LANDSCAPE_ARCHITECTURE_CHINESE_GARDENS.pptx

CHINESE GARDEN
KEERTHANA SURESH - 1JA19AT027
KEERTHANA.S- 1JA20AT021
NISCHALA.V- 1JA20AT030
SANOBAR.SEHER- 1JA20AT038
SNEHA.K- 1JA20AT044

INDEX
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN PHIOSOPHY
DIFFERENT TYPES OF GARDENS
DURING DIFFERENT DYNASTIES
MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUES USED,PLANTING
PALATTE
EXAMPLE

Introduction
• The Chinese gardens are also called as
Chinese classical gardens is a place
for solitary or social contemplation of
nature .
• It has been regarded the most
important and leading gardening
system among the three gardening
systems in the world.
• The Chinese consider gardens a
serious art form and as with
painting, sculpture and poetry etc..
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Why?
• Hunting and recreational activities.
• To Seek Immortality : Emperors built
their imperial gardens modeled on
wonderlands in ancient Chinese
Mythology, where they could pray and
expect to welcome deities.
• For Pleasure : Royals spent more time
in their fancy imperial gardens to relax
and enjoy nature.
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The brief history of
Classical
Chinese Gardens
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• The history of Chinese garden can be dated back to the
Shang and Zhou dynasties. At that time, the garden was
called "You"囿 or "You for play", which means enclosure the
views of concinnity and concision, and raising the animal for
hunting.
• Gardening became fashionable among the upper classes
after the Han dynasty. During the Song dynasty, scholars
embraced garden planning, writing guidebooks on the
construction and aesthetics of gardens. People began to
collect unusual rocks, plants, and trees, and grew miniature
gardens in trays. Chinese gardening reached its height
during the Ming dynasty.
• It was the peak time for the garden building in the Ming
and the Qing Dynasties.

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• First, they can be classified into imperial gardens and
private gardens.
• A private garden ：a place of retreat for the gentleman-
scholar to escape the chaos of the city.
• imperial gardens : The Imperial Garden is a replica of
the Temple of Heaven it was built for emperors and
their wives to relax themselves and enjoy beautiful
scenery, but was also used for sacrificial rites,
keeping fit, book collections, reading, and other
purposes.
There are at least four different
ways to classify Chinese gardens

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Second, in terms of geographical
location
• Northern Gardens, Southern Gardens and Lingnan
Gardens
• Northern Gardens are mostly found in Luoyang,
Kaifeng, and Beijing. Those in Beijing are as
representatives;
• Southern Gardens refer to gardens in the lower
Yangtze River valley, which are mostly found in Nanjing,
Wuxi, Yangzhou ,Suzhou and Hangzhou. Those in
Suzhou are the most representatives;
• Lingnan Gardens are found in Guangzhou, Dongguan
and Shunde.

Third, the Chinese gardens fall into
four categories
• imperial gardens, private gardens (also called A
Scholar's Garden), monastic gardens, and gardens in
scenic resorts.
• Famous monastic gardens including the Jinci Temple of
Shanxi and the Tanzhe Temple of Beijing;
• whereas the West Lake of Hangzhou and the Darning
Lake of Jinan belong to scenic gardens.
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Fourth, Chinese gardens can be
classified
• Regular gardens, naturalistic gardens and mixed
gardens.
• Generally speaking, most of the gardens in the west
are regular gardens.
• Most Chinese gardens, including large imperial
gardens or small private ones, are naturalistic gardens.
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• Chinese garden may be viewed as a
miniature of the Chinese landscape.
• Nature is loved and held in highest honor
in Chinese art, but this does not mean
that the nature must be simply
“duplicated” in its original form.
• The main principle of Chinese garden art
is to recreate nature, to present its
essence without an artificial effect.
• The recreation must be based on
profound observation and a deep
understanding of the nature.
• The design of Chinese garden is a
process of abstraction and stylization of
the existing landscape.
• The aim of creating a natural form in
Chinese garden is to celebrate the
human spirit.

•In the Chinese garden, the garden
scenes are concealed inside different
scenic sections, thus, they only can be
revealed in sequence along the paths.
•The paths in a Chinese garden are
usually constructed with varying widths or
paved with different pavement materials to
give the beholders the different senses
of experience: constriction, roughness,
release, and smoothness.
•The scenic spots in the private Chinese
gardens are built for static and dynamic
viewing, and lingering observation.
•Thus, a scene in a private Chinese
garden was designed for viewing from a
number of observation points and
angles.
•Every scenic section should have its own
landscape character, but the garden as
whole must be unified under a central
theme.
• Walls were the most common means of
demarcating one spatial segment from
another.

“Borrowing scenery”
• Borrowing scenery from the distance,
near at hand, above you, below you,
and certain times of the year;
• Borrowing the sounds, colours, smells
from a large environment.
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Three Islands in Lake
• Since the reign of Qin Shi Huang (259
BC — 210 BC), most classical landscape
gardens applied the structure to simulate
a wonderland of ancient Chinese
Mythology, the Three Mountains (Mounts
Penglai, Fangzhang, and Yingzhou) in
the eastern sea.
• Imperial gardens would construct a
natural lake with three big islands, while
private gardens would build a pond with
three rockeries to imitate the mythical
wonder.

One Step One Scenery
• Chinese gardens aren’t laid
out in a way that you can see
the entire garden all at once.
Instead, small scenes are
set up so that as you wander
through the garden, you
come upon several intimate
settings to view. Every scene
is well-planned and framed.

Beauty in Four Seasons
• Another important design
rule of classical gardens in
China is considering views
of four distinct seasons to
ensure they are beautiful all
year round.
• Rain, snow, wind, sunshine,
water, flowers, fallen
leaves, everything would be
smartly designed to form a
series of picturesque
views.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF
GARDENS DURING
DIFFERENT DYNASTIES

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Classification of Chinese garden
Imperial Style Chinese
Gardens
Scholarly Style Chinese
Gardens
The royal gardens originated in the ancient
game reserves of the Chinese emperors of the
Shang Dynasty.
These gardens are also known as private dent
.As most of the occupants of these gardens are
poets and artists, these are also known as the
Gardens of literature.

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Shanglin Garden.
• The Shanglin Garden of the Qin Dynasty
was one of the most famous royal palace
gardens in ancient China. The E'Fang Palace,
famed for its grandiosity and luxury, was part
of the Shanglin Garden.
• The garden contained a large number of
animals, rare flowers and exotic fruit trees,
as well as the largest pond, the Kunming
Pond.

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Ganquan Garden
• The Ganquan Garden was the
product of the Han Dynasty.
• The garden housed more than a
hundred palaces, altars and
pavilions.
• One of the altars, the Tongtiantai
Altar, was used for holding
sacrificial rites to Heaven and
meeting the gods.

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Yuanming Garden
• The royal gardens reached the
peak of their splendor in the Qing
Dynasty.
• The Yuanming Garden was the
largest and underwent ongoing
reconstruction during the reigns of
Emperors Kangxi, Yongzheng
and Qianlong.
• That was the first time that
Chinese gardens copied the layout
and gardening techniques of
classical Western gardening, such
as fountains, sculpture and
mazes.

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Scholarly Style Chinese Garden
• These gardens are also known as
private dent.
• As most of the occupants of these
gardens are gets and artists, these are
also known as the gardens of literature.
• The wealthy merchant and the
aristocrats owned grand gardens, where
rare and precious birds and Beasts were
kept.

MATERIALS or
ELEMENTS IN
CHINESE GARDEN

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Materials or
Elements
• There 6 main elements of a Chinese
Garden:
• Rocks
• Water
• Vegetation
• Pathways
• Bridges
• Garden Structures

ROCKS
• The stone loving of the Chinese
stems from the magical views of the
Chinese five holy mountains, which
seems to have played an important role
in the Taoist anchoritism.
• Rock was valued for its bumps,
furrows and hollows, and for the color
and texture of its surface.
• In Chinese gardens, artificial
mountains are also function as space-
dividing structural components.
• The sculptural Taihu rock is
especially prized because it represents
wisdom and immortality, and is only
procurable from Tai Lake, just west of
Suzhou.
• The Chinese word for landscape,
shan shui, literally means "mountains
and waters” while a common phrase for
making a garden means "digging
ponds and piling mountains".
WATER
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VEGETATION
• Mountains and water complement each
other in the chinese arts.
• Water serves as peaceful opposition and
balance to mountain scenery, and is
regarded as the absolutely necessary
element to represent the totality of nature
in perfect harmony.
• Water was also used for providing
listening satisfaction in the chinese private
gardens.
• Watercourses were never shaped into
any unnatural geometrical patterns in the
chinese private garden. A water fountain is
never found in the private chinese garden.
• Physically water absorbs the heat and
adjust the microclimate during the warm
seasons.
• Unlike other gardens, Chinese gardens
incorporate minimal variety of plants and trees
in a single garden.
• Trees and shrubs are planted in more
naturalistic arrangements- perhaps in pure
stands or in association with a special rock.
• Western gardens tend to have a profusion of
plantings whereas the Chinese garden style is
more minimal.
• Lawn is used least in the private Chinese
garden, for its beauty is best
perceived with inexhaustible sight ranges, and
contradicts the private Chinese garden design
principle of avoiding total exposure of
everything at a glance.

PATHWAYS BRIDGES
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GARDEN
STRUCTURES
• The bridge connects the two
different vistas in the Chinese
garden.
• These are also constructed as a
symbol of contrast against the
moving water.
• The half moon cavity under the
bridge, which gets completed after
the reflection on the water surface
follows the principle of harmony
and balance.
• Among the most ground are walkways,
pavilions, and bridges.
• Timber frame construction plays a decisive
role here.
• Pavilion-like houses have neither a harsh
nor dominant effect, but rather bend
effortlessly into their general surroundings.
• More specifically, we can divide the
structures in classical Chinese gardens into
the following: Lobby, Corridor, Parlour,
Waterside Kiosk, Storied Chamber, Bridge,
Storied Pavilion, Pagoda, Kiosk, Wall.
• Paths are constructed to accentuate the
changing scenes and views into the
garden and beyond.
• The paths are like the passages of a
human life. There is always something
new or different when seen from a
different angle, while the future is
unknown and unpredictable.
• The path may be covered in stone,
pebbles or tiles. Or it might be swept
clean and interspersed with patches of
moss or other low ground covers.

• They used plants as symbols.
• Bamboo was used in every traditional Chinese
garden.
• This is because bamboo represents a strong but
resilient character.
• Often pine is used to represent longevity,
persistence, tenacity, and dignity.
• The lotus is used to symbolize purity.
• The flowering plum is one of the most important
aspects of a Chinese garden, as it represents
renewal and strength of will.
• Flowering peaches are grown for spring color.
• The chrysanthemum is used to symbolize splendor,
luster and “the courage to make sacrifices for a
natural life”.
• Peonies symbolize wealth and banana trees are
used simply for the sound they make in the breeze

HALL OR TING:
o To hold meetings
or banquets,
usually spacious,
bright, and well-
decorated.
MAIN HOUSE OR TANG:
o The owner's residence;
it also could be used for
the family to
hold celebration
activities, usually
the biggest building
complex in the garden.
LOU:
o Multilayer buildings,
usually used
as bedrooms or studies.

GE :
• Multilayer buildings with smaller
rooms and windows in four
directions; usually used as a
library, study, or place to enshrine
religious deities.
PAVILION OR TING:
o To rest and appreciate
the view, it is a small,
exquisite building with a
roof and pillars.
XIE:
o A building next to or on
the water, usually with
railings, the place for
people visiting the
garden to appreciate the
water view and to rest.

GALLERY OR LANG:
o Long corridor with a roof to connect buildings
of the garden, with both functional and
ornamental value.
o They are beautiful structural elements and
shelter people from rain, snow, wind, and
sunshine.
FANG:
o Ship-shaped building on the water for
people to have banquets and appreciate
water views.
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History:
• The Yu Yuan (Yuyuan) Garden, also known as the
Garden of Happiness, is located in the heart of
Shanghai's Old City in China.
• The garden was built during the Ming Dynasty in the
16th century and is a classic example of traditional
Chinese garden design.
• The garden was initially built by Pan Yunduan, a
high-ranking government official in the Ming Dynasty,
as a private garden for his parents.
• It was later destroyed during the Opium War and was
restored in the 1950s.
• Today, the Yu Yuan Garden is a popular tourist
attraction and a Symbol of Ancient Chinese
Architecture and Design.

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Design Philosophy
• The design philosophy of the Yu Yuan Garden is based
on the Taoist belief that nature is the source of beauty
and harmony.
• The garden is designed to replicate the natural
landscape, with rocks, water, and plants arranged in a
way that creates a tranquil and peaceful environment.
• The garden features several pavilions, rockeries, ponds,
and bridges that are designed to create a harmonious
balance between the natural and man-made elements.
• Inner Garden – rockeries, ponds, pavilions, and towers;
first laid out in 1709 and more recently recreated in
1956 by combining its east and west gardens.
• Each area is separated from the others by "dragon
walls" with undulating gray tiled ridges, each
terminating in a dragon's head.
• Today, Yu Garden occupies an area of 5 Acre and is
divided into six general areas laid out in the Suzhou
style

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Master plan
1 Sansui Hall 16 Dragon Wall 31 Huanlong Bridge
2 Yangshan Hall 17 Dragon Gate 32 Gate to the Inner
Garden
3 Huge Rockery 18 Nine Lion Study 33 Jingguan Hall
4 Corridor for
Approaching the Best
Scenery
19 Huijing Tower 34 Guantao Tower
5 Yule Pavilion 20 Toasting Pavilion 35 Ancient Stage
6 Relaxation Stone Boat 21 Huanyun Rockery 36 Dress Circle
7 Crouching Dragon 22 Laojun Temple 37 Stone Boat
8 Double Lane Corridor 23 Yuhua Hall 38 Stone tablets
9 Wanhua Chamber 24 Exquisite Jade Rock 39 Nine Dragon Pond
10 Dianchun Hall 25 Guyin Cave 40 Sleeping Dragon
11 Ancient Well Pavilion 26 Ting Tao Tower 41 West Gate and Exit
12 Relic Hall 27 Ting Tao Tower
13 Xuepu Study 28 Hanbi Tower
14 Kuailou Pavilion 29 Depository of Books
and Paintings
15 Hexu Hall 30 Deyue Hall

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Zigzag Bridge & Mid-Lake
Pavillion
Entrance
Sansui Hall(Three Corn
Ears)
Yangshan Hall

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Wanhua Chamber Wanhua Chamber
(Ten Thousand Flowers)
Dianchun(spring hall)
Hexu Hall Nine Lion Study Huijing Tower

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• Sansui Hall(Three Corn
Ears)
• Yangshan Hall
The first building you see on
entering is the Sansui Hall. During
the Qing dynasty, this building was
used to hold meetings for state
officials, scholars, and religious
leaders.
Just behind the Sansui Hall,
you find the Yangshan Hall, or
the Mountain View Hall .It is
also called the Happy Fish
Water Side Pavilion.
• Jingguan Hall
The northernmost building is called the
Jingguan Hall, or the Hall of Enjoying
Tranquil Stone Animals , and it is the most
important building in the Inner Garden.It
could be said that the Jingguan Hall was
built for one purpose only – to offer a place
where people could enjoy silence and the
beauty of this artificial mountain.

Here, stands an artificial mountain, called
the Huanyun Rockery.Translated, huanyun means to
wash the clouds. The name is explained when you look
into the pond in front of the mountain and see the
reflections of the sky and the mountain. If the sky is
cloudy, the clouds appear to be floating in the water
around the rocks and the rocks “washing” them!
• Huanyun Rockery • The Yuhua Hall
The Yuhua Hall, or the Hall of Jade Magnificence,
where Pan Yunduan used to read and study.Even
today, the Yuhua Hall is home to a reading room
dating from the Ming dynasty.

• The Three-story Guantao Tower
On the western side of the artificial mountain stands the
highest building in Yuyuan Garden – the three-story Guantao
Tower or the Tower for Enjoying Huangpu Waves.And
during those years the buildings surrounding the garden had
also become higher. So, it was necessary to build it so high
to be able to see over the Huangpu River. A lot of time has
passed since then, today even a 30-story tower wouldn’t
show you the waves on the Huangpu River.
• Ancient Stage
The sixth area also holds the southernmost point of Yuyuan
Garden – a classical Chinese theater, called the Ancient
Stage. The stage was built in 1888 but brought here in 1974
and opened for performances in 1988. It is considered to be
the number one theater stage in China south of the Yangtze
River. Every year, there are performances of classical
Chinese music, huju or the Shanghai opera, and kunqu or the
Kunqu opera.

• Yule Pavilion
This place is the Yule Pavilion or the Pavilion for
Viewing Frolicking Fish. As the name hints, it is
a place designed for watching fish in their
natural element. The name was influenced by the
story of Zhuangzi and Huizi, who reflected on
the trouble-free life of fish.
• The Hanbi Tower
The Hanbi Tower, located at the other end of the
Jade Water Corridor, will likewise offer a
pleasant surprise. Firstly, we have to point out
that it is built out of special nanmu wood
imported from Myanmar, previously known as
Burma. This material was often used in
shipbuilding, but also in housing and carving.

• Huanlong Bridge
It has to be said that the fifth area of Yuyuan
Garden is by far the richest. It also offers the
most complete insight into Chinese culture.
Here, we see artificial mountains and caves,
crafted by masters.
• Nine Dragon Pond
The Nine Dragon Pond with its small waterfall is
a beautiful sight. This represents an effort to
create balance in the garden. The lion and the
dragon, by the way, are the most common
animals in both Chinese architecture and
mythology.

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Yuyuan Garden Circulation
Pattern

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Satellite View Drone View

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Materials
• The garden is constructed with
traditional Chinese building
materials such as timber,
brick, stone, and ceramic
tiles.
• The rocks used in the garden
are mainly limestone and were
brought from Taihu Lake,
which is famous for its unique
and beautiful rock formations.
Taihu Lake
Stone Ceramic Tiles Timber

• On “artificial hills” Piling up of “artificial hills” :
• If a single rock is set upright in the center as the “chief stone” and two
more rocks, known as “split peaks”
• ones are inserted on each side, the single one will stand in solitary
magnificence and the lesser ones will act as supporters”.
• On the use of rocks and water
• “high mounds can be further heightened and low-lying places should be
dug deeper still”
• “water should be allowed to flow freely as if it had no end, and when it
blocks your path, build a bridge across it” ----water comes from nowhere,
and it is endless
• On buildings “Why should all the main halls be built the same
regardless of their location in the garden? Why set up a pavilion on top
of rocks if there is no view from it?”
• Great variety in scenery, encouraged sensitive responses to individual
site conditions, emphasized the importance of irregularity and
asymmetry in design, and prompted elegance and simplicity in
construction.
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Characteristics
• The Yu Yuan Garden is known for its
beautiful rock formations, winding paths,
and unique architecture.
• The garden features several pavilions,
rockeries, and ponds, all arranged in a way
that creates a harmonious balance between
the natural and man-made elements.
• One of the most famous features of the
garden is the Exquisite Jade Rock, a large
natural rock that is said to have been carved
during the Song Dynasty.

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Contribution to Landscape
Architecture:
• The Yu Yuan Garden is an excellent example of
Traditional Chinese garden design and has influenced
many landscape architects around the world.
• Its design philosophy, which emphasizes the harmony
between man and nature, has been incorporated into
many modern landscape designs.
• The garden has also inspired many Chinese poets and
artists, who have used its natural beauty as a source of
inspiration for their work.

Summary
• The Yu Yuan Garden is not only a
popular tourist attraction but also an
important cultural landmark in China.
• It is a symbol of China's rich history
and architectural heritage and has
played an important role in preserving
Chinese culture.
• The garden has also helped to boost
the local economy by attracting
tourists from around the world, who
come to admire its natural beauty and
learn about Chinese culture and
history.
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