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Lecture 5 transformation of europe - 10.2014
From the 15th century onward, Europe experienced major religious, political, and intellectual transformations. The Protestant Reformation in the 16th century led to religious wars between Catholics and Protestants. The 16th-17th century also saw a period of witch trials and persecutions. The Scientific Revolution of the 17th century challenged the authority of the church. Absolute monarchs like Louis XIV consolidated power. The 18th century Enlightenment promoted reason and secular thinking. These movements brought profound changes that reshaped European empires and society.
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Lecture 5 transformation of europe - 10.2014
- 1. World History Modern– Professor Chee Lecture: Transformations in Europe Question to consider: What kind of changes occurred in Europe from the fifteenth century on to bring about transformations in European empires? Think especially about the following movements, which brought great change: Reformation – 16th Century Religious Wars – 16th – 17th Centuries Witch Craze – late 16th to 17th Centuries Scientific Revolution – 17th C Absolutism – Louis XIV – 17th C Enlightenment – 18th C
- 2. Europe in theHigh Middle Ages c. 500-1500 A medieval historian suggested three classes of people: “Those who pray, those who fight, and those who work” (Work referred to Peasants. Who is missing?)
- 3. Yes, You areright Merchants…
- 4. Growth of Towns,Guilds, Languages, 1000-1250 C.E. changes in occupations
- 5. Crusades (Holy Warsof 1098-1492)
- 6. Abrahamic Traditions: Judaism-Christianity-Islam The Sacrifice of Ishmael unknown date, Shiraz What do the three cousin-religions have in common? They worship the same god: Yahweh, the trinity, Allah, different words for God Abrahamic tradition: oHebrew (& Christian) Tradition: Hebrew Sarah’s Child, Isaac is sacrificed oMuslim Tradition: Egyptian concubine Hagar’s child Ishmael
- 7. Year 1 – Christian Calendar Ethiopian Jesus & Mary
- 8. Earliest Christian Churches Divisions based primarily on locations, as well as theology oEthiopian Coptic (Axum) oRoman Catholic (Rome) oEgyptian Coptic (Alexandria, then Cairo) oGreek Orthodox (Constantinople or the former Greek Byzantion)
- 9. The Fragmentation ofthe Roman Catholic Church or Western Christendom: Martin Luther critiques and breaks away from Roman Catholicism and starts the Protestant Reformation (1517 – Ninety-Five Thesis) Not the first to criticize the church, but one of the first to survive executions and be successful Martin Luther (1483-1546)
- 10. The Protestant Reformation Luther attack Roman Catholic church practices o Indulgences o Sacraments o Priestly authority, & hierarchy esp the Pope Luther (and John Calvin) pre-occupied by the question: “What must I do to be saved?” oFaith, & how to get to faith? oPrayer oReading the Bible: Bible translated from Latin into vernacular, coincided with new printing technology
- 11. Protestant Reformation BattleCry Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (1519-1556) summoned Martin Luther to appear before the imperial diet or Reichstag and ordered him to recant his heresies His reply became a battle cry for the protestant reformation “Unless I am convicted by Scripture and plain reason – I do not accept the authority of popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other – my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise. God help me. Amen.” The church responded by excommunicating him in 1521. 1520s-1530s dissent spread throughout Germany and Switzerland
- 12. Protestant Reformation Spreads o France: John Calvin (1509-1564) codifies Protestant teachings while in exile in Geneva, spreads in France o Germanic states: princes take opportunity for political control and spreads o England: King Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) has conflict with Pope over requested divorce o England starts the Anglican church by 1560 – (Catholic light?) – King as head of church instead of the pope John Calvin (1509-1564)
- 13. 13 European ReligiousWars o Protestants and Roman Catholics fight in France (1562- 1598) o 1588 Philip II of Spain attacks England to force return to Catholicism o English defeat the Spanish in North America, stopping Spanish expansion o Germanic states fight the Holy Roman Emperor o Spanish Inquisition - Spain
- 14. FYI only… GermanicStates Unify to Become Germany in 1871 Voltaire would say about the Holy Roman Empire -not Holy -not Roman -and not an Empire but they attempted to keep control in Central Europe: The Kingdom of Germany, the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Burgundy the Kingdom of Italy & other territories
- 15. Sixteenth Century CentralEurope Voltaire would say the Holy Roman Empire was -not Holy -not Roman -and not an Empire & their territories in Central Europe included: The Kingdom of Germany, the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Burgundy the Kingdom of Italy & other territories Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (r. 1519-1556) attempts to revive his empire – Through marriage, political alliances, but fails – Protestant Reformation provides cover for local princes to assert greater independence – Foreign opposition from France, Ottoman Empire – Charles V abdicates & retreats to a monastery in Spain
- 16. The Thirty Years’War (1618-1645) o Holy Roman Emperor fights with German states & Bohemia for religious control, to force a return to the Roman Catholic Church o Land, borders, politics, economic issues involved o ~1/3 of German population killed Peace of Westphalia, 1648 Treaty - All German states free to determine own religion o Holy Roman Emperor became a mere figurehead Europe post Peace of Westphalia, 1648
- 17. The Spanish Inquisition o Queen Isabel initiated in 1478 o Find secret Jews, Muslims, & Protestants o Torture, imprisonment, executions
- 18. 18 The CatholicReformation o Roman Catholic church reacts o Refining doctrine, missionary activities to Protestants, attempt to renew spiritual activity o Council of Trent (1545-1563) periodic meetings to discuss reform o Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) – Rigorous religious and secular education – Effective missionaries
- 19. Witchcraft trials ofEurope 1550-1650s An extension of religious wars? Large numbers of “witches” killed in regions where tensions high between Catholics & Protestants Reflects the Growth of States and growth of courts, the growth of the legal system in Europe as witchcraft becomes a felony 60-100K women executed from court records o Women, widowed or single o Held accountable for dead animals, crop failures, miscarriages, etc. Malleus Maleficarum (1485) – Hammer of the Witches: Guide to Detecting Witches - very popular!
- 20. England’s Witchcraze MatthewHopkins’s Witch Finder
- 21. Witch Craze inAmerica – Minor Compared to Europe Witchcraft trials in Salem, Mass. 1692 ~100 women prior to 1692, accused of witchcraft, and more than a dozen hung. 1692 – coincided with political conflict – glorious revolution o24 villagers accused. o20 executions: 19 hung oOne 80 year old woman, Gils Corey, crushed to death with Howard Pyle - 1883 painting heavy stones.
- 22. Witchcraft trials inSalem, Mass. 1692
- 23. How does ReligionContinue to affect 23 Government & State Building? o English Civil War o Glorious Revolutions o Absolutism
- 24. Civil War –Tree of Religion Anglican King Charles defending the tree of Religion from Puritan followers –from a 1645 book by English poet Francis Quarles English Civil War 1642-1649 o King vs Parliament - enters civil religious wars – o Anglicans vs Calvinist Puritans (Protestants) o Begins over royal taxes o King loses, executed in 1649 o Parliamentary monarchy restored in 1660 - but conflict continues
- 25. England: a Peaceful,Bloodless Revolution Glorious Revolution 1688 Mary’s husband, William of Orange (of the Netherlands) becomes King William III Queen Mary James II’s Protestant daughter o Conflict continues under King James II o Protestants take power through a peaceful, bloodless revolution o Daughter Mary & husband William asked to take over the English monarchy o King James II deposed & leaves for France
- 26. Louis XIV, The“Sun King” (1643-1715) French Absolutism: Absolute monarchy – or the divine right of kings, power from God Under King Louis XIII, r.1624-1642, designed by Cardinal Richelieu oBuilt bureaucracy to support the monarchy oDestroyed castles of nobles, crushed aristocratic conspiracies oRuthlessly attacked Calvinists oLouis XIV (r. 1643-1715) continued to perfect absolutism L’état, c’est moi! “The State, that’s me!”
- 27. Louis XIV (r.1643-1715) perfected Absolutism at the Magnificent Versailles o Versailles Palace - Space Symbolizing Absolutism o Magnificent palace built ~1670s o Power centered in court, with nobles kept busy with pomp & circumstance o Largest building in Europe, 1,400 fountains, 25K transplanted trees
- 28. 28 Absolutism inRussia: The Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917) Peter I (“the Great,” r. 1682- 1725) modernized Russia on the western European model – Developed modern Russian army, – reformed Russian government bureaucracy, – demanded changes in fashion: beards forbidden
- 29. Peter the GreatBuilds Peterhof Palace o Built new capital at St. Petersburg o Modeled after Versailles
- 30. Catherine II “theGreat” r. 1762-1796 – Huge military expansion Partitioned Poland, 1772- 1797 – Social reforms at first, but end with Pugachev peasant rebellion (1773- 1774)
- 31. Population Growth inEurope 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1500 1700 1800 Millions Rapidly growing population due to Columbian Exchange o Better nutrition o High calorie foods like the potato replaces bread as staple of diet o Epidemic disease decline by mid-17th century Year
- 32. The Scientific Revolution challenges church doctrines o 1543 Nicholas Copernicus of Poland breaks theory that the sun does not revolve around the earth (and indirectly challenges church doctrine) o Johannes Kepler (Germany, 1571-1630) and Galileo Galilei (Italy, 1564-1642) reinforce Copernican model
- 33. Center of EuropeanEnlightenment: Eighteenth Century France, philosophes Voltaire 1694-1778 Voltaire – epitome of the enlightenment philosophes - intellectuals, who apply reason (scientific method) to improve society Promotes the Secularization of Society o“Ecrasez l'infâme." or "crush the damned,” meaning the catholic church. o Si Dieu n'éxistait pas, il faudrait l'inventer" meaning "If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him" o “Indeed, history is nothing more than a tableau of crimes and misfortunes.” o "Every man is guilty of the good he didn't do" o"but let us cultivate our garden" – the epitome of enlightenment thought
- 34. Immanuel Kant 1784-German philosopher Immanuel Kant – defines enlightenment “man’s leaving his self-caused immaturity” Reason, natural law, hope, progress! Buzz words!
- 35. Political Thinkers ofthe Enlightenment argue the natural laws of politics??? o John Locke (England, 1632-1704) o Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778, Geneva) o Baron de Montesquieu (France, 1689-1755)
- 36. European Encyclopedia Late Compared to Other Parts of the World Diderot ~1784 compiled a multi-volume Encyclopedi in France,
- 37. but the Chinese developed an encyclopedia in the fourteenth century, 1300s
- 38. American Enlightenment, PracticalElement Benjamin Franklin Editor, Pennsylvania Gazette. Philadelphia “City of Brotherly Love” - at the center
- 39. Benjamin Franklin. PoorRichard’s Almanack, 1729. most widely read book in the colonies (after the bible) “No gains without pains” “Lost time is never found again” “The sleeping fox gathers no poultry” “Plough Deep, While Sluggards Sleep”
- 40. World History Modern– Professor Chee Lecture: the Transformation of Europe Question to consider: What kind of changes occurred in Europe from the fifteenth century on to bring about transformations in European empires? Reformation – 16th Century Religious Wars – 16th to 17th C Century Witch Craze – late 16th to 17th C Scientific Revolution – 17th C Absolutism – Louis XIV – 17th C Enlightenment – 18th C