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- 5. Laser Remote Sensing1st Edition Takashi Fujii Digital Instant Download Author(s): Takashi Fujii, Tetsuo Fukuchi ISBN(s): 9780824742560, 0824742567 Edition: 1 File Details: PDF, 19.08 MB Year: 2005 Language: english
- 7. Laser Remote Sensing editedby Takashi Fujii Central Research Institute of Electrical Power Industry Tokyo, Japan Tetsuo Fukuchi Central Research Institute of Electrical Power Industry Tokyo, Japan Boca Raton London New York Singapore A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
- 8. Published in 2005by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8247-4256-7 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8247-4256-0 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Taylor & Francis Group is the Academic Division of T&F Informa plc.
- 9. Preface With growing interestin the earth’s atmospheric environ- ment, measurement of aerosols, water vapor, clouds, winds, trace constituents, and temperature have increasingly become important for understanding the complex mechanisms that govern the atmosphere. Range-resolved measurements, which are frequently necessary for comparison with atmos- pheric model studies, can be most conveniently and efficiently performed by a laser remote sensor (lidar), which can, in principle, provide four-dimensional (space and time) maps of these quantities. The last definitive book on lidar, Laser Remote Sensing by R. M. Measures, was published in 1984. Although the fundamentals and theory of operation remain since un- changed, numerous new technologies have emerged in lasers and optoelectronics, some of which have been successfully applied to lidar and have made large contributions to the development of novel lidar systems. Most notably, the wide range of solid-state laser sources that have recently become available has extended the probing wavelength range into the infrared and also made possible the development of more compact systems suitable for airborne or spaceborne plat- forms. The recent progress in ultrafast laser technology also offers an interesting new tool for atmospheric probing. Although information on the recent progress in lidar technol- ogy and atmospheric applications can be found in numerous journal articles and conference proceedings, there has been no work summarizing the recent advances and achievements in a comprehensive format. iii
- 10. The aim ofthis book is to provide an up-to-date, compre- hensive review of lidar, focusing mainly on applications to current topics in atmospheric science. The scope of the book includes laser remote sensing of the atmosphere, includ- ing measurement of aerosols, water vapor, clouds, winds, trace constituents, and temperature. In addition, other inter- esting applications such as vegetation monitoring and altime- try are also covered. The lidar systems described herein include ground-based (fixed or mobile), airborne, and space- borne (satellite based) systems. Emphasis is placed on instru- mentation and measurement techniques, to enable the reader to understand what kind of lidar system is necessary for a particular application. The individual chapters are self-contained and written by authors who are outstanding experts in their fields. Chapter 1 is an introductory chapter presenting brief basics of lidar as well as a summary of each chapter. Chapter 2 presents the newest lidar technology, using an ultrafast laser. Chapter 3 presents Mie lidar measurements of aerosols and clouds in the troposphere. Chapter 4 presents trace gas species measurements by different absorption lidars in the troposphere as well as the pump and probe OH lidar. Chapter 5 presents the measurements of temperature, wind, and constituent structures such as metal layers and polar mesospheric clouds in the middle and upper atmosphere by resonance fluorescence lidar and Rayleigh lidar. Chapter 6 presents fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging of lidar tar- gets such as marine, terrestrial vegetation, and facades of historical buildings. Chapter 7 presents wind measurements by coherent and direct detection Doppler wind lidars. Chap- ters 8 and 9 present various lidar measurements from air- borne and space-based platforms, respectively. Selected figures in color representing a wealth of information that can be obtained by lidar are collected in a color insert. The book is intended for scientists, researchers, and stu- dents who are interested in the atmospheric environment and wish to learn about the measurement capabilities of state-of-the-art lidar systems. However, because the book only briefly covers the fundamentals, the reader is expected iv Preface
- 11. to be familiarwith lidar theory and operation, as described in Measures’ book. We would like to thank each of the authors of the chap- ters for their outstanding contributions to this book. We also thank the staff of CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Inc., for their collaboration and patience during the production of this book. Takashi Fujii Tetsuo Fukuchi Tokyo, Japan Preface v
- 13. Contributors Farzin Amzajerdian Lidar ApplicationsGroup NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia R. Bourayou Lidar Applications Group Institut für Experimentalphysik Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany Edward V. Browell Lidar Applications Group NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia Bertrand Calpini Air Pollution Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Switzerland Presently at Measurement Teet Department Aerological Station Payerne Payerne, Switzerland Xinzhao Chu Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois S. Frey Lidar Applications Group Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire Université Claude Bernard Villeurbanne Cedex, France Phillip Gatt Coherent Technologies Inc. Louisville, Connecticut William B. Grant Lidar Applications Group NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia Presently at Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Center SUNARC San Francisco, California Sammy W. Henderson Coherent Technologies Inc. Louisville, California R. Milton Huffaker Coherent Technologies Inc. Louisville, Connecticut vii
- 14. Syed Ismail Lidar ApplicationsGroup Atmospheric Sciences Research NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia Jerome Kasparian Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire Université Claude Bernard Villeurbanne Cedex, France Michael J. Kavaya NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia J. C. Luderer Lidar Applications Group Institut für Experimentalphysik Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany G. Méjean Lidar Applications Group Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire Université Claude Bernard Villeurbanne Cedex, France George C. Papen Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign Urbana, IL Presently at Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California at San Diego La Jolla, California David Rees Hovemere Ltd Arctic House Kent, United Kingdom M. Rodriguez Institut für Experimentalphysik Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany E. Salmon Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire Université Claude Bernard Villeurbanne Cedex, France Valentin Simeonov Air Pollution Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland Upendra N. Singh NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia Sune Svanberg Department of Physics Lund Institute of Technology Lund, Sweden Nobuo Tekeuchi Center for Environmental Remote Sensing Cheba University Cheba, Japan Claus Weitkamp Institut für Küstenforschung / Physikalische und Chemische Analytik Geesthacht, Germany viii List of Contributors
- 15. H. Wille Institut für Experimentalphysik,Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany David M. Winker NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia J.-P. Wolf Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire Université Claude Bernard Villeurbanne Cedex, France L. Wöste Institut für Experimentalphysik Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany J. Yu Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire Université Claude Bernard Villeurbanne Cedex, France List of Contributors ix
- 17. Contents Chapter 1 Lidar:Introduction.............................................. 1 Claus Weitkamp Chapter 2 Femtosecond White-Light Lidar....................... 37 J. Kasparian, R. Bourayou, S. Frey, J. C. Luderer, G. Méjean, M. Rodriguez, E. Salmon, H. Wille, J. Yu, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Wöste Chapter 3 Elastic Lidar Measurement of the Troposphere........................................................................ 63 Nobuo Takeuchi Chapter 4 Trace Gas Species Detection in the Lower Atmosphere by Lidar: From Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Pollutants to Possible Air Pollution Abatement Strategies................................ 123 Bertrand Calpini and Valentin Simeonov Chapter 5 Resonance Fluorescence Lidar for Measurements of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere ...................................................................... 179 Xinzhao Chu and George C. Papen Chapter 6 Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Imaging of Lidar Targets................................................................ 433 Sune Svanberg xi
- 18. Chapter 7 WindLidar....................................................... 469 Sammy W. Henderson, Philip Gatt, David Rees, and R. Milton Huffaker Chapter 8 Airborne Lidar Systems.................................. 723 Edward V. Browell, William B. Grant, and Syed Ismail Chapter 9 Space-Based Lidar........................................... 781 Upendra N. Singh, Syed Ismail, Michael J. Kavaya, David M. Winker, Farzin Amzajerdian Index .................................................................................... 883 xii Contents
- 19. 1 Lidar: Introduction CLAUS WEITKAMP Institutfür Küstenforschung, GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Geesthacht, Germany 1. Introduction ...................................................................... 2 1.1. From Visual Perception to Lidar .......................... 2 1.2. What This Book Does Not Consider ..................... 3 1.3. How It All Began................................................... 5 1.4. Lidar Literature and Information Dissemination........................................................ 6 1.5. What a Lidar Is ..................................................... 7 1.6. The Lidar Return Signal and Lidar Equation ..... 8 1.7. Atmospheric Parameters that Can be Measured ........................................................ 12 1.8. Interaction Processes Used................................. 13 1.9. Lidar Systematics................................................ 16 1
- 20. 1.10. Lidars Consideredin This Book ......................... 17 Chapter 2: Femtosecond White-Light Lidar ...... 19 Chapter 3: Elastic Lidar Measurement of the Troposphere............................................... 21 Chapter 4: Trace Gas Species Detection in the Lower Atmosphere by Lidar .................... 22 Chapter 5: Resonance Fluorescence Lidar for Measurements of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere.......................................................... 23 Chapter 6: Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Imaging of Lidar Targets............................. 24 Chapter 7: Wind Lidar........................................ 26 Chapter 8: Airborne Lidar Systems ................... 28 Chapter 9: Space-Based Lidar............................ 29 1.11. Lidar Guidelines ................................................. 30 References.............................................................................. 32 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. From Visual Perception to Lidar Sensual perception of remote objects by processing of radia- tive stimuli is a capability widely encountered in animals. Humans perceive only passively, that is, see and hear objects that either radiate themselves or scatter and retransmit radi- ation from an external source. Some animals can locate ob- jects actively as well, using optical or acoustical radiation they generate on purpose. Several species of fish literally carry lanterns. Horses and elephants are known to utilize active acoustic means for orientation in complete darkness. Bats use it to locate and catch prey. Man has been using illumination with visible light from artificial sources for active optical detection of objects. Dis- tance is inferred stereoscopically, that is, from the slightly different images obtained at the viewing angles of the two eyes, by mental construction, from two two-dimensional im- ages, of a three-dimensional geometric relationship between different parts of the scene, or, for more remote objects, from the decrease of visual contrast. 2 Weitkamp
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- 22. Satan, having placedthe bottle and jar on the deck, produced another glass from his pocket, filled out a four-finger peg for Cleary and another for himself. “Here’s luck,” said Cleary. “Here’s luck—no spittin’!” They drained glasses. “Holy Mike!” cried Cleary, his eyes bulging and his face injected. “What sorter bug-water’s this?” “British Navy; thirty over proof.” Cleary, with one eye shut, seemed turning over in his mind the activities going on in his stomach and on the whole approving. “Well,” said he, “I’ve drunk wasp brandy and one or two nigger dopes—they don’t get near it, not in knots. A man’d want to be a centipede to carry a bottle of that stuff, I reckon. N’more, thanky. Well, I’m off, and I’ll fly a flag when Cark gives the signal he’s got the stuff ready for the fuse.” Off he went. “For the land’s sake, Satan! what made you swallow that stuff for?” said Jude. Satan took his seat on the skylight edge, then he gulped, then he hiccupped. “Get your hind legs under you and cart the bottle and the glasses down below,” said Satan. “Strewth!—gimme the water jar till I flood my hold.” He drank till Ratcliffe thought he would never stop, then he went to the port rail and canceled matters. “It’s Demerara Black John,” said he apologetically to Ratcliffe as he turned, wiping his mouth with the back of his hand. “Some likes it, but I’ve no holdin’ with drink.”
- 23. Ratcliffe was aboutto ask why he had swallowed it, but he checked himself. Jude, who had just appeared again, put the question. “What in the nation made you drink that snake-juice?” asked Jude. Satan took a glance at the sun, at the reef, and at the Juan. “Now then,” said he, “finish up clarin’ away that raffle and get the dinner ready; I’ve no time to be talkin’.” He set to sand and canvassing the rail he had been working on when Cleary appeared, Jude and Ratcliffe took up their jobs, and the ordinary life of the Sarah resumed as though the rum incident had never been. All the same, work could not prevent Ratcliffe from pondering the dark problem of Satan and his doings. Why had he not put out an anchor light last night? Why had he pretended to Sellers that he was short of oil? Why had he swallowed a glass of rum only to unswallow it again? Then in the monotony of work his mind passed from these considerations to a state of pleasant expectancy. What would they find in the wreck, and the explosion of the barrel of powder, how would it come off? He felt as pleased as a boy about to fire a brass cannon and not sure whether it will burst or not.
- 24. CHAPTER XXV THEY FIRETHE FUSE Satan used a modification of the deck bear for cleaning his decks; that is to say, a box filled with stones having a rough mat nailed under it. The deck having been sprinkled with sand, the bear had to be pulled backward and forward after the fashion of a carpet sweeper. This was Ratcliffe’s job, and he was not sorry when it was over. Dinner was served at eight bells, and getting along toward one o’clock the Natchez and Juan were flying all sorts of flags on the tepid breeze as a signal, evidently, that it was time to get to business. Ratcliffe made out the red and white flag indicating H, the triangular blue with the white ball, the red cross on a white ground, and the white with the blue square,—H. D. V. S. “What are they trying to say?” he asked. “Oh, them flags,” replied Satan. “They’re not tryin’ to say anythin’, only flyin’ to show time’s up. Cark hasn’t got a full set of the c’mercial code; wouldn’t know how to use them, neither. Now if you’re ready we’ll put off. Jude will stick here to keep ship.” Jude protested. “Why, you’ll see the blow-up from here a durned sight better than from the boat,” said Satan. “I want to see her innards when the deck’s off,” said Jude.
- 25. “Why, Lord blessme! you’ll have days to see them in,” said Satan, “and there’s no knowin’ what may happen when the blow-up comes, what with flyin’ timbers and muck. I’ll come back and bring you off when the powder’s fired. I can’t say fairer than that.” They got into the dinghy and shoved off, Jude watching them. Sellers was waiting for them on the reef, and Cleary. Their boats were on the strip of beach surrounded by the crews, and a couple of fellows on the wreck were putting the last touches to the preparation of the charge. Sellers was holding what seemed a length of thick white cord in his hand. “Here’s the fuse,” said he. “I had it left over with the barrel from that last wrecking business we did in the fall. It’s a five-minutes’ fuse.” “Oh, is it?” said Satan, handling the thing. “And where’s your guarantee? S’posin’ it only takes a minute? And five minutes is none too much for the man that fires it to get clear of the reef and put out.” “That’s true,” said Sellers, “and one of you will have to do the firin’ business, seein’ I’m lame.” “What’s lamed you?” “Fell on the deck this mornin’ over a slush tub one of them damn dagoes left lyin’ in the dark. Near put my knee out.” “Then Cleary will do the trick,” said Satan. Cleary laughed. “Not me! I’m not lame, but it ain’t my job. Runnin’ over rocks don’t suit me, and I reckon the man that lays a light to that thing will want to be a boundin’ kangaroo.” “Instead of a damned ass like y’self,” said Satan. “Come on. I’ll light it, I’m not afeard.” They clambered over the rocks, crossed the rock bridge, and gained the wreck.
- 26. The little barrelhad been well and truly laid, the top almost flush with the level of the stuff covering the deck. “We got right through the deck plankin’,” said Sellers, “or to a crossbeam. Wood’s most dry-rotted, and it’ll be a nacheral mercy if the powder don’t blow the whole coffee shop to blazes right down to the reef. Here’s the hole for the fuse.” While they were examining the fuse-hole, Ratcliffe took notice of the cuts radiating starlike from the charge-hole that had been made in the deck-casing. When he turned again, Satan, with the aid of Sellers, had fixed the fuse. The Spanish sailors who had been at work had taken their departure and were already down by the boats, leaving only four men on the wreck,—Satan, Sellers, Cleary and himself. Satan rose up, clapped the knees of his trousers as if to knock dust off them, and produced a yellow box of Swedish matches from his pocket. “Look here!” said Ratcliffe. “It’s not fair. Let’s draw lots who’ll fire the thing.” “Not me,” said Satan. “I wouldn’t trust one of them two with a box of matches, let alone a dollar. Now then, scatter for the boats!” Then to Ratcliffe, as Sellers and Cleary made off, “Stand by ready to shove the dinghy off when you see me coming.” “All right,” said the other; “but I’ll stick by you if you like.” “I reckon two don’t run quicker than one,” said Satan. “Off with you, and, if I’m blown to blazes, look after the kid.” When Ratcliffe reached the strip of beach the boats of the Juan and Natchez had shoved off. He could see the figure of Carquinez at the after rail of the Juan and Jude watching from the Sarah. He pulled the dinghy down a bit more to the water and then, turning, looked at the wreck.
- 27. Satan was standingagainst the skyline, now he was down on his knees, and now he was up again. The fuse had evidently been fired, but he did not move; stood evidently looking to see that it was burning properly, and then moved off, walking, not running, and not even hurrying himself. Then he came clambering over the rocks, reached the dinghy, and they pushed off. “Well, you are a cool chap,” said Ratcliffe. “I’d have run.” “And broke your leg, maybe. There’s no danger unless a spark got at the powder. The durned thing was sparkin’ and spittin’ like all possessed when I left it. I reckon that’s why Sellers got cold feet. We’re out far enough now.” He ceased rowing, and they hung drifting. Ratcliffe looked round. The other boats were much farther out. The tepid wind had almost died off, so that the flags on the Juan and Natchez hung in wisps. They could hear the wash of the water on the reef and the occasional lamentation of a gull. No other sound broke the silence of the blue and gorgeous afternoon. “Seems like as if everything was listenin’, don’t it?” said Satan, wiping his forehead. “The bust ought to have come by this. Wonder if the durned thing has fizzled out?” A gull made derisive answer and across the satin smooth swell a hail came from the Juan. “That’s Cark,” said Satan, “makin’ kind inquiries, blister him!” “There she goes!” cried Ratcliffe. A jet of flame and a column of smoke sprang from the reef, followed by a clap of thunder that could have been heard at Rum Cay. Flying filth and deck planking filled the air, and on top of all came the yelling of a thousand gulls.
- 28. The dinghy jumpedas though from the blow of a great fist— then silence, and over the reef a filthy dun-colored cloud of smoke curling upward like a djin. Satan seized the sculls and headed for the beach. The boats of the Juan and Natchez, already under way, were rowing as if for a wager, but the dinghy had the lead. They beached her, hauled her up a foot, and started over the rocks, running this time, heedless of broken limbs, Satan leading like the bounding kangaroo of Cleary’s and whooping as he went. The rock bridge was still intact, but nearly the whole of the after part of the deck was gone. “Go careful!” cried Satan. He got down on hands and knees and, crawling, followed by Ratcliffe, leaned over the break and looked. Ratcliffe cried out in horror.
- 29. CHAPTER XXVI THE CARGO Inthat vast and gloomy interior the great beams showed like the ribs of some eviscerated monster and the honest light of day fell sick upon the cargo,—a cargo of skulls, ribs, vertebræ, and entire skeletons, piled high, as though five hundred men had struggled aft for exit in one mad rush and died heaped one upon the other like refuse. A charnel, limy smell rose, poisoning the air. “Good God!” said Ratcliffe. “Slaver,” said Satan. “What did I tell you? Nombre de Dios be sugared! She’s an old slaver, wrecked with the men under hatches. Here’s Sellers!” Sellers, panting, his face all mottled, and followed by Cleary, had gained the deck. “Boys, what is it?” cried Sellers. “Gold!” cried Satan. “Go careful, for the hull deck’s sprung. Get on your hands and knees. Gold bars an’ di’monds—we’re all rich men!” The pair of scoundrels, crawling like crabs, stuck their heads over the break. “Oh, hell!” said Sellers. “Slaver,” said Satan. Cleary spat. He was the first to laugh.
- 30. “This is puttingit over on Cark, ain’t it?” said Cleary. “How many dollars d’you think it’s cost our firm to blow the lid off this damned scrofagus, to say nothin’ of the time? And he packed me off to Pensacola to get me out of the way! Oh, send for him to have a look!” “No use sendin’, he’s comin’,” said Satan, pointing to where the gig of the Juan was approaching the beach. Carquinez crossed the rock bridge and advanced along the deck, clutching his old coat together and making birdlike noises. When he reached the break, crouching like the others, he looked over. The sight below did not seem to horrify him. “Slaver,” said Satan for the third time, turning his head for a moment from the objects that seemed to fascinate him. “Pst, pst, pst!” said Carquinez. “Vel, I reckon dat is so.” “No gold ship,” said Sellers. “Maybe there was gold in the after-cabin,” suddenly broke in Cleary, “and the niggers broke through the bulkhead and are on top of it.” “Where’s your bulkheads?” asked Sellers. “There was no after- cabin to the hooker. It was all one cattle boat below, with niggers for cattle.” “That is so,” said Carquinez. The old gentleman seemed taking his setback extraordinarily well; so, too, seemed Sellers and Cleary. They were evidently used to reverses in business, and treasure hunting was wildcat anyway, a thousand to one against the chance of a colossal fortune. “That is so,” said Carquinez. Then he proceeded to demonstrate what the hold of a slaver was like,—men lying side by side and sometimes on top of one another. There was no after-cabin, indeed nothing, no latrines, no means of washing, nothing: just one vast sty without straw even for the human beasts to lie on.
- 31. The officers andcrew slept in deckhouses; sometimes the crew had nothing to shelter them, sleeping on the bare decks. Carquinez knew it all. His grandfather had been in the business, and he mentioned the fact with a sort of pride. Then he drew back from the break like a reptile balked and retreating; rose to his feet, and stood contemplating the sea. Satan rose also, as did Ratcliffe. “I’m off,” said Satan. “This boneyard don’t please me any. Say, what you goin’ to do?” “Von moment,” said Cark. “Which?” asked Satan. “Cark means how about the contrac’?” said Sellers. “Which way?” “Lord! Why, we’re left, left with a cargo of skelentons, and you— why, you’ve got a thousand dollars in your pocket.” “There was nothin’ in the contrac’ about handin’ them back,” said Satan; “b’sides the contrac’s bust. That thousand dollars was on account of findin’s. Is it my fault the findin’s is skelentons? But, see here, you give’s a few hours to turn the thing over, and come aboard the Sarah gettin’ along sundown, and we’ll have a clack. We’re all in the soup, seems to me, and I’m not wishin’ to be hard on you.” “We’ll drop aboard,” said Sellers. Cleary said nothing. After his outburst of laughter he had remained dumb. “Well, I’m off,” said Satan. “I want a drink and that’s the truth. The smell of them skelentons’s enough to start a Baptis’ minister on the booze.” Then he turned to Carquinez. “What did I tell you, sittin’ in your cabin? Told you I didn’t bank on this business, maybe you’ll remember that. Blast treasure liftin’! Leavin’ salvage aside, have you ever seen an ounce of gold raised in all these years? There was a
- 32. hundred million lyin’off Dry Tortugas—did they ever get it? How many ships has been down to Trinidad huntin’ for the pirates’ gold? Knight was the last man there—a lot he made of it! It’s only the chaps that sell locations to mugs that make money over this business, it’s my b’lief. Well, see you aboard later on.” Off he went, Ratcliffe following. As they came alongside the Sarah, Jude was hanging over the rail. “What’s the luck?” cried Jude as they came aboard. “Skelentons,” said Satan, “shipload of skulls an’ cross-bones. Slaver, that’s what she was; dead men’s bones, that’s your treasure.” “Lord! And I’ve never seen them!” “Well, there’s nothin’ much to see,” said Satan, with the irritating nonchalance of the one who has seen the show; “ain’t worth the trouble of lookin’.” “I want to see them skelentons,” said Jude. “Tell you they ain’t wuth lookin’ at!” “I want to see them—” “Oh, well then, tumble into the boat, tumble into the boat, and I’ll row you over.” Ratcliffe watched while the dinghy passed over to the reef. He saw Jude on the wreck, kneeling and poring over the cargo, held, evidently, by the fascination that lies for youth in the horrible. Then they returned, and Satan ordered the dinghy to be taken on board. “Are you going to put out now?” asked Ratcliffe. “Put out!” said Satan, with a grin. “Why, I’ve asked those fellers to come aboard gettin’ on for sundown, and whether or no if I raised a foot of chain they’d be on me with the first click of the windlass. I tell you we’re in a tight place! Cleary said nothin’, you noticed that,
- 33. but he’s goin’to have his forty dollars back if he knows how, and Sellers is the same,—he wants his thousand. We’re held for one thousand and forty dollars, and we’re not strong enough to fight them.” “Well, see here,” said the peacemaker. “Pay them. I’ll stand the racket. It’s only a little over two hundred pounds, and I’ll give you a check.” “You don’t get me,” said Satan. “It’s not the dollars I’m thinkin’ of so much as the game. Cark played me a low-down trick lightin’ out for here to scoop the boodle, and Cleary laughed at me with his old cod boat outsailin’ us. They’ve got to pay. B’sides, if I was to hand over that money, I’d never be able to show my nose again in Havana.” “How so?” “Why, them two would put the laugh on me, and it’d be ‘what price skelentons’ wherever I went, see? I’d be the mug then. They’re the mugs now, seem’ they’ve paid a thousand and forty for what they’ve got.” “I see. But considering that they’ll be after you if you move, and that we’re not strong enough to fight them, what’s to be done?” “Well,” said Satan, “when they come aboard it’ll be either to get the dollars back or fight. You’ve noticed I asked them to come, seein’ they’d have come whether I asked them or not. Well, if I can foozle them into hanging on for their answer till tomorrow, I’ll give them the slip tonight. Moon’s not up till late.” “But they’ll hear you getting the anchor up and handling the sails!” “Not with an ear trumpet,” said Satan, “if I can only foozle them into waitin’ till tomorrow. Now then, Jude, lend a hand with the dinghy.”
- 34. CHAPTER XXVII CROCKERY WARE Anhour before sunset, Jude, on the lookout, gave the alarm. “Sellers’s getting ready to come off,” she cried. Satan’s head appeared at the cabin hatch. “Sure?” “The boat’s alongside the Juan full of dagoes, and Sellers and Cleary’s gettin’ in.” “Where did you stick that bottle of nose-paint?” “Starboard forward locker.” “One minute.” In a minute the head reappeared and an arm holding the rum bottle. “Now, mind you, I’m drunk,” said Satan, “fightin’ drunk, not to be disturbed on no account. They can call again tomorrow morning.” He smashed the rum bottle on the deck. “Leave the pieces lyin’.” He vanished. Jude looked at Ratcliffe and grinned. “Rub your nose and pretend to be cryin’,” came a voice from below. “What for should I be cryin’?” answered Jude.
- 35. “God A’mighty! I’llshow you if I get on deck! Ain’t I drunk and cuttin’ up? What else would you be doin’? I’ll larn you!” A smash of crockery came from below that made the housekeeper spring to the cabin skylight. “Quit foolin’,” cried she. “I’m willin’ to rub the damn nose off my head, but stop smashin’ the plates—what have you broke?” Another plate went. “I’m rubbin’.” “Here they are!” cried Ratcliffe. Jude’s nose did not seem to want any rubbing, nor her face. Descended from generations of crockery worshipers and careful housewives, instinctively hating Cleary, Sellers, Cark, and all their belongings, feeling with perfect illogic that they had been done out of the treasure by the “skelentons” somehow through Cark, she was convincing. Satan with rare art had worked her up to the part. She was not crying: her mind was raging above tears. “Hullo, Kid!” cried Sellers, as the boat ground alongside and a filthy ruffian with a handkerchief twisted round his head clawed on with a boathook. “What’s the matter, Kid? What’s up with you? Where’s Satan?” “Who’re you kiddin’?” cried Jude, as Sellers came aboard, followed by Cleary. “Where the hull are your fenders? Comin’ cuttin’ the paint off, you and your skullintons! Where’s Satan? He’s down below drunk as Billy be damn and cuttin’ the lights out of the ship.” “He’s been at the eyewash I was tellin’ you of,” said Cleary. “Look, he’s broke a bottle of it. Lord! don’t the place stink?” “Well, drunk or sober, he’s got to bail up,” said Sellers. “It’s my belief he’s been spoofin’ us all along.” “Spoofin’ who?” cried Jude. “Cark an’ me.”
- 36. “Cark an’ you—thatold leather face an’ you! Satan been spoofin’ you—pair of yeggmen! Satan’s straight, the on’y straight man in Havana! Get off this ship! Come in the mornin’ if you want to try an’ rob him. Off with you now!” “Why,” cried Sellers, half laughing, half angry, “what’s the matter with the kid? What’s gingerin’ you up?” The answer came from another smashed plate below. Jude made one spring for a deck-mop standing handy, twirled it so that the water sprayed from it in a rainbow, and brought it to the charge. Cleary slipped over the rail. “Off with you!” cried Jude. “Put down that mop!” cried Sellers, now suddenly furious. “Put down that mop, you braying little bitch! Go’n get inter your petticoats! You ain’t a boy! I never b’lieved it, not for the last six months, an’ now I know. You’ve give yourself away proper. Why, look at you, as round as a tub—you’re a wumman!” Ratcliffe looked on horrified. Jude, flushed and bright-eyed, had somehow revealed her sex. In her excitement she looked for a moment almost beautiful. Her tongue had done the rest. The smashing of the plates had brought the woman out of her as a conjurer brings a rabbit out of a hat. “Put down that mop!” Jude from rose color had turned awfully white; then with the élan and dash of a gamecock she charged. The wet swab hit the ruffian full in his flat face, and he fell on the deck with a bang. In a second he was up and scrambling over the rail. Again she charged, the swab meeting him this time full on his stem and sending him over into the boat like a bag of oats. A slush tub, fortunately half-full, and marked by her prescient mind, was her next weapon. The contents caught Cleary full in the
- 37. face, and asthe boat made off, the oars, all at sixes and sevens, wildly rowing, she pursued it with the battery of her tongue till it was out of range. Then she broke down and cried, sniffed, with her arm hiding her face, and then flushed, like a thing of shame dived below. Ratcliffe knew. Her sex proclaimed aloud by the shameless Sellers was as a garment stripped off her publicly. On the very first day Satan had stated her case and she didn’t mind, though he, Ratcliffe, had been a stranger; but it was different now, somehow. It was as if the end of her boyhood had come. Sellers would no doubt proclaim the fact in Havana. He heard voices from below. “I don’t care if I’d killed him! Wish’t I had! Lea’ me alone—for two cents I’d go drown myself! Look at them plates! You’ve broke the two blue pattern ones an’ the chaney one with the bird on it, the best we had, an’ not a cracked one touched! Hain’t you no sense?” “Never you mind; I’ll get you some more.” “I’m not wanting more. Them plates were mother’s—much you care! I’ve gone as careful as walking on eggs with them, and now they’re broke an’ the old Delf’ ones left. If you must be breaking and cutting up, couldn’t you a broke the cracked ones? An’ where’s the sense in breaking them anyhow?” “Waal, I reckoned it’d liven you up hearin’ the crockery goin’.” “Liven me up! Makes me believe you have been getting at the rum to hear you talk. Where’s the sense in all your doings,—ship stinking of drink and all the crockery broke, and what’s the use?” “I’ll show you after dark. I tell you I want to get away from those thugs, and if I hadn’t headed them off pretendin’ to be drunk they’d have gone through me.” “Well, they’ll go through you right enough tomorrow morning.”
- 38. “No, they won’t.” “Whichway?” “I’ll be gone.” “Gone! Why, first click of the windlass and they’ll be aboard us.” “You leave it to me.” “Well, I wish we’d have went before you broke them plates.” “Oh, cuss the plates!” “Easy to say that. It makes me just nacheral wild to see that old Delf’ plate starin’ me in the face, round and sound, and the blue pattern ones gone.” Silence for a moment, at the end of which Satan’s head and bust appeared at the cabin hatch. He winked at Ratcliffe, and pointed backward with his thumb and down below, as if indicating the domestic trouble. “There’s no sign of them swabs comin’ off again?” asked he. “No,” said Ratcliffe. “They seem to have had enough of it.” The rum bottle had broken fairly in two without splinters. “You might heave the bottle over, like a good one,” said Satan. “I can’t show on deck for fear of those shrimps seein’ me. It’ll be dark in an hour, and then I’ll be up. You can wait for your supper till we get away?” “Oh, yes,” said Ratcliffe; “I’m in no hurry.”
- 39. CHAPTER XXVIII TIDE ANDCURRENT He lit a pipe. Having disposed of the fragments of the bottle, he got the mop and a bucket of water and swabbed the rum-stained deck. Then he took his seat forward and watched the sunset. The great sun, half-shorn of his beams and bulging broad as Jupiter, lolled above the reef in a sky of laburnum gold fading to aquamarine. Gulls, dark as withered leaves, blew about him, and shifting here and there to north and south became gulls of gold, while the wind blowing up from the gulf and the westward running current, meeting the last of the flood, broke the sea surface into a million tiny dancing waves, momentary mirrors dazzling the eye with shattered light. Lone Reef seemed well named. Dawn or sunset or the blaze of full day could not take from its desolation, and this evening the sinister line of the wreck dominated everything, turning the blaze of sunset to the light of a funeral pyre. The Sarah, moving to the swell, creaked and whimpered, and now and then from below he could hear voices,—Jude’s voice and the voice of Satan. Beyond that came the murmur of the reef and the clang of the gulls, and now and again a snatch of Spanish song from the Juan. Then the sun passed below the reef, the tide began to draw out, and the Sarah, swinging to it, brought to his view the Juan and the Natchez, ships of dusk in a world of dusk powdered with star dust.
- 40. Presently a lightwas run up on the Natchez, then the Juan put up her riding light, then Satan appeared, a dusky form, rising from the cabin hatch and followed by Jude. They came forward. Jude squatted on the deck, and Satan drew close to Ratcliffe. “Now, if them skunks had any sense in their skulls, they’d stick out a guard boat,” said Satan; “but I’ve fair put the hood on them, I b’lieve, and they’ve never saw what I was after, pretendin’ I had no oil for an anchor light. Why, they are only fit to be put out to nuss! Half an hour more and we’ll be off.” “How are you going to do it?” “Knock the shackle off the anchor chain an’ let her drift. Tide an’ current is runnin’ four knots.” “But even without the anchor light they’ll be able to see us by the stars.” “Lord bless you! at this distance they won’t be able to see mor’n a glimpse of us. We’ll go so gradual they won’t notice. If they keep a lookout at all,—which they won’t, ten to one,—he’ll see us by believin’ we’re there.” “Lord! I’d love to see their faces in the morning!” murmured Jude. “But won’t they go for you when we get back to Havana?” asked Ratcliffe. “Not they,” said Satan. “They’ll say nothin’, seein’ as how they’re done and the laugh’s against them. Why, Cark will respect me more for this job than if I’d run straight with him over the biggest deal. If it’d been the other way about and he’d pulled the dollars off me, I’d have been nowhere with him. Mind you out here, if I was to stick here till tomorrow, they’d be aboard and maybe manhandling us if I didn’t bail up; but back in Havana the thing will be closed and the accounts wrote off.”
- 41. The sound ofa guitar came through the dusk, crossing the warm wind, the lazy, languorous wind of a perfect summer’s night. Seville, which he had never seen, rose before Ratcliffe, firefly-haunted orange groves, lovely women all skewered together by the remembered words of a ribald song. “When I was a student at Cadiz!” “There goes old Catguts,” said Satan. “He’s the band aboard the Juan,—Antonio, Alonzo, Alphonso—damn his name!” “It ain’t,” said Jude. “It’s that old copper-patch Cleary’s got with him. I’ve heard him in harbor. I gave him a plug of tobacco once for getting me some bait, and he showed me the thing. It’s got a crack in it or suthin’, and makes a noise like a skeeter in a jug,—kind a fizzin’ noise between the plonks. He’s got an ulster on his leg so’s you can see the bone. He took off the rags an’ showed me—he’s a Portugee.” “Well, it’s time to get busy,” said Satan. “Here, h’ist yourself and lend a hand!” Ratcliffe got more forward while they knocked the shackle off the chain. There came a splash. Then the meeting resumed. “If they heard that splash,” said Satan, “they’d put it down to a fish jumpin’. Now you watch them lights.” Ratcliffe watched the amber lights of the Natchez and Juan. They did not seem to alter position in the least. In the first of the starlight and the last of the dusk the spars and hulls of the two vessels could just be made out. Then presently he saw that the lights had drawn a bit more aft and seemed closer together. The feel of the Sarah was different too, she moved more freely to the swell. The sound of the guitar seemed slightly fainter. Now and then the beguiling sea would give the Sarah a little slap, no louder than the slap of a girl’s hand, on the low planking as
- 42. if joking withher over some secret shared in common. Yes, the sound of the guitar was fainter, much fainter, and the spars and hulls of the vessels now invisible as though they had been dissolved in the gloom. The anchor lights alone marked their places. “We’re all right now,” said Satan; “but I’ll give them another five minutes. Got the matches for the binnacle light?” “Yes,” said Jude. Five minutes passed, then they got the canvas on her, and Satan, at the wheel, taking his bearings from the far-off lights of the betrayed ones, turned the spokes. “Where are you going to sail for?” asked Ratcliffe. “Cormorant Cay,” said Satan. “I’ve a fancy to look at that place.”
- 43. CHAPTER XXIX SATAN INPARADISE He had divided Ratcliffe and Jude into watches, port and starboard. Jude turned in first, relieving him somewhere about two in the morning. At six, when Ratcliffe turned out and came on deck, he found Satan at the wheel, relinquished by Jude, and day pursuing the Sarah across a wrinkled sea of tourmaline and hinted blue. Away ahead somewhere to the south lay Cormorant Cay, the true tomb, if the chart indications were correct, of the Nombre de Dios. A strong sailing wind was blowing, and Satan gave their speed at seven knots. He refused to hand over the wheel. “I’ve had a snooze on deck,” said he, “while the kid took charge. We’re nearly sixty miles south of Lone, and if this wind holds will be on to Cormorant somewhere about eight bells.” “Not a sign of those chaps,” said Ratcliffe, looking back over the sea, clear of Cleary and Sellers and their dirty crowd. “Naw; they’ll be just about rousin’ up now and rubbin’ their eyes.” “You don’t think they’ll try to follow us?” “Not likely, I don’t think. They’re wastin’ time and money if they cruise after us. Cark’s got his business in Havana to attend to, and Cleary’s the same. What’s gettin’ me is the fac’ that Sellers has
- 44. spotted the kidfor what she is. It’ll be all over Havana, and she knows it.” “Well, it had to come out some time.” “Maybe.” “Look here, Satan!” said Ratcliffe. “I’ve been thinking a lot about the girl and what’s to become of her. She can’t go on as she is. We must fix up something.” “That’s easy said.” “Well, I’ve grown fonder of her than any person I’ve ever met, that’s the truth. There’s no one like her; she’s gold right through.” “She ain’t bad.” “This sort of thing was all right when she was a child,” went on Ratcliffe; “but she’s growing out of that. Why, even in the little time since I’ve come aboard, she seems different, somehow.” “Well, if you ask me,” said Satan, “you seem to have made a change in her. She’s brightened up, somehow, has more sass in her. Y’see, when we were cruisin’ round since Pap died, me, she, and the nigger, there wasn’t much company, and she was gettin’ a bit down- hearted. Then, when you came aboard, she picked up. She hadn’t laughed for weeks till she saw you in that pajama rig; then she chummed onto you.” “She did.” “Liked you from the first minute she saw you. There’s no two ways about Jude,—it’s either like or the other thing, right off.” “Well, I’m pretty much the same—and I don’t want to lose sight of her—or you.” “How’d you mean?” “Oh, just that. I’m bothering about when this cruise is over. That’s bothering me a lot. Well, we’ll leave it at that for the present.”
- 45. Satan turned hislantern face to starboard for half a moment to expectorate right over the starboard rail—maybe also to hide a grin. “I reckon it’ll come all right somehow,” said he. “We ain’t much in the world, but we’re straight. Reckon you’re straight too. That’s all I want. That feller Thelusson, y’remember I told you he wanted to come for a cruise with us. Well, he was straight enough s’far as dollars went, but I wouldn’t have had him on this ship, not if he’d paid me a dollar a minute and a bonus for every knot we made—not with Jude aboard—Here’s the wheel for a sec’, if you’ll take it whiles I get some coffee ready.” Toward noon a wreath of gulls in the sky showed Cormorant. Jude was at the wheel, Satan forward on the lookout. Twenty minutes later Satan came running aft, fetched the old glass out of its sling, and went forward with it. “There’s a hooker on the sands!” cried he. “Looks like a small fruiter or suthin’ hove up.” Ratcliffe, standing beside him, could see nothing,—the sand, owing to their low level, was invisible from the deck of the Sarah,— then, straining his eyes, he made out a speck on the sea-line. “Mast’s gone,” said Satan, “white painted, not more’n fifty ton, and she’s layin’ in the lagoon. She must have come in over the sand where it narrows to the westward. There’s a pinch of sand there that’s near under water at flood, and the seas come right over it in an east’ard gale.” He handed the glass to Ratcliffe. “Funny,” said Ratcliffe, “if you were right about the Nombre de Dios being sunk here and we come to have a look for her and find another wreck.” “Well, I don’t take no shares in the Nombre de Dios,” said Satan. “I ran here more for somewhere to run to than with any thought of the Nombre. She’s a hundred foot under the sand if she’s here at all;
- 46. but it’s luckall the same. There’ll be pickin’s. There was a big blow two weeks ago from the east,—that’s what’s done her,—and the salvage men won’t be here yet, if they ever come.” He stuck the glass to his eye. “She’s a yacht, that’s what she is, one of them small cruisers, not more’n fifty or sixty, and her fittin’s will just do for us, if she’s not been stripped. There’s all sorts of folks come from New York and Philadelphia and N’ y’Orleans, cruisin’ about these seas in tubs like that,—fishin’ mostly.” The Sarah held on, almost due south, with the daring of a sea- bird, Satan giving directions to the steersman and seeming absolutely regardless of the death and dangers around them,—reefs that they shaved, rocks that waved fathom-long ribbons of fuci a few feet under water,—he avoided them all. South, east, and west Cormorant Cay is devoid of danger. Only here to the north do the reefs and rocks show, and it is just here that the only entrance to the lagoon lies. The place consists really of two sandspits widely separated to the north so as to form a pondlike harbor running from five to ten fathoms deep. Farther south the sandspits join so as to form a wide street, like the spit to eastward of Lone Reef. They held on. The sound of the gentle surf on the sands came now, and a full view of the lagoon water reflecting the sun-blaze like a mirror. On the still lagoon, with strange stereoscopic effect seen between the two sand-arms holding off the wrinkled sea, lay the craft, floating on an even keel, and showing a stump of mainmast against the skyline. From her lines she had been a yacht. “Why, Go’ bless my soul, she’s anchored!” cried Satan. “Derelic’ and anchored. The people must have got away in a boat or suthin’. There’s not a sign of them. Port—hard—port—as you were—steady— so!”
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