Lect. 1 Biotechnlogy-Introduction.pdf

BIOTECHNOLOGY IN
PLANT PATHOLOGY
SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE
Pl. Path 604

What is biotechnology?
 Biology+ technology
 i.e. involves the exploitation of biological agents
or their components for generating userful
products/ services
 Biotechnology can be defined as “the use of
living microorganisms in systems or processes
for the manufacture of useful products, it may be
algae, yeast, fungi, bacteria, virus or cells of
higher plants and animals or their subsystems or
isolated components from living matter
(Gibbs andGreenhalgh,1983)

Biotech- Blend of
technologies
 An interdisciplinary activity- of basic sciences
and engineering
 Microbiology
 Chemistry & Biochemistry
 Genetics
 Molecular Biology
 Immunology
 Physiology
 Engineering

Old & New Biotechnology
 Though the term biotech. is of recent origin but
the discipline itself is very old
 Man started exploiting/ employing organisms
as early as 5000 BC for making wine, vinegar
and curd etc.
 Such processes which are based on capabilities
of micro-organism etc. are commonly
considered as old biotechnology

1st world war prompted the use of microorganisms for the
production of different product on commercial scale ---------
-------Old Biotechnology
 German were forced to develop technology for the
production of glycerol (used for production of explosives)
due to disruption of vegetable oil by Britishers
 British produced acetone-butanol fermentation
using Clostridium acteobutylicum due to German
interference with normal supply of these.
 Production of citric acid using Aspergillus niger due
to destruction of citrus orchards in world war I.
 Production of penicillin (Penicillium notatum)

Ancient Biotechnology
Fermentation- the bulk of modern
biotech industry was known to our
ancestors- Dravidians and Aryans
approx. four thousand yrs ago
By early 20th century the
microorganisms were exploited to
produce specific products such as
citric acid from sugar and acetone
from corn mash
In 1928, Scottish microbiologist,
Alexander Fleming isolated
antibiotic producing mold
(Penicillium notatum) and named
the chemical Penicillin
Penicillin was used to save thousands of lives
during World War II

Since then man continued his quest
for :
 Improving the natural capabilities of
microorganisms,
 Making them capable of novel processes and
 Discovering microorganisms with new capabilities
all these thrusts have led to the development
of Recombinant DNA technology which allows
man to modify organisms and other
microorganisms to create in them highly valuable
novel and naturally non-existent capabilities.
------------ New Biotechnology

Eg.
 Human insulin genome transferred and
expressed into E. coli and insulin produced by
these genetically engineered microbes (GEMs),
being used to manage diabetes.
 Improvement of crop varieties for useful traits.
 Transgenic plants resistant to viral infection
e.g. Papaya ring spot virus
These few and numerous examples
constitute New Biotechnology

Scope and Importance
Biotech. has rapidly emerged as an area of activity
having marked impact on almost all domains of
human welfare ranging from:
 Plant sciences, Food processing, protecting
environment, protection, production and
productivity, trade, economics and economy
 Human health
 Employment: being new and emerging field
require huge infrastructure and Human Resource

Commercial potential
 Unlimited potential
 In 1991, about 130 biotechnologically derived
pharmaceuticals were under review in USA
 Contribution of Biotech products to global market
was between $60-199 billion and it is on the rise.
 Similarly in India demand fro such products was
around Rs 27 billion for 1995 and Rs 55 billion by 2002
Major share of this demand was in
 Human health
 Industrial products
 Agriculture sector.

Biotechnology in Plant Pathology
 Molecular Detection and identification of plant
pathogens
 Identification and tagging of resistance genes
(MAS)
 Development of resistant cultivars
 Gene pyramiding
 Exploitation of biocontrol agents in disease/ pest
management
 Strain improvement
 Development of resistant transgenics

Biotechnology in India
 Importance of Biotech. Highlighted in 69th session
of Indian ScienceCongress held at Mysore, 1982
 National Biotechnology Board established
 DBT- 1986 under the ministry of Science and
technology
 Biotechnology ResearchCenters:
 IARI
 NDRI, Karnal
 IVRI, Izat Nagar
 National research Centre on Plant Biotechnology,
IARI (1993)

Areas To Cover
 Adoption & Benefits
 Regulatory Policy
 Liability

Improvements most often delivered through
biotechnology
 Herbicide tolerance
 Enable improved weed control
measures
 Insect resistance
 Enable improved pest management
 Disease resistance
 Papaya
 Tomato
 Capsicum

Products in the Market
 High-performance cooking oils -- reduce
need for processing, create healthier food
products (sunflower, peanuts, soybeans)
 Delayed-ripening fruits and vegetables --
superior flavor, color, texture (tomatoes)
 Food enzymes -- purer, more stable form of
chymosin used in cheese production -- the
first biotechnology food product
 Transgenic plant resistant to Viruses and
pests.

Global Area of Transgenic Crops,
1996 to 2000: By Crop
(million hectares)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Soybean
Corn
Cotton
Canola
Source: Clive James, 2000

Crops improved through
biotechnology that are grown
most frequently:
 Soybeans
 Corn
 Cotton
 Canola

Global Area of Transgenic Crops, 1996 to
2000: By Trait (million hectares)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Herbicide tolerance
Insect resistance
Herbicide tolerance /
Insect resistance

Global Area of Transgenic Crops, 1996 to
2000; Industrial and Developing Countries
(million hectares)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Industrial
Developing

Global Area Adoption Rates (%)
for Principal Transgenic Crops
(million hectares)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Soybean Cotton Canola Maize
Nontransgenic
Transgenic

Biotech Crops-Percent of
Plantings - U.S.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Soybeans Cotton Corn
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1999 figures are based on a survey of BIO member seed sales.
2000-02 figures are based on USDA/NASS
2003 figures are estimates of USDA, NASS 3/31/03
2
13
37
47
54
68
74
80
45
48
61
6971 70
25
37
32 34

Biotech Crop Plantings-U.S.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Soybeans Cotton Corn
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003*
1
9
27
35
45.4
51.3 58.5
5.8
7
9.4
11.1 10.5
10
20
28.3
26.9
*2003 estimates, USDA, NASS 3/31/03

Biotech crops in india (2011)
 India grew 7% 160 of the global biotech crop
hectarage of million hectares in 2011.
 There are 16 biotech crops in field trials in India
including Bt maize, HT maize and Bt/HT maize
which, subject to regulatory approval could be
deployed commercially within 2 to 3 years
 Agri-biotech industry annual revenues grew
consistently during the 2002 to 2011 period:
agribiotech industry market increased 22-fold
from Rs.110 crore (US$25 million) in 2002-2003
to Rs. 2480 crore (US$551 million) in 2010-11.

Economic Impact
With crops improved through
biotechnology, the key commodity is
information, and this is carried in the
seed itself. Further, its delivery is
scale neutral and not capital
intensive for the farmer.

Through the 8 crop varieties
widely planted in the U.S. to
date, biotechnology has:
 Increased yields by 4 billion pounds
 Saved growers $1.2 billion annually
 Reduced pesticide use by 46 million pounds
annually
-Leonard Gianessi
National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy

Lect. 1 Biotechnlogy-Introduction.pdf

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Lect. 1 Biotechnlogy-Introduction.pdf