lathe tools and drilling machine

INT 252 Explorations Studio: Fabrication &
Development
Assignment 9 : Metal summary
Samira Hanafi swilim
Id NUMBER: 201310025
Instructor: Dr. Adnan Husnein
Date of submission: 28-4-2016

- Lathe is a machine, which removes the metal from a piece of
work to the required shape &size.
- Single point tool : is the cutting tool used on lathe and it has
only a single cutting edge or point at one end of its body. The
point is wedge shaped portion, forms the cutting part of the
tool.
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Lathe tools 6.4.9
Lathe Tools

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Lathe tools 6.4.9
Nomenclature of a lathe tool
Solid Forged tool
- The single point cutting tool has only one cutting point or edge.
- These tools used for turning, boring, shaping or planning
operations. These tools used on lathe, boring and shaper
machines.
- Made from high carbon steel or high speed.
- made of high speed steel, stellite or cemented carbide , which
can be brazed on high carbon steel shank and tools this made
called  brazed tools
Cutting bits or tips or inserts

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Lathe tools 6.4.9
Types of lathe tools
Generating external surfaces Generating internal surfaces

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Lathe tools 6.4.9
Nomenclature of single point cutting tool
A single point cutting tool consists of a sharpened cutting part and the shank and main
parts or elements which are:
Single point cutting tool
Cutting EdgerakeNose
BaseHeelFlankFACEshank
It is the
main body
of the
tool.
The surface on
which the chip
slides is called
the face of the
tool.
The surface or
surfaces below
the adjacent to
the cutting edge
is called flank
of the tool.
The surface or
surfaces below
the adjacent to
the cutting edge
is called flank of
the tool.
The surface or
surfaces below
the adjacent to
the cutting edge
is called flank
of the tool.
It is the point
where the side
cutting edge and
end cutting edge
intersect.
It is the edge on the face of the tool which
removes the material from the work piece.
The cutting edge consists of the side cutting
edge(major cutting edge) and cutting
edge(minor cutting edge) and the nose.
refers To the
slope of the tool
top away from the
cutting edge.

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Lathe tools 6.4.9
Nomenclature of single point cutting tool
A single point cutting tool consists of a sharpened cutting part and the shank and main
parts or elements which are:

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Lathe tools 6.4.9
Cutting tool materials
Ideal Characteristics
Hot hardness
Wear
resistance
Toughness
Coefficient of
friction
Cost
Keeps the tool
material hard
enough even at
higher
temperature.
The material
tool should
withstand wear
due to the
rubbing of chips
on the tool.
Should
withstand to
shocks and
vibration during
cutting of
metals.
Should remain
low at the chip
tool interface
to minimize tool
wear.
Should remain
low at the chip
tool interface
to minimize tool
wear.

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Lathe tools 6.4.9
Tool LIFE
Is the time for which a tool will operate satisfactorily until it gets dulled or
blunt.
Types of
tool
wears
Creating
crumbling of
the cutting
edge
Hardness
loss or
fracture of
the tool
Reasons of tool fail
Cutting
speed
Feed depth
of cut
Use of
cutting
fluids or
coolants.
Factors affecting tool
life
Note : proper coolants, lower cutting speed, feed and depth of cut help increasing
the tool life.

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Cutting fluids 6.4.10
Cutting Fluids
Essential in metal-cutting operations to reduce heat and friction
Sources of heat generation in metal cutting
Friction heatHeat of chip distortionHeat of deformation
Slipping of metal
grains under pressure
of cutting.
Internal friction due
to the curling of chips
during cutting.
Generates between
chip and tool
interface.
PURPOSE OF USING
Reducing
friction
between tool
and job.
Reducing
various types
of wears.
Increasing
tool life.
Help easy
removal of
chips away
from tool
tip.
PREMIT THE USE OF
HIGHER CUTTING SPEED
AND DEPTH WITHOUT
AFFECTING TOOL LIFE
REDUCING
MACHING TIME
AND COST.

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Cutting Fluids
Heat find its way into one of three places
Act as disposable
heat sink
Too much, cutting edge
will break down rapidly,
reducing tool life
Too much, work
will expand

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Cutting Fluids
Heat Dissipation
• Ideally most heat taken off in chips
• Indicated by change in chip color as heat
causes chips to oxidize
• Cutting fluids assist taking away heat
• Can dissipate at least 50% of heat created
during machining

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Cutting Fluids
Characteristics of a Good Cutting Fluid
Good cooling capacity
Good lubricating
qualities
Resistance to
rancidity
Relatively
low viscosity
Stability (long life) Rust resistance Nontoxic Transparent
Non-
flammable

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Cutting Fluids
Are available in various types
Gaseous type cutting fluidsSoluble oils or emulsionsCutting oils
Cutting oils
For machining
ferrous metals.
Active Inactive
For machining Non-
ferrous metals.

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Cutting Fluids
Soluble oils or emulsions
Mineral oils containing soap like material that makes them soluble in water and causes them
to adhere to work piece.
Good cooling and lubricating qualities Used at high cutting speeds, low cutting pressures

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Cutting Fluids
Gaseous type cutting fluids
Air or carbon-di-oxide are more common.
Air Carbon-di-oxide
under pressure is quite effective when
used in {subzero cooled state}.
use in machining low machinable and
high strength thermal rsistance.

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Drilling Machine 6.5
Drilling machine
Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in
the work-piece by using a rotating cutter called
DRILL.
The machine used for drilling is called drilling
machine.
The drilling operation can also be accomplished in
lathe, in which the drill is held in tailstock and the
work is held by the chuck.
The most common drill used is the twist drill.

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Drilling machine
Drills types
Flat or spade drill Straight fluted drill Twist drill
Flat or spade drill
 Spade drills or flat drills are similar to gun drills in that
the cutting end is a flat blade with two cutting lips.
 Spade drills are usually clamped in a holder and are easily
replaced or re sharpened.
 They are available in a wide range of sizes from very small
micro drills to drills up to 300mm in diameter.
 Some of the smaller spade drills have replaceable carbide
inserts.

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Drilling machine
Drills types
Straight fluted drill
 Recommended in drilling soft materials such as brass, coper , aluminum , bronze
and other softer plastic materials.
 Straight flute prevent drill from drawing itself into material while cutting.

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Drilling machine
Drills types
Twist drill
 The twist drill is made from High Speed Steel, tempered to give maximum
hardness throughout the parallel cutting portion.
 Flutes are incorporated to carry away the chips of metal and the
outside surface is relieved to produce a cutting edge along the leading
side of each flute.

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Drilling Machine operations 6.5.1
Drilling machine Operations
Operations include
Reaming Boring Counter boring Counter sinking Spot facing Tapping
Reaming
 It is a process of smoothing the surface
of drilled holes with a tool.
 Tool is called as reamer.
 Initially a hole is drilled slightly
smaller in size.
 Drill is replaced by reamer.
 Speed is reduced to half that of the
drilling.

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Operations include
Boring
 It is process carried on a drilling machine
to increase the size of an already drilled
hole.
 Initially a hole is drilled to the nearest
size and using a boring tool the size of
the hole is increased.

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Operations include
Counter boring
 This process involves increasing the size
of a hole at only one end.
 Cutting tool will have a small
cylindrical portion called pilot.
 Cutting speed = two-thirds of the drilling
speed for the same hole.

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Operations include
Counter sinking
 This is an
operation of
making the end of
a hole into a
conical shape.
 Cutting speed =
half of the
cutting speed of
drilling for same
hole.

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Operations include
Spot facing
 It is a finishing
operation to produce
flat round surface
usually around a
drilled hole, for
proper seating of bolt
head or nut.
 It is done using a
special spot facing
tool.

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Operations include
Tapping
 Process of cutting
internal threads with
a thread tool called
as tap.
 Tap is a fluted
threaded tool used for
cutting internal thread
 Cutting speed is very
slow.

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Operations include

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Types of Drilling Machine 6.5.2
Types of Drilling machine
 It is the simplest and accurate machine used in
production shop.
 The work piece is held stationary ie. Clamped in
position and the drill rotates to make a hole.
 Types :-
a) Based on construction:
Portable, Sensitive,Radial, up-right, Gang,
Multi-spindle
b)Based on Feed:
Hand and Power driven

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Types of Drilling machineCutting Fluids
Based on construction
Portable drilling machine
 Is a handy powered drilling tool capable of being easily taken to work sites.
 It has the capability and flexibility of drilling holes in odd situations.
 These are usually available up to 15mm drill capacity.

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Bench or Sensitive Drilling Machine
 These are light duty machines used in small workshops.
 called Sensitive drilling machines because of its accurate and well balanced
spindle.
 Drill holes from 1.5 to 15mm (up to 13 to 16 mm)

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Bench or Sensitive Drilling Machine
 Vertical main column
 Base
 Moving drill head
 Work table
 Electric motor
 Variable speed gear box
and spindle feed
mechanism.

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Up-Right Drilling Machine
 Drill holes up to 40mm
 Similar to bench drilling except
that it is larger in size, robust in
design and it is used for heavier
work.

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Radial Drilling Machine
 These are heavy duty and versatile
drilling machine used to perform
drilling operate on large and heavy
work piece.
 Holes up to 50 mm are easily drilled
on theses machines.

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Radial Drilling Machine
 Heavy base
 Vertical column
 Horizontal arm
 Drilling head

lathe tools and drilling machine

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