l) Week 11 - Religion an overview of Sociology.ppt

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Religion
‫بچہ‬
‫دیکھ‬ ‫بوال‬
‫شان‬ ‫عالی‬ ‫مسجد‬ ‫کر‬
‫مکان‬ ‫بڑا‬ ‫اتنا‬ ‫کو‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫تیرے‬ ‫اللہ‬
‫فاضلی‬ ‫ندا‬

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Religion
‫کو‬ ‫رگ‬ ‫اپنی‬ ‫شیخ‬
‫کریں‬ ‫کیا‬
‫ریشے‬
‫کیا‬ ‫کو‬
‫کریں‬
‫جھگڑے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫مذہب‬
‫تو‬ ‫چھوڑیں‬
‫کریں‬ ‫کیا‬ ‫کو‬ ‫پیشے‬
‫آبادی‬ ‫الہ‬ ‫اکبر‬

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Religion
What is Religion for
you
?

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Definition of Religion
 Religion is the belief in Spiritual Beings(Edward B Tylor, Primitive Culture)
 “A religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and
forbidden – beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to
them.“ Émile Durkheim

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Definition of Religion 
‫تسلیم‬ ‫کو‬ ‫قوت‬ ‫مختار‬ ‫کی‬ ‫قسم‬ ‫اس‬ ‫عمل؛‬ ‫کا‬ ‫کرنے‬ ‫تسلیم‬ ‫بااختیار‬ ‫لیے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫عبادت‬ ‫اور‬ ‫عزت‬ ،‫اطاعت‬ ‫کو‬ ‫قوت‬ ‫الفطرت‬ ‫مافوق‬
‫اعمال‬ ‫یا‬ ‫رواج‬ ‫و‬ ‫رسوم‬ ‫متبرک‬ ‫اظہار؛‬ ‫سے‬ ‫زیست‬ ‫طرز‬ ‫اور‬ ‫زندگی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫ان‬ ‫کا‬ ‫اس‬ ‫اور‬ ‫رویہ‬ ‫روحانی‬ ‫یا‬ ‫احساس‬ ‫کایہ‬ ‫والوں‬ ‫کرنے‬
‫مخصوص‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫کا‬ ‫عبادت‬ ‫کی‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اور‬ ‫النے‬ ‫ایمان‬ ‫پر‬ ‫دیوتاؤں‬ ‫زیادہ‬ ‫یا‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫یا‬ ‫مطلق‬ ‫و‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫خدائے‬ ‫عمل؛‬ ‫کا‬ ‫جانے‬ ‫دیے‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫سر‬ ‫کے‬
‫ہے۔‬ ‫کہالتا‬ ‫مذہب‬ ‫نظام۔‬
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Etymology of Religion
 The word religion is derived from Latin "religio"
 Means “what attaches or retains, moral bond, anxiety of self-consciousness, doubt”
 First used by the Romans, before Jesus Christ, to indicate the worship of the demons.
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What are Demons
 Ancient Greek word δαίμων daimōn denotes a spirit or divine power.
 Judaism
 Christianity
 Islam
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What are Demons in Judaism
 As referring to the existence or non-existence of demons.
 Lilith ‫شب‬ ِ‫ت‬‫عفری‬
‫یا‬
‫لیلیت‬
 Lilith appears as Adam's first wife, who was created at the same time (Rosh Hashanah) and from the same
dirt as Adam – compare Genesis 1:27.
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Lilith ‫شب‬ ِ‫ت‬‫عفری‬
‫یا‬
‫لیلیت‬
 According to Talmud Lilith is considered as
Mother of all Djins

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What are Demons in
Christianity
 In Christianity, demons are corrupted spirits carrying the execution of Satan's desires.
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What are Demons in Islam
 Djin ‫جن‬.
 ‫شیطان‬
 ‫عفریت‬
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Religion
 religions is a universal found in every culture.
Religion was defined by Emile Durkheim as a
“unified system of beliefs and practices relative to
sacred things”
 Durkheim stressed the social impact of religion
• Interested in religious
behavior within a
social context

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Durkheim and the Sociological
Approach to Religion
█ Sacred(‫)مقدس‬: Elements beyond everyday life
that inspire awe ‫احترام‬, respect, and even fear
█ blasphemous: Includes the ordinary
and commonplace

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Functionalism
Functions of Religion
Manifest functions
 Religion defines the spiritual world and gives
meaning to the divine
 Religion also provides an explanation for events
that are difficult to understand
1. the purpose of life,
2. why people suffer, and
3. the existence of an afterlife

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Religion - Functionalism
 Those answers give people a sense of purpose
 Strengthened by such beliefs, people are less
likely to collapse in despair when confronted by
life’s calamities

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The Integrative Function
of Religion
 Durkheim viewed religion as an integrative force in
human society
 Gives meaning and purpose to people’s lives
 Gives people ultimate values and ends to hold in
common
 Strengthens social integration within specific faiths and
denominations
 In some instances, religious loyalties
are dysfunctional

Does God exist?
 Design Argument
 Big Bang Theory
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Cause and Effect Phenomenon
 First Cause
 First Effect
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Religion and Social Control: The
Marxist Approach
 Marx was an atheist who believed that the
existence of God was an impossibility
 Marx recognized that religion promoted stability
within society, but it also perpetuated patterns of
social inequality
 According to Marx, religion serves elites, by
legitimizing the status quo and diverting people’s
attention from social inequities

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Marxist Approach
 In his view religion often drugged the masses
into submission by offering a consolation for
their harsh lives on earth: the hope for salvation
in an ideal after life
 Marx described religion as "the opium ‫افیون‬ of
the people".

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World Religions
Diversity in World Religions
 85 percent of the world’s population adheres to
some religion
 Christianity is the largest faith around the world
with about 34 percent of the population.
 it includes the Roman Catholic Church, the
numerous Protestant denominations, and the
Eastern Orthodox Church with over 1.9 billion
faithful

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World Religions
█ About 85% of world’s population adheres
to some religion
– Christianity largest single faith,
Islam is second
• Monotheistic and impose moral code
– Differences among religions exceeded by
variations within faiths

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Religion
 the second largest is Islam with about 19
percent, and is the fastest growing of the major
religions.
 Monotheistic and impose moral code

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Organization of Religious
Behavior
 An ecclesia is a religious organization claiming
to include most or all of the members of a society
and is recognized as the national or official
religion
 Ecclesiae are conservative, in general, and do not
challenge the leaders of a secular government

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Denominations
 A denomination is a large, organized religion not
officially linked with the state or government
 A denomination tends to have an explicit set of
beliefs, a defined system of authority, and a
generally respected position in society
 The United States has the most denominations in
the world. It is a result of the immigrant heritage

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Denominations
 Eighty-seven percent of the population identify
themselves as Christian, and the largest Christian
denominations is the Roman Catholic Church,
with about 57 million members.
 About 80 million people, or 60 percent of the
religious population are Protestant, but they are
divided into hundreds of denominations
 The Southern Baptist Convention, with about 15
million members is currently the largest
Protestant denomination

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Sects
 A sect can be defined as a relatively small
religious group that has broken away from some
other religious organization to renew what it
considers the original vision of the faith
 Sect formation is very common in the U.S.
 Sects usually exhibit a higher degree of fervor
and loyalty than more established religious
groups do
 To sustain their membership, sects rely on active
recruitment, of new members

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New Religious Movements
or Cults
█ New Religious Movement (NRM):
Small, secretive religious groups that
represent either a new religion or a
major innovation of an existing faith
– Similar to sects
– Tend to be small
– Viewed as less respectable than more
established faiths

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Religious Behavior
 Religious beliefs: statements to which
members of a particular religion adhere
Fundamentalism: rigid adherence to
fundamental religious doctrines
Fundamentalism found worldwide among
most major religious groups

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The Secularization of Culture
 Sociologists use the term secularization of
culture to refer to a culture that, once heavily
influenced by religion, has lost much of its
religious influence
 The only sphere of influence that religion retains
in advanced societies is the family
 It is no longer the primary cohesive force in
societies, having been replaced by nationalism
and other secular and political ideologies

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Religion in the Schools
 The Setting
 First Amendment protects religious freedom
 In 1987, Supreme Court ruled states could
not compel the teaching of creationism in
public schools
 Creationists want Bible’s version of
creation of world taught as the only theory
of evolution or as an alternative theory

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Religion in the Schools
 Sociological Insights
 Supporters of school prayer and creationism
feel there is too much separation in schools
between the
sacred and the blasphemous
 Opponents argue a religious majority
in a community might impose viewpoints
specific to its faith at the expense of religious
minorities

What do these words mean?
1) Certain
2) Definite
3) Probable
4) Possible
Can you think of sentences that
use each word?
Certain, definite, probable, possible

1. Who is Atheist
2. Who is Agnostic
???????????????

Agnostic (without knowledge)
• We cannot know for sure whether a god exists or
not
Atheist (without god)
• Don’t believe in a god or gods
• Live life as though there is no god or gods
Atheism and agnosticism

Uncertain
Certain
Belief or non-belief in god
Atheism
Theism

l) Week 11 - Religion an overview of Sociology.ppt

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l) Week 11 - Religion an overview of Sociology.ppt