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Lecture 10 decolonization & neocolonialism - Belgian Congo & South Africa
This document provides an overview of decolonization in Africa from the late 19th century to the 1990s. It discusses the concepts of neocolonialism and nationalism, key independence leaders like Nkrumah and their roles in independence movements. It also summarizes major events like the independence of Ghana in 1957, the Organization of African Unity, genocide in the Belgian Congo, apartheid in South Africa, and Nelson Mandela's release from prison in 1990. The document uses these examples to outline the general process of decolonization across the African continent.
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Lecture 10 decolonization & neocolonialism - Belgian Congo & South Africa
- 1. Professor Chee Lecture onDecolonization & Neocolonialism – With the Example of the Congo & South Africa
- 2. What is Neocolonialism? Intrusionof foreign economic domination, as well as military and political intervention, in states that have already achieved independence from colonial rule
- 3. Robert F. Kennedyin Capetown - 1966 "Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope... •4 years after Sharpville… •http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6o57dEuXj-Y
- 4. What are NationalistMovements?
- 5. Edward Said. Culture& Imperialism. 1994 "Neither imperialism nor colonialism is a simple act of accumulation and acquisition… Out of imperialism, notions about culture were classified, reinforced, criticised or rejected." Edward W. Said.
- 6. British Empire –late Nineteenth Century Conquest of India begins in the 1700s First Dutch, later the English begin settling the Cape in the 1650s
- 7. Indians in SouthAfrica? Gandhi Develops his political consciousness while in South Africa, 1893-1915 Mohandas Gandhi. Hind Swaraj (Indian Self-Rule), 1909 Satyagraha or Soul Force Civil disobedience as a national policy
- 8. The First WorldWar (1914-18) o colonies became natural extensions of tensions among European nations o 1 million Africans conscripted in the British army o 1.5 million Indians conscripted in the British army o preventing aggression & rights to self-determination
- 9. 1925-61 Fanon African elite oChristian o European educated o Worked for European colonial governments/companies o Economic, cultural, and social benefits during colonial rule o Some looked to the precolonial past for inspiration, identities based on ethnicity, religion, and languages Frantz Fanon. Black Skin, White Mask. Peau noire, masques blancs. 1953 Psychologist from Martinique, France & later, Algeria
- 10.
- 11. Paris – 30s-Senghor, Césaire, Damas & Negritude Negritude – origins w Francophone African (& Caribbean) students in Paris in the 1930s “Blackness” – celebrated African culture based on emotion superior to European empiricism and scientifically driven society Léopold Senghor Senegal President (1960-80) their personal friendship also a symbolic encounter between Africa and the African Diaspora Poet Aimé Césaire from Martinique Léon Gontran Damas from Guiana, First African selected to the French Assembly (1948-51)
- 12. Négritude: “Blackness” o Influenceof “black is beautiful” from USA o Revolt against white colonial values, reaffirmation of African civilization o Connection with socialism, Communism o Geopolitical implications 12
- 13. Pan-Africanism A set ofideas and ideologies (the social, cultural, political, economic, material, and spiritual aspects), uniting all Africans throughout the world. Linked by a common experience of oppression and slavery, the movement promotes negritude, or a sense of African pride, and worked towards self-determination
- 14. Pan-Africanism o Black advancement oBack to Africa/separatism o African unity in Africa
- 15. Back to Africa Lateeighteenth century or the 1700s – African Americans (like Paul Cuffe and Prince Hall (and later Olaudah Equiano from the West Indies/England)) advocated for African emigration new settlements in the West African coast, Sierra Leone and Liberia.
- 16. Sierra Leone o 1787– Society of Friends & Abolition Society o Krio – resettled African/British Blacks o 1808 became Britain’s first West African colony
- 17. Liberia o Settled bythe American Colonization Society o Freed African American Slaves from the early nineteenth century (1820s)
- 18. Europeanization of the Economy Rodney.How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. 1973 Loss of African male labor
- 19. African Slave Tradeto be replaced by “legitimate commerce” Cash crops – peanuts (groundnuts), palm oil, cocoa, bananas, Gold, firearms, alcohol
- 20. WEB DuBois (1868-1963) oan American Harvard Ph.D. started the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909 o the organization promotes Black advancement. o He also started pan-African congresses or conferences beginning around WWI. o After the fifth pan-african congress, Nkrumah a leader from Ghana takes over
- 21. Marcus Garvey (1887-1940) oa Jamaican o Africa for the Africans o called on people of African heritage from around the globe to return and establish a pan-African state o In the U.S., started UNIA – Universal Negro Improvement Association (1920s).
- 22. 1937 the Governmentof India Act 1947 India is divided into India & Pakistan & Gain Official Independence The Muslim League started in 1906 – with British assistance – take Pakistan (Jinnah as leader) The Indian National Congress (started in 1885 leads India (Jawaharlal Nehru as leader)
- 23. WWII & Consequencesfor Africa 1. Europe fatigued & very poor 2. US & SU became super powers (and begins the cold war conflict) 3. United Nations Charter - 1945 4. Colonized Asian countries demanded independence. Africans were inspired, finding themselves on a stronger moral ground.
- 24. The cold war,1949-1962 Conflict between two superpowers, the U.S. and the S.U. which polarized the world into spheres of influence for the two superpowers, along political, ideological and economic hostile lines. Both countries refrained from direct armed conflict in Europe, but not in Africa, Asia, Latin America.
- 25. American Vision ofthe World - 1942
- 26. Jawaharlal Nehru, FirstPrime Minister of India, 1947-64, on Nationalism 1955 – Bandung Conference 23 Asian and 6 African nations meet in Indonesia Jawaharlal Nehru calls for ononalignment during the Cold War, oStruggle against colonialism and racism “each country has not only the right to freedom but also to decide its own policy and way of life”
- 27. 1957 – Ghanafirst African country to gain independence “Seek ye first the political kingdom” o1949 - Started the Convention People’s Party (CPP) o1957 - won independence for Ghana (the former Gold Coast) from the British in 1957. oOusted as Ghana President in 1966 oPromoted Negritude—a pride in African traditions oLed the Organization of African Unity from 1961+ (which eventually becomes the African Union. Kwame Nkrumah First President
- 28. Kwame Nkrumah leading IndependenceCelebrations
- 29. Decolonization of Africa While theFrench allowed most of their west and equatorial African colonies to become independent, including thirteen alone in 1960 (“the year of Africa”), they fought tenaciously to maintain control over Algeria
- 30. Decolonization in Africa o19th century “scramble for Africa” left a legacy of colonial competition o Internal divisions – Ethnic – Linguistic – religious 30
- 31. Organization of African Unity(OAU) • Formed 1962 • Declared boundaries permanent – Despite arbitrary nature, necessary to forestall conflicts • Promotion of PanAfricanism • Failure to prevent ethnic strife, even Nkrumah deposed 1966 31
- 32. Genocide in the BelgianCongo – King Leopold’s Association Internacional de Congo 1880 - 20 million 1910 – 8.5 million
- 33. Invention of Bicycles– Baden, (Germany) c. 1820
- 34. Invention of cars– Benz model, (Germany) c. 1885
- 35. King Leopold IIof Belgium 1890 – 100 tons of rubber – 60K pounds 1896 – 1300 tons 1898 – 2000 tons 1901 – 6000 tons – 720K pounds Fondation de la Couronne donated 2.4 million pounds for Belgian public works projects
- 36. King Leopold’s Association Africans forcedto collect rubber in lieu of paying taxes to the state Villages given quotas 1906 Punch political cartoon
- 37. Hands as evidenceof killings, that soldiers did not waste their bullets Those who didn’t pay were flogged, killed, and eventually hands cut off
- 38. 1960 - BelgianCongo Gains Independence June 1960 oPatrice Lumumba the first democratically elected leader of the Democratic Republic of Congo, becomes Prime Minister omakes a speech on independence that offends the Belgian king
- 39. July 1960 –the province of Katanga Secedes o with support from the Belgian government and mining companies such as Union Minière, and 6000 troops o copper, gold and uranium, the richest and most developed areas of the Congo
- 40. Colonel Joseph Mobutuoverthrew Lumumba; Belgian officers executed Lumumba & others – Jan 1961 o the President of Republic of the Congo, from 1965 – 1997 o Supported by Belgium & the US o Mobutu renamed DRC, Zaire in 1971 o Why is this problematic?
- 41. South Africa o Apartheid(1948) o 87% of territory for whites o Division of Africans into tribes, settlement in “homelands” o African National Congress publishes Freedom Charter (1955) o Repression of ANC causes worldwide ostracism of SA 41
- 42. System of Lawscreating Apartheid Land appropriated (taken) from Africans for European settlers Passlaws – Africans, Asians, “Coloreds” Creation of townships African nationalists jailed
- 43. Students Shot inSoweto Uprising - 1976 o 20K students marched through Soweto protesting the decree that education was to be in Afrikaans o Nearly 200 kids killed 43
- 44. Nelson Mandela –after 27 years in Prison 1990 – released and legalized the ANC 44
- 45. 1994 – FirstElection in South Africa Nelson Mandela First President from 1994-99 ANC now in power Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, “Inauguration Speech, 1994” Begins slow dismantling of Apartheid
- 46. Post-Independence Difficulties o Civilwars in Rwanda, Burundi, Angola o Economic hardship o Instability of democratic regimes 46
- 47. Developments in LatinAmerica • Mexico: failed attempts to redistribute land • Argentina: military dominate politics – Juan Perón (1895-1974) elected president, 1946 – Wife Eva (Evita) especially popular (1919-1952) • Guatemala and Nicaragua: US intervention as local governments attempt to control US economic interests • Under Reagan, US supports anti-communist Contra forces 47
- 48. Grace Chee 2013 Message tostudents: Professor Chee does not endorse other slideshare presentations, unless it says, Professor Chee (because I have not had a chance to review them). You may want to read your primary sources, textbook, and other readings/videos on Etudes modules