Lesson 10_ Photosynthesis.pdfsdfghjkldsfrj
- 2. Photosynthesis BIG IDEA Photosynthesis comes from the Greek word phos, which means “light” and synthesis, which means “putting together”. Plants get raw materials needed for photosynthesis from the soil, the air and the sun. When it rains, water gets absorbed into the ground. Plants take water along with minerals from the soil through its roots.
- 3. O Photosynthesis H O CO2 2 2 In the roots, plants have tubes called xylem and phloem, tubes or veins which run throughout the plants’ bodies and bring water and minerals from the soil to the leaves. Leaves take in carbon dioxide through the stomata. It is in the leaves of plants that photosynthesis takes place. BIG IDEA
- 4. Water is absorbed by the roots and passes through vessels in the stem on its way to the leaves. Carbon dioxide from the air passes through small pores in the leaves. These pores are called stomata. Sunlight is absorbed by a green chemical called chlorophyll. Sun’s energy is used to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide are used to form glucose or food for plants. THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- 5. It is a chemical process that involves the conversion of inorganic matter into organic matter through the energy provided by sunlight. + + 6CO 2 6O 2 6H O 2 C H O 6 12 6 CARBON DIOXIDE WATER GLUCOSE OXYGEN Photo synthesis
- 7. Light-dependent reactions are the initial stage of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the subsequent light-independent reactions. These reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, utilizing photosystems to capture light energy. Photosynthesis 2 PROCESSES Light-dependent reactions
- 8. Harnessing sunlight Light capture: Pigments like chlorophyll absorb light energy, propelling electrons in photosystems. ATP generation: The released electrons create a flow that drives ATP synthesis, storing chemical energy. NADPH production: Another stream of electrons generates NADPH, an energy and electron carrier molecule. Oxygen release: The water molecule splits, releasing oxygen crucial for the atmosphere and respiration.
- 11. Structure Definition Function Granum A stack of disc-shaped thylakoids inside the chloroplast Increases surface area for capturing light during light-dependent reactions Lumen The fluid-filled space inside each thylakoid Holds protons (H⁺) for ATP production during the light-dependent reactions Stroma The fluid-filled space outside the thylakoids but inside the chloroplast Site of the Calvin Cycle (glucose formation from CO₂) Thylakoids Disc-shaped membranes containing chlorophyll and other pigments Site of light-dependent reactions; absorbs light to produce ATP and NADPH Outer Membrane The outermost smooth membrane of the chloroplast Protects the chloroplast; controls what enters and leaves Inner Membrane The membrane just inside the outer one, surrounding the stroma Regulates material exchange; houses transport proteins
- 12. The Calvin cycle, also known as the light-independent reactions or dark reactions of photosynthesis, is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose. It's a crucial part of photosynthesis, where plants use sunlight to produce their own food. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast, the site of light-independent reactions. Photosynthesis 2 PROCESSES CALVIN CYCLE
- 13. Transforming energy CO2 capture: The enzyme RuBisCO fixes carbon dioxide (CO2) into organic compounds in the Calvin cycle. Sugar formation: The resulting molecules convert into sugars, utilizing ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent phase. RuBisCO regeneration: Molecules enabling CO2 capture regenerate, ensuring cycle continuity. Readying for new cycles: The cycle persists, creating sugars and regenerating molecules for CO2 fixation in future iterations.
- 14. SUMMARY
- 15. SUMMARY
- 16. Sunlight, Water (H₂O), ADP, NADP⁺ Carbon dioxide (CO₂), ATP, NADPH Oxygen (O₂), ATP, NADPH Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), ADP, NADP⁺ Thylakoid membranes Stroma of the chloroplast
- 17. Shown here is the simplified chemical equation that represents photosynthesis. It shows that photosynthetic organisms such as plants need six molecules of carbon dioxide CO2 and six molecules of water H2O with the presence of sunlight, to produce one molecule of sugar (glucose) and six molecules of oxygen (O2)
- 18. Photosynthesis is the process of yielding sugar from carbon dioxide and water. The process involves two fundamental steps: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle. The light- dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH needed for the Calvin cycle to produce sugar.