Lecture 2
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The document discusses various topics related to computer applications and history. It provides information on: 1) How computers are used in different areas of business like marketing, stock exchanges, banks, payroll, inventory etc. 2) A brief history of computing from abacuses before 1500s to the development of modern computers. 3) The five generations of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation using artificial intelligence. 4) Types of computers like analog, digital and hybrid computers, and classifications based on size like microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes and supercomputers.
Lecture 2
- 2. Computer applications, History, Generation and classification of computer
- 3. Computer Application in Business Marketing: Business organization can use computers for marketing their products. Stock Exchange: Many stock exchanges are using computers for conducting bids. Stock brokers are using computers to perform all business functions in stock exchange. Banks: Banks are incomplete without computers. Banks are using computers to record Daily Customer Transactions. Every bank is using a customized software like Accounts Maintenance System. Accounts Maintenance System manages all customer financial dealing records through bank. The use of computers in banks has provided many benefits. It saves a lot of time and provides convenience for the customer. 10-Jul-17 3
- 4. Continue Email: E-Mail stands for Electronic Mail. Send and receive messages. Attach files of different types with email message. Faster and cheaper way of communication. Payroll system: Computerized pay roll system is used in different organizations to maintain pay accounts of employees, easily and quickly. Stock system: Computerized stock system is used to record number of items in stock of any organization efficiently. 10-Jul-17 4
- 5. Continue Fax: Computers can be used to send and receive faxes. Different Fax Software are available in market for this purpose. Documentation: Word processor software like MS Word is used to prepare different types of documents like letters, applications and other documents. Graphics: Graphics software like Adobe Photoshop or Corel Draw are used for image editing and preparing posters and cards etc. Presentation: MS PowerPoint, Prezi, iWork etc. Spreadsheet: MS Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, OpenOffice etc. Accounts department: Balance sheet, Ledger, Worksheet etc.10-Jul-17 5
- 6. History Of Computing Before the 1500s, in Europe, calculations were made with an abacus Invented around 500BC, available in many cultures (China, Mesopotamia, Japan, Greece, Rome, etc.) 10-Jul-17 6
- 7. Computer Generations First Generation: The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based. Second Generation: The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based. Third Generation: The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based. Fourth Generation: The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based. Fifth Generation: The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. Artificial Intelligence. 10-Jul-17 7
- 8. First Generation Computer Vacuum tube technology Unreliable Supported Machine language only Very costly Generate lot of heat Slow input/output device Huge size Need of A.C. Non-portable Consumed lot of electricity 10-Jul-17 8
- 9. Continue Some computers of this generation were: ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC IBM-701 IBM-650 10-Jul-17 9
- 10. Second Generation Use of transistors. Reliable as compared to First generation computers. Smaller size as compared to First generation computers. Generate less heat as compared to First generation computers. Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation computers. Faster than first generation computers. Still very costly. A.C. needed. Support machine and assembly languages. 10-Jul-17 10
- 11. Continue Some computers of this generation were: IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604 CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108 10-Jul-17 11
- 12. Third Generation The main features of Third Generation are: IC used More reliable Smaller size Generate less heat Faster Lesser maintenance Still costly A.C. needed Consumed lesser electricity Support high-level language 10-Jul-17 12
- 13. Continue Some computers of this generation were: IBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 series PDP(Personal Data Processor) IBM-370/168 TDC-316 10-Jul-17 13
- 14. Fourth Generation The main features of Fourth Generation are: VLSI technology used Very cheap Portable and reliable Use of PC's Very small size Pipeline processing No A.C. needed Concept of internet was introduced Great developments in the fields of networks Computers became easily available 10-Jul-17 14
- 15. Continue Some computers of this generation were: DEC 10 STAR 1000 PDP 11 CRAY-1 (Super Computer) CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer) 10-Jul-17 15
- 16. Fifth Generation Combinations of some or all of the following technologies: extremely large scale integration parallel processing high speed logic and memory chips high performance, micro-miniaturization voice/data integration; knowledge-based platforms artificial intelligence, expert systems virtual reality generation satellite links 10-Jul-17 16
- 17. Continue Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence In May,1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a chess match. AI language: LISP, prolog 10-Jul-17 17
- 18. Types of Computers 10-Jul-17 18
- 19. Analog Computers The word “Analog” means continuously varying in quantity. An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously-changeable aspects of physical phenomena. Electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved. Like the voltage, current, sound, speed, temperature, pressure etc. values are examples of analog data. The arithmetic functions performed by the computing units of analog machines are very complex. 10-Jul-17 19
- 20. Analog Computers (Continue) The analog computers have low memory size and have fewer functions. These are very fast in processing but output return is not very accurate. These are used in industrial units to control various processes and also used in different fields of engineering. 10-Jul-17 20
- 21. Digital Computers 10-Jul-17 21 The word “Digital” means discrete. It refers to binary system, which consists of only 2 digits, i.e., 0 and 1. Digital data consists of binary data represented by OFF (low) and ON (high) electrical pulses. These pulses are increased and decreased in discontinuous form rather than in continuous form. A computer that stores data in terms of digits (numbers) and proceeds in discrete steps from one state to the next. In digital computers, quantities are counted rather than measured. A digital computer operates by counting numbers or digits and gives output in digital form. A digital computer represents the data in digital signals 0 and 1 and then processes it using arithmetic and logical operations. Today most of the computers used in offices and homes are digital computers. The main features of the computers are: accurate result.
- 23. Hybrid Computers The hybrid computers have best features of both analog and digital computers. These computers contain both the digital and analog components. In hybrid computers, the users can process both the continuous (analog) and discrete (digital) data. These are special purpose computers. These are very fast and accurate. These are used in scientific fields. In hospitals, these are used to watch patient’s health condition in ICU (Intensive Care Unit). These are also used in telemetry, spaceships, missiles etc. 10-Jul-17 23
- 25. Types of Computers based on size Microcomputers (Personal Computers) Minicomputers Mainframe computers Super computers 10-Jul-17 25
- 26. Microcomputers A microcomputer is a computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit. Monitors, keyboards and other devices for input and output may be integrated or separate. Computer memory in the form of RAM, and at least one other less volatile, memory storage device are usually combined with the CPU on a system bus in one unit. It can only approximate a continuum by assigning large numbers of digits to a state description and by proceeding in arbitrarily small steps. 10-Jul-17 26
- 28. Minicomputers 10-Jul-17 28 A midsized computer. In size and power, minicomputers lie between workstations and mainframes. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstations. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously.
- 29. Mainframe computers 10-Jul-17 29 A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. Mainframes are powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing. Mainframe computers have abilities defined by : - their redundant internal engineering and resulting high reliability and security, - extensive input-output facilities, - strict backward compatibility with older software, and - high utilization rates to support massive throughput.
- 30. Continue 10-Jul-17 30 Mainframe computers (IBM 704)
- 31. Super computers 10-Jul-17 31 The fastest and most powerful type of computer Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. Example: weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently.