Learning is definedas a relatively permanent
change in behavior resulting from experience,
influenced by biological, cultural, social, and emotional
factors. It involves interactions between environmental
stimuli and behavioral responses, with an emphasis on
observable outcomes rather than internal mental
states .
BEHAVIORISM
(Pavlov/Skinner)
Core Idea: Learningoccurs through environmental conditioning, focusing on observable behaviors
rather than internal mental process.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
(PAVLOV)
Neutral Stimuli (e.g., a bell) become
associated with natural stimuli (e.g.,
food), tigering automatic responses
(e.g., salvation).
Example:
Pavlov’s dog learned to salivate at the
sound of a bell after repeated pairings
with food.
OPERANT CONDITIONING
(SKINNER)
Behaviors are shaped by
reinforcement (e.g., rewards) or
punishment (e.g., penalties)
Example:
Skinner’s rats pressed levers to
receive foods (positive
reinforcement) or avoid shocks
(negative reinforcement).
5.
COGNITIVISM
( Jean Piaget)
CoreIdea: Focus on internal mental process (e.g., memory, problem-solving) and
how learners actively process information.
Piaget’s Stages of Development
o Sensorimotor (sensory exploration) Learn through sensory experiences and
manipulating objects.
o Preoperational (symbolic thinking) Children begin to think symbolically and
use language but lack logical reasoning.
o Concrete Operational (logical reasoning) Logical thinking develops, but it is
limited to concrete objects and situations.
o Formal Operational ( abstract thinking) Adolescents develop the ability to
think abstractly, hypothetically, and reason deductively.
7.
CONSTRUCTIVISM
(Vygotsky/Bruner)
Core Idea: Learnersconstruct knowledge through social interactions and experiences.
Zone of Proximal
Development (ZPD)
The gap between what
learners can do
independently, and what
they can achieve with
guidance from a More
Knowledgeable Other
(MKO).
SCAFFOLDING
Temporary support (e.g.,
Teacher feedback) helps
learners master tasks
within their ZPD.
8.
Task that childcan
complete on his own.
Task that child can
complete with help.
(Zone of Proximal
Development)
Task that child can not do
at her age.
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9.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
(AlbertBandura)
Core Idea: Learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling, integrating
cognitive and behavioral elements.
Bobo Doll Experiment
Children imitated
aggressive behaviors they
observed in adults, even
without direct
reinforcement.
Four Stages of Modeling
1. Attention (observing the model)
2. Retention (memorizing the
behavior)
3. Reproduction (imitating the
action)
4. Motivation (rewards/punishments
influence repetition)
