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- 1. The material usedin this presentation i.e., pictures/graphs/text, etc. is solely intended for educational/teaching purpose, offered free of cost to the students for use under special circumstances of Online Education due to COVID-19 Lockdown situation and may include copyrighted material - the use of which may not have been specifically authorised by Copyright Owners. It’s application constitutes Fair Use of any such copyrighted material as provided in globally accepted law of many countries. The contents of presentations are intended only for the attendees of the class being conducted by the presenter. Fair Use Notice
- 2. CLO Description Taxonomy level PLO 1 Discussvarious survey equipment and techniques to be used for linear and angular measurements and for computing the areas of plots C2 1 (Engineering Knowledge)
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- 5. SURVEYING: The artof determining the relative positions of distinctive features on the surface of earth or beneath the surface of earth, by means of measurements of distances, directions and elevations, is called surveying.
- 6. OR Surveying is theart of making such measurements as will determine the relative positions of points on the surface of the earth in order that the shape and extent of any portion of the earth’s surface may be ascertained on a map or a plan.
- 7. OR A process ofdetermining the position of points on the surface of earth or beneath the surface of earth in a horizontal plane is called “Surveying”.
- 8. Importance of Surveying The planning and design of all Civil Engineering projects such as construction of highways, bridges, tunnels, dams etc. are based upon surveying measurements. Moreover, during execution, project of any magnitude is constructed along the lines and points established by surveying. Thus, surveying is a basic requirement for all Civil Engineering projects.
- 9. Other principal worksin which surveying is primarily utilized are: To fix the national and state boundaries; To chart coastlines, navigable streams and lakes; To execute hydrographic and oceanographic charting and mapping; an To prepare topographic map of land surface of the earth.
- 10. Objectives of Surveying: To collect field data; To prepare plan or map of the area surveyed; To analyze and to calculate the field parameters for setting out operation of actual engineering works. To set out field parameters at the site for further engineering works.
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- 14. Primary Divisions ofSurveying We know that the shape of the earth is spheroidal. Thus the surface is obviously curved. Surveying is primarily divided into two types considering the curvature of the earth’s surface. Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying
- 15. The planesurveying is that type of surveying in which earth surface is considered as a plane and the curvature of the earth is ignored. In such surveying a line joining any two stations is considered to be straight. The triangle formed by any three points is considered as a plane triangle, and the angles of the triangle are considered as plain angles. Plain Surveying is carried out for a small area of less than 250 km2 . It is carried out by local or state agencies like R & B department, Irrigation department, Railway department. Plane Surveying
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- 17. The geodeticSurveying is that type of surveying in which the curvature of the earth is taken into account. It is generally extended over larger areas. The line joining any two stations is considered as curved line. The triangle formed by any three points is considered to be spherical and the angles of the triangle are considered to be spherical angles. Geodetic surveying is conducted by the Survey of Pakistan Department and is carried out for a larger area exceeding 250 km2 Geodetic Surveying
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- 19. Plane Surveying VsGeodetic Surveying No. Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying 1 The earth surface is considered as plane Surface. The earth surface is considered as Curved Surface. 2. The Curvature of the earth is ignored The curvature of earth is taken into account. 3 Line joining any two stations is considered to be straight The line joining any two stations is considered as spherical. 4. The triangle formed by any three points is considered as plane The Triangle formed by any three points is considered as spherical. 5. The angles of triangle are considered as plane angles. The angles of the triangle are considered as spherical angles. 6. Carried out for a small area < 250 km2 Carried out for a small area > 250 km2
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- 21. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE THEFIELD OF SURVEYS: (1) LAND SURVEYS: It is further divided into four parts. (a) Topographical Survey: This is done for determining the natural features of a country such as hills, valleys, rivers, nallas, lakes, woods, etc. and also the artificial features such as roads, railways are determined.
- 22. (b) Cadastral Survey: Inthis type of survey the additional details such as boundaries of fields, houses and other properties, pathways are determined. (c) City Survey: This type of survey is done for laying out plots and constructing streets, water supply systems and sewers. (d) Engineering Survey: It is used for determining quantities and for collecting data for the design of engineering works such as roads, railways, reservoirs and works connection with water supply, sewerage, etc.
- 23. Engineering Survey is furthersub-divided into: (a) Reconnaissance Survey: It is used for determining the feasibility and rough cost of the scheme. (b) Preliminary Survey: It is used for collecting more precise data to choose the best location for the work and to estimate the exact quantities and costs. (c) Location Survey: This Type of survey is used for setting out the work on the ground.
- 24. (2) MARINE ORSEA SURVEY This survey is done for finding objects from water, sea; etc. This is also done for navigation purpose. (3) ASTRONOMICAL SURVEY This type of survey is done for getting knowledge about the astronomical objects such as moon, stars, etc.
- 25. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE OBJECT/PURPOSE OF SURVEYS: (1) Geological Survey: This type of survey is to be carried out to determine the different strata in the earth’s crust. (2) Archaeological Survey: This type of survey is to be carried for unearthing relics of antiquity (ancient times).
- 26. (3) Mine Survey: Thistype of survey is to be carried for exploring mineral wealth such as gold, silver, coal, etc. (4) Military Survey: Military survey is done for determining points of strategic importance both offensive and defensive for locating suitable locations.
- 27. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE METHODS/EMPLOYED IN SURVEY: (1) Triangulation Survey: In this type of survey the whole area which is to be surveyed is divided into a number of triangles. (2) Traverse Survey: In this type of survey there is the series of connecting lines, length of these lines is measured with the chain or tape and angles are measured with the help of angle measuring instrument. There are two types of this survey: (a) Closed traverse Survey (b) Open traverse Survey
- 28. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE INSTRUMENTSEMPLOYED: (1) Chain Surveys: This type of survey is also called triangulation survey. In this type of survey sides of triangles are measured with the chain or tape, so we can say that angular measurements are concerned with this type of survey. (2) Compass Surveys: This survey is used for measuring angles.
- 29. (3) Plane tableSurveys: This is a graphical method of survey, in which field work and office work (plotting) both are done simultaneously (at a time) .In this survey plane table instrument is used. (4) Theodolite Survey: In this we can easily find horizontal and vertical angles by using theodolite and lengths are measured by using chain or tape, etc. (5) Tachometric Survey: In this type of survey horizontal, vertical angles and distance are measured directly
- 30. (6) Photographic Survey/AerialSurvey: In this type of survey photographs of the area are taken .There are two types of photographic survey. (a) Ground Photography: In this photographs of ground are taken, which are used for plans or projections. (b) Aerial Photography Survey: This type of survey is done by the help of areoplanes to drive out the photographs of hilly areas.
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- 32. Technology is rapidlychanging the surveying profession. What used to take weeks or months can now be done in a single day with computerized tools
- 33. Principle of Surveying To work from whole to the part According to this principle, it is always desirable to carryout survey work from whole to part. First a system of control points is to be established covering the whole area with very high precision. Then minor details are located by less precise methods.
- 34. Principle of Surveying Locating the station with at least two reference point According to this principle, the relative position of a point to be surveyed should be located by measurement from at least two points of reference, the positions of which have already been fixed. If P and Q are the two reference points on the ground, any other point, such as R, can be located by any of the direct methods shown in the above figures.