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Led physics
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductors that emit light when electrically biased in the forward direction. LEDs come in various colors like red, blue, green, and white. They function by converting electrical energy to light energy and are used as indicator lights. The brightness of an LED is controlled by regulating the current through it using a series resistor. Too little current and the LED will be dim or off, too much and it can be destroyed. LEDs have a specific forward voltage and maximum current rating. When forward biased above the voltage, electrons combine with holes in the semiconductor, emitting photons that produce the light.
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Overview of the presentation and introduction to Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs).
Definition of LED, its construction as a PN junction opto-semiconductor, and operating principles.
LEDs convert electrical energy into light; they serve as indicator lights in electronic devices.
Brightness of LEDs is current-dependent; proper current control is essential to prevent damage.
Features of visible-light LEDs, including common colors, forward voltage, operating currents, and working mechanism.
Acknowledgments for resources used and team members involved in the presentation.
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Led physics
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- 3. What is LED?? •A light emitting diode (LED) is essentially a PN junction opto-semiconductor that emits a monochromatic (single color) light when operated in a forward biased direction. • Light emitted by an LED has now many colors like RED, BLUE, GREEN, WHITE etc. 3
- 4. • 2 leadsemiconductor device. • Light emitting PN-junction diode. – Visible or infrared light. • Has polarity. • Recall diodes act as a one way gate to current flow. – A forward-biased PN-junction diode allows current flow from anode to cathode. • An LED conducts and emits light when its anode is made more positive (approx. 1.4V) than its cathode. – With reverse polarity, LED stops conducting and emitting light. About LED 4
- 5. Function of LED •LEDs convert electrical energy into light energy. • They are frequently used as "pilot" lights in electronic appliances to indicate whether the circuit is closed or not. 5
- 6. How to identifyan LED?? 6
- 7. LED Brightness • Similarto diodes, LEDs are current-dependent devices. – LED brightness is controlled by controlling current through LED. • Too little current through LED LED remains OFF. • Small current through LED dimly lit LED. • Large current through LED brightly lit LED. • Too much current through LED LED is destroyed. • A resistor placed in series with LED accomplishes current control 7
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- 10. • Let Vsbe the supply voltage. • Let Vf be the required forward bias voltage for the LED. • Let I be the desired current flow through LED. • Then, the current limiting resistance R is sized as follow: 10
- 11. • If Ris chosen smaller than the above value, a larger current will flow through the LED. – LEDs can handle only limited current (varies from 20mA to 100mA). – If current through LED is larger than the maximum allowed value, than the LED will be damaged. 11
- 12. Visible-Light LED • Inexpensiveand durable. • Typical usage: as indicator lights. • Common colors: green (~565nm), yellow (~585nm), orange (~615nm), and red (~650nm). • Maximum forward voltage: 1.8V. • Typical operating currents: 1 to 3mA. • Typical brightness levels: 1.0 to 3.0mcd/1mA to 3.0mcd/2mA. • High-brightness LEDs exist. – Used in high-brightness flashers (e.g., bicycle flashers). 12
- 13. How an LEDWorks?? • The light-emitting section of an LED is made by joining n-type and p-type semiconductors together to form a PN junction. • When the PN junction is forward-biased, electrons in the n side are excited across the PN junction and into the p side, where they combine with holes. • As the electrons combine with the holes, photons are emitted. 13
- 14. • The PN-junction section of an LED is encased in an epoxy shell that is doped with light scattering particles to diffuse light and make the LED appear brighter. • Often a reflector placed beneath the semiconductor is used to direct the light upward. 14
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- 16. Thanks to… • www.howstuffworks.com •www.gk12.poly.edu • www.eee.metu.edu.tr • www.google.com 16
- 17. Team involved inthis.. 1. Vijenrasingh Rathor 130170111092 2. Nisarg Thakar 130170111111 3. Vrajesh Somani 130170111121 4. Shijin Shaji 130170111103 5. Bivin Thattil 130170111112 6. Prajapati Ajay 130170111083 7. Abhimanyu Rana 130170111090 8. Vishwesh Patel 130170111079 17
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