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LESSON 1 PART 1 History of Nursing FINAL.pptx
- 1. History of Nursing GETRUDEMUNTHALI
- 2. OBJECTIVES By the endof the lesson you should be able to: •Explain the historical background of nursing. •Analyze the critical issues in the development of nursing internationally and nationally
- 3. REFLECTION Challenges facing thenursing and midwifery profession today. How can they be improved?
- 4. REFLECTION A moment whenyou were a patient • How were you cared for by • Your guardians • The nurse • What was good about the care? • What was bad about the care? • How would you have loved to be treated and why? • As you join the profession, how do you plan to change or promote the care that you received
- 5. Introduction •The word nursingcalls to mind many ideas and images (Craven & Hirnle, 2002).
- 6. ct Kindness, skill, compassion,intelligence. White uniform, nursing caps, needles, bedpans •Modern nursing encompasses such images and unique perspectives on what the profession involves •Social, political and cultural events of the 20th and 21st century have influenced todays practice
- 7. NURSING •Nursing is caring,commitment and dedication to meet the functional health needs of all people •Within the functional health pattern framework, nurses direct care to promote, maintain and restore health in various health setting •Nurses are prepared to identify and to assist with the health needs of individuals, families, communities and groups
- 8. ct •Nursing means caringfor communities and groups of people such as the homeless and addressing far reaching social implications i.e human rights •Nursing means being socially responsible, involved and committed to the health of all people
- 9. History of nursing •Documentationof the last 150 years •Has an interesting and profound history.
- 10. Why should we studythe history of nursing?
- 11. From Ancient hx •Traditionally roles of women have always included the care and nurturing of family members because these women have an inborn tendency to preserve life. • Men and women engaging in practices that may be associated with nursing • In ancient Egypt, maternal – child nursing was the responsibility of midwives and wet nurses were hired to breast feed infants • Priest were primarily responsible for healing practices. ….. Still a current practice.
- 12. ct •Rich families werethe primary recipients of nsg care. •Nursing outside worthy homes – nurses were primarily servants •Women’s low status combined with society’s negative attitudes towards the sick provided major obstacles to nursing development (Dolan, Fitzpatrick & Herrmann, 1983)
- 13. ct •In early civilizationbeliefs about causes of diseases were embedded in superstition and magic, evil spirit and anger of the gods. •Therefore treatment involved magic. •As these societies evolved, practice theory of medical care emerged as non-magical causes were observed.
- 14. ct •Later the Greeks, Hippocrates (the father of medicine) made a major advance in medicine by rejecting the belief that diseases had supernatural causes •He is also credited for developing assessment standards for clients, establishing overall medical standards for clients and recognizing the need for nurses.
- 15. ct •In early Christianity,women performed duties that reflected components of todays nursing practice: care related to nutrition, mobility, medication administration, personal counselling, hygiene and comfort measures •Men and women committed to the church spread the philosophy of Christianity while providing nsg care to the ill
- 16. THE ROLE OFRELIGION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING •Many of the workers of the religion encouraged the benevolence (doing good or doing no harm) to others. •It was the Christian value “of love thy neighbour as thyself” that impacted significantly on western nursing.
- 17. •The principle ofcaring was established with Christ’s parable of the good Samaritan providing care to the tired and injured stranger. (Luke 10 vs 25-35)
- 18. ct •In Rome duringthe 3rd and 4th centuries, converts to Christianity included several wealthy matrons who used their wealth to provide houses of care and healing for the poor, the sick and the homeless.
- 19. ct •Marcella who convertedher palace into a monastery, encouraged other Roman matrons to join her in caring for the sick and the poor. •Fabiola, a follower of Marcella, contributed her great wealth to the care of the poor and the sick.
- 20. ct •Paula was awealthy and learned friend of Fabiola and upon her husband’s death, she converted to Christianity and studied with Marcella. •Later she moved to Palestine where she built hospitals for the sick.
- 21. ct •In the 3rd centuryin Rome, women were not the sore providers of nursing services but there was an organization of men called Parabolan Brotherhood which provided care to the sick during the great plague in Alexandria.
- 22. ct •In the 12th centuryduring the crusades, several Knighthood Orders were formed to provide care to the injured. •The most famous of these is the Order of the Knight of St John (St Johns Ambulance Association)
- 23. ct •In the 17th century,French nurses directed by priests gave nursing care. •Vincent de Paul decided that nurses should be educated and take orders from the doctors in order to be more efficient.
- 24. ct •The revival oflearning during the Renaissance spurred the advance of medicine. •This revival contributed to recognition of the need for sound educational preparation in nsg. However poverty and lack of sanitation resulted in serious health care problems further delaying nsg education progress
- 25. ct •During reformation, therole of women changed dramatically as women were viewed as subordinates to men and were expected to remain at home caring for children; this decreased the number of qualified women practicing nsg (Mtchell & Grippando, 1993).
- 26. Development of Modernnursing •18th century •Revolutions and epidemics resulted in the expansion of nursing roles •There was still problems with poor sanitation and low standards of living •By the end of the century, nsg was present in hospitals but working conditions were poor, resulting in a loss of social status for members of the profession •Few qualified individuals chose to enter the profession
- 27. Ct •19th Century •Society’s attitudes aboutnursing during this time were reflected in Charles Dickens’ novel : Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) in which criminals and women of low moral stds provided care •One character Sarah Gamp was a nurse who abused alcohol and treated her clients cruelly. •Such negative portrays of nursing seriously damages the profession’s image ……. Available in todays nsg
- 28. Ct •Social, political andeconomic influences •Continued emphasis was placed on the need for proper preparation for nurses •Religion once again was influential; the caring image of the nurse was believed to be based on a spiritual calling to the profession •Poverty, innocence and submissiveness were qualities associated with potential nursing candidates
- 29. Reflect Why have youchosen Nursing and Midwifery and what qualities do you have
- 30.
- 31. THE COMING OFA LEADER •Florence Nightingale was born on 12th May 1820 in Florence City in Italy •She was named after the city. •She was born to British parents who were wealthy, intellectual, cultured and remarkable for their sincerity and high ideas.
- 32. ct •She was highlyeducated and her education included the mastery of several ancient and modern languages, literature, philosophy, history, and liberal arts (science, mathematics, art and music). •Her family expected her to be intelligent, wealthy woman who would marry, bear children and maintain an elegant home.
- 33. Ct •She was determinedto become a nurse in spite of opposition from her family. •Her hope was to replace the “Sarah Gamp” image with one of education, intelligence, and kindness (Kalisch & Kalisch, 1995) •She travelled to many countries and was able to talk to government and other influential leaders.
- 34. Ct •She was thesuperintendent of nurses at king’s college hospital and was asked by the British war department to go to assist in nursing the wounded soldiers •She found that the hospital conditions were poor. •Together with other 38 nurses, they transformed the hospitals by infection prevention practices (hand washing, clean clothes)
- 35. •Mortality rate reducedby half with her efforts •She soon became “the lady with a lamp "because of her midnight rounds to the soldiers”. •In 1860, she published Notes on Nursing
- 36. Ct •When the warwas over , money was donated and she started the Nightingale Training School for nurses at St Thomas hospital in London in 1869. •Nightingale was gracious and hard working and her many contributions to nursing continue to influence the profession •Florence raised the status of nursing to a dignified occupation. •She improved the quality of nursing education. •She was the founder of the modern nursing education
- 37. Assignment • Read onFlorence Nightingale and write a short paragraph on what inspires you more about her.
- 38. Nsg during theAmerican civil war •More hosp and better prepared nurses were needed •Dorothea Dix established the Nurse Corps •Clara Barton practiced nursing on the civil war battle field and she founded the American Red Cross
- 39. Nursing Education inthe 19th Century •In 1869 the American Medical Association developed the committee on the training of Nurses; and as a result of this committee's recommendations, hospital based school of nursing under medical supervision emerged
- 40. Nsg in the20th Century •There is a lot of military influence on nursing education •Casualties brought critical nursing shortages causing a setback in the move towards university based nursing education •However, Esther L. Brown published a report that nursing education belonged in colleges and universities
- 41. Professional development inthe 20th Century • Professional organizations emerged: ANA, NLN CNA, ICN, and AACN • Nursing journal developed and research was being conducted • 1923 report by Goldmark advocated for financial support for University based school of nursing – eased a transition from hosp based nsg • In 1965, a report by the National Commission on Nursing and Nursing Education addressed several issues including the supply and demand for nurses, clarification on nursing roles and functions, nursing education, and availability of career opportunities • Rapid scientific advances and increased technology
- 42. Reflect What do youlearn from what others have done in the history of nursing What can you do as a student nurse?
- 43. Thank you forlistening Comments? Questions?
Editor's Notes
- #10 Why is the history of nursing important to current practice? An overview of the historical evolution provides the background necessary to understand current practice The idea of who is a nurse and what constitutes nursing practice has changed over time. An understanding of the profession's history provides nurses with knowledge of their practice relationships with other health-care professionals and encourages critical reflection on the value of nurses' contributions in the past. THE VALUE OF NURSING HISTORY TODAYCNA POSITION CNA believes that learning from nursing history is critical to advancing the profession in the interests of theCanadian public. Knowledge of nursing history socializes new nurses1into the profession and encourages different forms of critical thinking among nurses.CNA believes that an understanding of nursing history is critical to participation in health-care reform today.Nursing history provides the public with valuable perspectives on emerging health technologies, health-care reform, transformations of nursing practice and gender issues in Canadian society.
- #26 An epidemic (from Greek ἐπί epi "upon or above" and δῆμος demos "people") is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time, usually two weeks or less.
- #34 a person who manages or superintends an organization or activity
- #41 American Nurse Association - (ANA) National League for Nursing – NLN National Student Nurse Association – (NSNA) American Organization of Nurse Executives – (AONE International Council of Nurses – ICN American Association of Colleges of Nursing – AACN Canadian Nurses Association - CNA http://www.rncentral.com/blog/2011/5-organizations-nurses-should-know-about/