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Lecture#1.pptx
- 2. CE-205SURVEYING– I DR. KHANSHAHZADA Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering UET Peshawar
- 3. Course Aims • Toprovide basic knowledge on theory and practices of land surveying. • To introduce students to the basic surveying instruments for field applications, and preparation of surveying maps.
- 4. Course Intended LearningOutcomes (CLOs) 1. To define and explain the basic surveying techniques used for surveying and leveling. 2. To make use of various survey equipment’s for measurements with required accuracy. 3. To utilize the basic knowledge of mathematics in performing the necessary calculations and computations in land surveying. 4. To develop maps and plans, contour maps, profiles, cross-sections, etc. using surveying
- 5. Topics to beCovered 1. Introduction to land surveying 2. Definitions of basic surveying terms branches and their application, 3. Instruments used
- 6. Introduction to landsurveying 1. Introduction to land surveying Surveying is the technique for determining the relative positions of different features on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements and finally representing them on a sheet of paper called Plan or Map.
- 7. Surveying (Definition) According tothe American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (ACSM), “Surveying is the science and art of making all essential measurements to determine the relative position of points or physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the surface of the Earth, and to show them in a usable form, or to establish the position of points or details.”
- 8. Uses of Surveying 1.To prepare a topographical map ( نقشہ سازی, جغرافیائی مطالعہ ) which shows hills, valleys, rivers, forests, villages, towns etc.
- 9. 2. To preparea cadastral ( زمین کی پیمائش ) map which shows the boundaries of fields, plots, houses and other properties. Uses of Surveying
- 10. 3. To preparean engineering map which shows the position of engineering works such as buildings, roads, railways, dams, canals. 4. To prepare a contour map to know the topography of the area to find out the best possible site for roads, railways, bridges, reservoirs, canals, etc. Uses of Surveying
- 11. 5. Surveying isalso used to prepare military map, geological map, archaeological ( آثار قدیمہ ) map etc. 6. For setting out work and transferring details from the map on the ground. Uses of Surveying
- 13. Topics to beCovered 2. Definitions of basic surveying terms branches and their application
- 14. Primary Divisions ofSurveying We know that the shape of the earth is spheroidal ( کرہ نما ). Thus the surface is obviously curved. Surveying is primarily divided into two types considering the curvature ()گوالئی of the earth’s surface. 1. Plane Surveying 2. Geodetic Surveying
- 15. 1. Plane Surveying Theplane surveying is that type of surveying in which earth surface is considered as a plane and the curvature of the earth is ignored. In such surveying a line joining any two stations is considered to be straight. The triangle formed by any three points is considered as a plane triangle, and the angles of the triangle are considered as plain angles. Plane Surveying is carried out for a small area of less than 250 km2. The degree of accuracy required in this type of surveying is comparatively low. Primary Divisions of Surveying
- 16. 2. Geodetic Surveying Thegeodetic Surveying ( علم پیمائش ارض ) is that type of surveying in which the curvature of the earth is taken into account. It is generally extended over larger areas. The line joining any two stations is considered as curved line. The triangle formed by any three points is considered to be spherical and the angles of the triangle are considered to be spherical angles. Geodetic surveying is conducted for a larger area exceeding 250 km2 Primary Divisions of Surveying
- 17. Difference between Plane& Geodetic Surveying S. No. Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying 1 The earth surface is considered as plain Surface The earth surface is considered as Curved Surface 2 The Curvature of the earth is ignored The curvature of the earth is taken into account 3 Line joining any two stations is considered to be straight The line joining any two stations is considered as spherical 4 The triangle formed by any three points is considered as plane The Triangle formed by any three points is considered as spherical 5 The angles of triangle are considered as plane angles The angles of the triangle are considered as spherical angles 6 Carried out for a small area < 250 km2 Carried out for a larger area > 250 km2
- 18. Fundamental Principles ofSurveying The two basic fundamental principles of surveying are; 1. Always work from whole to part According to the first principle, the whole survey area is first enclosed by main stations (i.e.. Control stations) and main survey lines. The area is then divided into a number of divisions by forming well conditioned triangles.
- 19. 2. To Workfrom part to the whole To locate a new station by at least two measurements ( Linear or angular) from fixed reference points Fundamental Principles of Surveying
- 20. Classification of Surveying ClassificationBased on Methods a. Triangulation Triangulation is basic method of surveying, when the area to be surveyed is large, triangulation is adopted. The entire area is divided into network of triangles. b. Traversing A Traversing is a circuit of survey lines. It may be open or closed. When the linear measurements are done with a chain and a tape and the directions or horizontal angles are measured with a compass or a theodolite respectively the survey is called traversing.
- 21. Classification of Surveying Fig:Triangulation Fig: Traversing
- 22. Classification of SurveyingBased on Purpose a. Geological Survey b. Mine Survey c. Archeological Survey d. Military Survey
- 23. Classification of Surveying ClassificationBased on Nature of Field a. Land Survey b. Hydrological Surveying c. Astronomical Survey d. Aerial Survey
- 24. Topics to beCovered 3. Instruments used
- 25. Classification of SurveyingBased on Instruments a. Chain Survey b. Compass Survey c. Chain and Compass Survey d. Plane Table Survey e. Theodolite Survey f. Tachometry Survey g. Levelling Survey h. Photogrammetric Survey i. EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement) Survey
- 26. Chain Survey Instrument Classificationof Surveying Based on Instruments
- 27. Compass Survey Classification ofSurveying Based on Instruments
- 28. Plane Table Surveying Classificationof Surveying Based on Instruments
- 29. Theodolite Survey Classification ofSurveying Based on Instruments
- 30. Tachometry Survey; isa method of angular surveying in which the horizontal distance from the instrument to the staff stations are determined from instrumental observations only. Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments
- 31. Levelling Survey Classification ofSurveying Based on Instruments
- 32. Photogrammetric or AerialSurvey Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments
- 33. Electronic Distance MeasurementSurvey Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments
- 34. Homework#1 Question No. 1:Define the Following; • Surveying • Triangulation • Traversing Question No. 2: Differentiate between Plane and Geodetic Surveying? Question No. 3: Write different uses of Surveying?