap files between different platforms. Several
applications refer to them collectively as PNM (Portable aNy Map).
WEBP[edit]
WebP is a new open image format that uses both lossless and lossy compression. It was designed by
Google to reduce image file size to speed up web page loading: its principal purpose is to supersede
JPEG as the primary format for photographs on the web. WebP is based on VP8's intra-frame coding and
uses a container based on RIFF.
HDR Raster formats[edit]
Most typical raster formats cannot store HDR data (32 bit floating point values per pixel component),
which is why some relatively old or complex formats are still predominant here, and worth mentioning
separately. Newer alternatives are showing up, though. RGBE is the format for HDR images originating
from Radiance and also supported by Adobe Photoshop.
Other image file formats of the raster type[edit]
Other image file formats of raster type include:
JPEG XR (New JPEG standard based on Microsoft HD Photo)
SGI
PCX (Personal Computer eXchange), obsolete](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/fizdhdajt2iwzcgrlulb-140605065130-phpapp01/85/madhu-3-320.jpg)
![ Sun Raster is an obsolete format
TGA (TARGA), obsolete
ILBM (IFF-style format for up to 32 bit in planar representation, plus optional 64 bit extensions)
DEEP (IFF-style format used by TVPaint)
IMG (Graphical Environment Manager image file; planar, run-length encoded)
ECW (Enhanced Compression Wavelet)
IMG (ERDAS IMAGINE Image)
SID (multiresolution seamless image database, MrSID)
CD5 (Chasys Draw Image)
FITS (Flexible Image Transport System)
PGF (Progressive Graphics File)
PAM (Portable Arbitary Map) is a late addition to the Netpbm family
XCF (eXperimental Computing Facility format, native GIMP format)
PSD (Adobe PhotoShop Document)
PSP (Corel Paint Shop Pro)
VICAR file format (NASA/JPL image transport format)
Vector formats[edit]
Main article: vector graphics
As opposed to the raster image formats above (where the data describes the characteristics of each
individual pixel), vector image formats contain a geometric description which can be rendered smoothly
at any desired display size.
At some point, all vector graphics must be rasterized in order to be displayed on digital monitors.
However, vector images can be displayed with analog CRT technology such as that used in
someelectronic test equipment, medical monitors, radar displays, laser shows and early video
games. Plotters are printers that use vector data rather than pixel data to draw graphics.
CGM[edit]
CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile) is a file format for 2D vector graphics, raster graphics, and text, and
is defined by ISO/IEC 8632. All graphical elements can be specified in a textual source filethat can be](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/fizdhdajt2iwzcgrlulb-140605065130-phpapp01/85/madhu-4-320.jpg)
![compiled into a binary file or one of two text representations. CGM provides a means of graphics data
interchange for computer representation of 2D graphical information independent from any particular
application, system, platform, or device. It has been adopted to some extent in the areas of technical
illustration and professional design, but has largely been superseded by formats such as SVG and DXF.
Gerber File Format (RS-274X)[edit]
The Gerber Format (aka Extended Gerber, RS-274X) was developed by Gerber Systems Corp.,
now Ucamco, and is a 2D bi-level image description format. It is the de facto standard format used
by printed circuit board or PCB software. It is also widely used in other industries requiring high-
precision 2D bi-level images.
SVG[edit]
SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) is an open standard created and developed by the World Wide Web
Consortium to address the need (and attempts of several corporations) for a versatile,scriptable and all-
purpose vector format for the web and otherwise. The SVG format does not have a compression scheme
of its own, but due to the textual nature of XML, an SVG graphic can be compressed using a program
such as gzip. Because of its scripting potential, SVG is a key component in web applications: interactive
web pages that look and act like applications.
PDF
PDF (Portable Document Format) is an open standard for document exchange. The file format created
by Adobe Systems in 1993 is used for representing two-dimensional documents in a manner
independent of the application software, hardware, and operating system. Each PDF file encapsulates a
complete description of a fixed-layout 2D document that includes the text, fonts, images, and 2D vector
graphics which compose the documents. Today, 3D drawings can be embedded in PDF documents with
Acrobat 3D using U3D or PRC and various other data formats. Originally a proprietary format, PDF was
officially released as an open standard on July 1, 2008, and published by the International Organization
for Standardization as ISO/IEC 32000-1:2008.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/fizdhdajt2iwzcgrlulb-140605065130-phpapp01/85/madhu-5-320.jpg)
madhu
- 1. JPEG/JFIF[edit] JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a lossy compression method; JPEG-compressed images are usually stored in the JFIF (JPEG File Interchange Format) file format. The JPEG/JFIFfilename extension is JPG or JPEG. Nearly every digital camera can save images in the JPEG/JFIF format, which supports 8-bit grayscale images and 24-bit color images (8 bits each for red, green, and blue). JPEG applies lossy compression to images, which can result in a significant reduction of the file size. Applications can determine the degree of compression to apply, and the amount of compression affects the visual quality of the result. When not too great, the compression does not noticeably affect or detract from the image's quality, but JPEG files suffer generational degradation when repeatedly edited and saved. (JPEG also provides lossless image storage, but the lossless version is not widely supported.) JPEG 2000[edit] JPEG 2000 is a compression standard enabling both lossless and lossy storage. The compression methods used are different from the ones in standard JFIF/JPEG; they improve quality and compression ratios, but also require more computational power to process. JPEG 2000 also adds features that are missing in JPEG. It is not nearly as common as JPEG, but it is used currently in professional movie editing and distribution (some digital cinemas, for example, use JPEG 2000 for individual movie frames). Exif[edit] The Exif (Exchangeable image file format) format is a file standard similar to the JFIF format with TIFF extensions; it is incorporated in the JPEG-writing software used in most cameras. Its purpose is to record and to standardize the exchange of images with image metadata between digital cameras and editing and viewing software. The metadata are recorded for individual images and include such things as camera settings, time and date, shutter speed, exposure, image size, compression, name of camera, color information. When images are viewed or edited by image editing software, all of this image information can be displayed. The actual Exif metadata as such may be carried within different host formats, e.g. TIFF, JFIF (JPEG) or PNG. IFF-META is another example. TIFF[edit] The TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) format is a flexible format that normally saves 8 bits or 16 bits per color (red, green, blue) for 24-bit and 48-bit totals, respectively, usually using either theTIFF or TIF filename extension. The tagged structure was designed to be easily extendible, and many vendors have introduced proprietary special-purpose tags – with the result that no one reader handles every flavor of TIFF file.[citation needed] . TIFFs can be lossy and lossless; some offer relatively good lossless compression for bi-level (black&white) images. Some digital cameras can save images in TIFF format, using the LZW compression algorithm for lossless storage. TIFF image format is not widely supported by web browsers. TIFF remains widely accepted as a photograph file standard in the printing business. TIFF can handle device-specific color spaces, such as the CMYK defined by a particular set of printing press
- 2. inks. OCR (Optical Character Recognition) software packages commonly generate some form of TIFF image (often monochromatic) for scanned text pages. RAW[edit] RAW refers to raw image formats that are available on some digital cameras, rather than to a specific format. These formats usually use a lossless or nearly lossless compression, and produce file sizes smaller than the TIFF formats. Although there is a standard raw image format, (ISO 12234-2, TIFF/EP), the raw formats used by most cameras are not standardized or documented, and differ among camera manufacturers. Most camera manufacturers have their own software for decoding or developing their raw file format, but there are also many third-party raw file converter applications available that accept raw files from most digital cameras. Some graphic programs and image editors may not accept some or all raw file formats, and some older ones have been effectively orphaned already. As far as videocameras are concerned, ARRI's Arriflex D-20 and D-21 cameras provide raw 3K-resolution sensor data with Bayer pattern as still images (one per frame) in a proprietary format (.ari file extension). Red Digital Cinema Camera Company, with its Mysterium sensor family of still and video cameras, uses its proprietary raw format called REDCODE (.R3D extension), which stores still as well as audio+video information in one lossy-compressed file. GIF[edit] GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is limited to an 8-bit palette, or 256 colors. This makes the GIF format suitable for storing graphics with relatively few colors such as simple diagrams, shapes, logos and cartoon style images. The GIF format supports animation and is still widely used to provide image animation effects. Its LZW lossless compression is more effective when large areas have a single color, and less effective for photographic or dithered images. BMP[edit] The BMP file format (Windows bitmap) handles graphics files within the Microsoft Windows OS. Typically, BMP files are uncompressed, and therefore large; their advantage is their simple structure and wide acceptance in Windows programs. PNG[edit] The PNG (Portable Network Graphics) file format was created as a free, open-source alternative to GIF. The PNG file format supports 8 bit paletted images (with optional transparency for all palette colors) and 24 bit truecolor (16 million colors) or 48 bit truecolor with and without alpha channel - while GIF supports only 256 colors and a single transparent color. Compared to JPEG, PNG excels when the image has large, uniformly colored areas. Even for photographs – where JPEG is often the choice for final distribution since its compression technique typically yields
- 3. smaller file sizes – PNG is still well-suited to storing images during the editing process because of its lossless compression. PNG provides a patent-free replacement for GIF (though GIF is itself now patent-free), and can also replace many common uses of TIFF. Indexed-color, grayscale, and truecolor images are supported, plus an optional alpha channel. The Adam7 interlacing allows an early preview, even when only a small percentage of the image data has been transmitted. PNG can store gamma and chromaticity data for improved color matching on heterogeneous platforms. PNG is designed to work well in online viewing applications like web browsers and can be fully streamed with a progressive display option. PNG is robust, providing both full file integrity checking and simple detection of common transmission errors. Animated formats derived from PNG are MNG and APNG. The latter is supported by Mozilla Firefox and Opera and is backwards compatible with PNG. PPM, PGM, PBM, and PNM[edit] Netpbm format is a family including the portable pixmap file format (PPM), the portable graymap file format (PGM) and the portable bitmap file format (PBM). These are either pure ASCIIfiles or raw binary files with an ASCII header that provide very basic functionality and serve as a lowest common denominator for converting pixmap, graymap, or bitmap files between different platforms. Several applications refer to them collectively as PNM (Portable aNy Map). WEBP[edit] WebP is a new open image format that uses both lossless and lossy compression. It was designed by Google to reduce image file size to speed up web page loading: its principal purpose is to supersede JPEG as the primary format for photographs on the web. WebP is based on VP8's intra-frame coding and uses a container based on RIFF. HDR Raster formats[edit] Most typical raster formats cannot store HDR data (32 bit floating point values per pixel component), which is why some relatively old or complex formats are still predominant here, and worth mentioning separately. Newer alternatives are showing up, though. RGBE is the format for HDR images originating from Radiance and also supported by Adobe Photoshop. Other image file formats of the raster type[edit] Other image file formats of raster type include: JPEG XR (New JPEG standard based on Microsoft HD Photo) SGI PCX (Personal Computer eXchange), obsolete
- 4. Sun Raster is an obsolete format TGA (TARGA), obsolete ILBM (IFF-style format for up to 32 bit in planar representation, plus optional 64 bit extensions) DEEP (IFF-style format used by TVPaint) IMG (Graphical Environment Manager image file; planar, run-length encoded) ECW (Enhanced Compression Wavelet) IMG (ERDAS IMAGINE Image) SID (multiresolution seamless image database, MrSID) CD5 (Chasys Draw Image) FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) PGF (Progressive Graphics File) PAM (Portable Arbitary Map) is a late addition to the Netpbm family XCF (eXperimental Computing Facility format, native GIMP format) PSD (Adobe PhotoShop Document) PSP (Corel Paint Shop Pro) VICAR file format (NASA/JPL image transport format) Vector formats[edit] Main article: vector graphics As opposed to the raster image formats above (where the data describes the characteristics of each individual pixel), vector image formats contain a geometric description which can be rendered smoothly at any desired display size. At some point, all vector graphics must be rasterized in order to be displayed on digital monitors. However, vector images can be displayed with analog CRT technology such as that used in someelectronic test equipment, medical monitors, radar displays, laser shows and early video games. Plotters are printers that use vector data rather than pixel data to draw graphics. CGM[edit] CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile) is a file format for 2D vector graphics, raster graphics, and text, and is defined by ISO/IEC 8632. All graphical elements can be specified in a textual source filethat can be
- 5. compiled into a binary file or one of two text representations. CGM provides a means of graphics data interchange for computer representation of 2D graphical information independent from any particular application, system, platform, or device. It has been adopted to some extent in the areas of technical illustration and professional design, but has largely been superseded by formats such as SVG and DXF. Gerber File Format (RS-274X)[edit] The Gerber Format (aka Extended Gerber, RS-274X) was developed by Gerber Systems Corp., now Ucamco, and is a 2D bi-level image description format. It is the de facto standard format used by printed circuit board or PCB software. It is also widely used in other industries requiring high- precision 2D bi-level images. SVG[edit] SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) is an open standard created and developed by the World Wide Web Consortium to address the need (and attempts of several corporations) for a versatile,scriptable and all- purpose vector format for the web and otherwise. The SVG format does not have a compression scheme of its own, but due to the textual nature of XML, an SVG graphic can be compressed using a program such as gzip. Because of its scripting potential, SVG is a key component in web applications: interactive web pages that look and act like applications. PDF PDF (Portable Document Format) is an open standard for document exchange. The file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 is used for representing two-dimensional documents in a manner independent of the application software, hardware, and operating system. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout 2D document that includes the text, fonts, images, and 2D vector graphics which compose the documents. Today, 3D drawings can be embedded in PDF documents with Acrobat 3D using U3D or PRC and various other data formats. Originally a proprietary format, PDF was officially released as an open standard on July 1, 2008, and published by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO/IEC 32000-1:2008.