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Lesson 1 Formation of Light and Heavy Elements.pptx
- 1.
- 2. Name this Riddle? 1.At night they come without being fetched, and by day they are lost without being stolen. What am I? Ans.: Stars 2. What did the scientist say when he found 2 atoms of Helium? Ans.: HeHe
- 3. •3. When two lightbecome one, I liberate quite a bit of nuclear energy ? What am I? •Ans: Nuclear Fusion 4. When combined with oxygen, I make the “fizz”, wear me on your finger or use me to write, in one of my forms, my name is graphite.Who am I? Ans.: Carbon
- 4. PHYSICAL SCIENCE •is abranch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to life science. • It in turn has many branches, each referred to as a "physical science", together called the "physical sciences".
- 8. COSMOLOGY •is a branchof astronomy that involves the origin and evolution of the universe, from the Big Bang to today and on into the future
- 9. THREE COSMIC STAGES -throughwhich specific groups of elements were formed •1. Big bang nucleosynthesis formed the light elements (H, He, and Li). •2. Stellar formation and evolution formed heavier elements from Be to Fe. •3. Stellar explosion , or supernova, formed the elements heavier than Fe.
- 10. The origin ofall the naturally occurring elements fall into two phases: •Big Bang or Primordial Nucleosynthesis —the origin of the “light” elements; and •Stellar Nucleosynthesis— the origin and production of the “heavy” elements.
- 11. •Nucleosynthesis is theprocess that creates new atomic nucleus from preexisting nucleons, which is the proton and neutron. •Primordial or Big Bang Nucleosynthesis refers to the process of producing the “light elements” shortly after the Big Bang.
- 12. • "Big Bang"refers to the prevailing cosmological model explaining the origin and evolution of the universe. •According to this model, the universe began as an extremely hot and dense state approximately 13.8 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. BIG BANG THEORY
- 13. •The Big Bangtheory suggests that the universe expanded from a singularity, a point of infinite density, and has been cooling and evolving over time. •As the universe expanded, matter and energy were able to form, leading to the creation of galaxies, stars, planets, and other cosmic structures.
- 14. •The evidence supportingthe Big Bang theory comes from various observations, including the cosmic microwave background radiation(CMB), the distribution of galaxies in the universe, and the abundance of light elements like hydrogen and helium.
- 15. •While the BigBang theory has become the widely accepted explanation for the origin of the universe, it's important to note that there are still aspects of the early moments of the universe that are not fully understood, and ongoing research in cosmology continues to refine our understanding of the cosmos.
- 16. BIG BANG THEORY •-explainshow the elements were initially formed the formation of different elements involved in many nuclear reactions, including fusion, fission and radioactive decay.
- 18. •SINGULARITY •-a point inspace and/or a moment in time where the universe is infinitely hot and dense •INFLATION •- a theory of exponential expansion in the early universe which lasted for 10³ seconds ⁶
- 19. The energy and temperatureof the universe are extremely high to cause the neutrons and protons to combine and form certain species of atomic nuclei in a process called nuclear fusion.
- 20. Protons Neutrons + =New Atom Identity of an element
- 21. Through Nuclear Fusion,the light elements- Hydrogen (H), Helium (He), and small amounts of lithium (Li) and beryllium (Be) were formed. The isotopes produced during the big bang nucleosynthesis were H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4, L-7.
- 22. An Isotope isa form of an element that has the same atomic number of the original element but with different atomic mass or mass number.
- 23. Origin of HeavierElements Heavy elements were formed only billions of years after the formation of stars. The density inside a star is great enough to sustain fusion for extended time periods required to synthesize heavy
- 24. Stars are hotand dense enough to burn hydrogen-1 (1H) to helium-4 (4He). The formation of heavy elements by fusion of lighter nuclei in the interior of stars is called “stellar nucleosynthesis”.
- 25. Layers near coreof stars have very high temperatures enough to nucleosynthesize heavy elements such as silicon and iron.
- 26. Elements heavier than Iron Elementsheavier than iron cannot be formed through fusion as tremendous amounts of energy are needed for the reaction to occur. Heavy elements are formed in a supernova, a massive explosion of a star.
- 27. The density insidea star is great enough to sustain fusion for extended time periods required to synthesize heavy elements.
- 28. A supernova isthe explosive death of a star
- 29. In supernova, neutroncapture reaction takes place, leading to formation of heavy elements. In a neutron capture reaction, heavy elements are created by addition of more neutrons to existing nuclei instead of fusion of light nuclei.
- 30. change an element.Rather, a more massive isotope of the same element is produced. Elements higher than iron requires tremendous amount of energy to be formed. Thus, they were produced from a neutron capture reaction in a supernova.
- 31. •Summary: •There are 3reactions that led to the formation of the elements: nucleosynthesis, fusion, and neutron capture reaction. •These reactions required a certain amount of energy to proceed, which was obtained from the heat of the continuously expanding universe. • Thus energy in the form of heat does not only produce work but also the elements
- 32. are dependent onthe atomic mass of the elements. More energy, and thus higher temperature, is needed to form heavier elements.
- 33. •Nucleuosynthesis formed lightelements, whereas fusion in stars formed elements with an atomic mass that is within the range of beryllium and iron. •Thus any element with an atomic mass higher than iron, which required tremendous amount of energy to be formed was produced from a neutron capture -reaction in supernova.