lesson01-150711093418-lva1-app6891 (1).pdf

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Introduction to Clinical
Introduction to Clinical
Psychology
Psychology
Lecture 1
Lecture 1

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 Clinical Psychology
Clinical Psychology, branch of psychology
, branch of psychology
devoted to the study, diagnosis, and treatment of
devoted to the study, diagnosis, and treatment of
people with mental illnesses and other
people with mental illnesses and other
psychological disorders.
psychological disorders.
 This course will consist of 45 lectures, and will
This course will consist of 45 lectures, and will
be divided into four parts:
be divided into four parts:
 1. Foundations of Clinical Psychology
1. Foundations of Clinical Psychology
 2.
2. Clinical Assessment.
Clinical Assessment.
 3.
3. Clinical Interventions.
Clinical Interventions.
 4.
4. Specialties in Clinical Psychology
Specialties in Clinical Psychology

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Mental Health Today
Mental Health Today
A quick look of the picture !!
A quick look of the picture !!
 A recent national study of psychiatric disorders in America found
A recent national study of psychiatric disorders in America found
that :
that :
 approximately 30% of adults or 70 million people were diagnosed
approximately 30% of adults or 70 million people were diagnosed
with at least one psychiatric disorder.
with at least one psychiatric disorder.
 10 million people are suffering with mood disorder and major
10 million people are suffering with mood disorder and major
depression
depression
 15 million people with Anxiety disorders.
15 million people with Anxiety disorders.
 1 million people with schizophrenic disorder.
1 million people with schizophrenic disorder.
 500,000 people with eating disorder and most of them are women.
500,000 people with eating disorder and most of them are women.
 Clinical psychologists are on the front line
Clinical psychologists are on the front line
in the treatment of these mental health
in the treatment of these mental health
problems.
problems.

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WHAT IS CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY?
WHAT IS CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY?
 Clinical psychology is an exciting and
Clinical psychology is an exciting and
growing field that encompasses both
growing field that encompasses both
research and practice related to
research and practice related to
psychopathology and to mental and
psychopathology and to mental and
physical health. Understanding, treating
physical health. Understanding, treating
and preventing mental health problems
and preventing mental health problems
and their associate effect is the business
and their associate effect is the business
of clinical psychology.
of clinical psychology.

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 Clinical psychologists play a central role in the
Clinical psychologists play a central role in the
assessment, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of
assessment, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of
mental health problems.
mental health problems.
 Through the use of psychological tests, interviews,
Through the use of psychological tests, interviews,
observations of behavior, various forms of
observations of behavior, various forms of
psychological treatment (e.g. cognitive behavioral
psychological treatment (e.g. cognitive behavioral
therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, marital and
therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, marital and
family therapy ), clinical psychologists are on the
family therapy ), clinical psychologists are on the
front line in the treatment of mental health problems.
front line in the treatment of mental health problems.

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 They are increasingly involved in the treatment of
They are increasingly involved in the treatment of
behavioral and psychological factors that are related
behavioral and psychological factors that are related
to physical diseases, including cancer, heart
to physical diseases, including cancer, heart
disease, diabetes, asthma and chronic pain etc.
disease, diabetes, asthma and chronic pain etc.
 They are also involved in the delivery of programs to
They are also involved in the delivery of programs to
prevent mental health problems and to promote
prevent mental health problems and to promote
positive mental and physical health.
positive mental and physical health.
 As a result, clinical psychologists engage in work in
As a result, clinical psychologists engage in work in
which the stakes are high and the opportunities are
which the stakes are high and the opportunities are
great to bring meaningful changes in the lives of
great to bring meaningful changes in the lives of
others.
others.

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 Among the ultimate aims of clinical psychology are the
Among the ultimate aims of clinical psychology are the
psychological well being and beneficial behavior of
psychological well being and beneficial behavior of
persons; therefore, it focuses on internal psychobiological
persons; therefore, it focuses on internal psychobiological
conditions and on external social and physical
conditions and on external social and physical
environments within which individuals function.
environments within which individuals function.
 Clinical psychology is the largest single specialty within
Clinical psychology is the largest single specialty within
psychology that deals with principles and skills applied
psychology that deals with principles and skills applied
outside the laboratory, it is by no means all of applied
outside the laboratory, it is by no means all of applied
psychology, which includes industrial, educational,
psychology, which includes industrial, educational,
organizational, military and several other specialties.
organizational, military and several other specialties.

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Definition of Clinical Psychology:
Definition of Clinical Psychology:
 In a recent attempt to define and describe clinical
In a recent attempt to define and describe clinical
psychology, J.H. Resnick (1991) has proposed the
psychology, J.H. Resnick (1991) has proposed the
following definition and description of clinical psychology:
following definition and description of clinical psychology:
“
“The field of clinical psychology involves
The field of clinical psychology involves
research, teaching, and services relevant to the
research, teaching, and services relevant to the
applications of principles, methods and
applications of principles, methods and
procedures for understanding, predicting and
procedures for understanding, predicting and
alleviating intellectual, emotional, biological,
alleviating intellectual, emotional, biological,
psychological, social and behavioral
psychological, social and behavioral
maladjustment, disability and discomfort, applied
maladjustment, disability and discomfort, applied
to a wide range of client population”.
to a wide range of client population”.

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To summarize,
To summarize,
 Clinical psychology is a broad approach
Clinical psychology is a broad approach
to human problems (both individual and
to human problems (both individual and
interpersonal) consisting of assessment,
interpersonal) consisting of assessment,
diagnosis, consultation, treatment,
diagnosis, consultation, treatment,
program development, administration,
program development, administration,
and research with regard to numerous
and research with regard to numerous
populations, including children,
populations, including children,
adolescents, adults, the elderly, families,
adolescents, adults, the elderly, families,
groups etc.
groups etc.

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MENTAL HEALTH
MENTAL HEALTH
PROFESSIONS THAT ARE
PROFESSIONS THAT ARE
CLOSELY RELATED TO
CLOSELY RELATED TO
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

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 Many people are unaware of the similarities and
Many people are unaware of the similarities and
differences between clinical psychology and
differences between clinical psychology and
related fields, e.g. a popular question is, what is
related fields, e.g. a popular question is, what is
the difference between a psychologist and a
the difference between a psychologist and a
psychiatrist, or between a clinical psychologist
psychiatrist, or between a clinical psychologist
and a counseling psychologist. Since almost all
and a counseling psychologist. Since almost all
of the mental health disciplines share certain
of the mental health disciplines share certain
activities such as conducting psychotherapy,
activities such as conducting psychotherapy,
understanding differences between these fields
understanding differences between these fields
can be very challenging.
can be very challenging.
 Before we examine the nature of activities that
Before we examine the nature of activities that
are done by clinical psychologists, let us briefly
are done by clinical psychologists, let us briefly
review some of the other major professions in
review some of the other major professions in
the mental health field.
the mental health field.

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 Major professions in the mental health field
Major professions in the mental health field
other than Clinical Psychology include the
other than Clinical Psychology include the
following:
following:
1.
1. PSYCHIATRISTS
PSYCHIATRISTS
2.
2. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGISTS
COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGISTS
3.
3. PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKERS
PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKERS
4.
4. REHABILITATION PSYCHOLOGISTS
REHABILITATION PSYCHOLOGISTS
5.
5. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS
SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS
6.
6. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGISTS
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGISTS
7.
7. PSYCHIATRIC NURSES
PSYCHIATRIC NURSES
8.
8. PARAPROFESSIONALS
PARAPROFESSIONALS

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1. THE PSYCHIATRISTS
1. THE PSYCHIATRISTS
 The psychiatrics are physicians. Psychiatry is
The psychiatrics are physicians. Psychiatry is
rooted in the medical tradition and exists within the
rooted in the medical tradition and exists within the
framework of organized medicine. Because of the
framework of organized medicine. Because of the
medical training, they may prescribe medications,
medical training, they may prescribe medications,
treat physical ailments and give physical
treat physical ailments and give physical
examination.
examination.
 In addition to their concentration on psychotherapy
In addition to their concentration on psychotherapy
and psychiatric diagnosis, they make extensive use
and psychiatric diagnosis, they make extensive use
of a variety of medications in treating their patients'
of a variety of medications in treating their patients'
psychological difficulties. Furthermore, their
psychological difficulties. Furthermore, their
medical training makes them potentially better able
medical training makes them potentially better able
to recognize medical problems that may be
to recognize medical problems that may be
contributing to the patient’s psychological distress.
contributing to the patient’s psychological distress.

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THE PSYCHIATRISTS (cont.)
THE PSYCHIATRISTS (cont.)
Education &Training of a psychiatrist:
Education &Training of a psychiatrist:
 Specific training in psychiatry begins only after a
Specific training in psychiatry begins only after a
physician receive his/her MBBS or MD degree
physician receive his/her MBBS or MD degree
and takes the 4 years residency training in
and takes the 4 years residency training in
psychiatry with further specialized training
psychiatry with further specialized training
following the completion of residency.
following the completion of residency.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLINICAL
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGIST AND PSYCHIATRIST
PSYCHOLOGIST AND PSYCHIATRIST
 Before receiving psychiatric training , a
Before receiving psychiatric training , a
psychiatrist completes four years of the medical
psychiatrist completes four years of the medical
degree and the general medical internship.
degree and the general medical internship.
 In contrast to psychiatrists, a clinical psychologist
In contrast to psychiatrists, a clinical psychologist
typically receives no training in medicine, receives
typically receives no training in medicine, receives
more extensive training in human behavior and
more extensive training in human behavior and
formal assessment of psychological functioning
formal assessment of psychological functioning
and receives extensive training in scientific
and receives extensive training in scientific
research methods.
research methods.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST AND PSYCHIATRIST
(cont.)
(cont.)
 Psychiatrists often come from an authoritarian
Psychiatrists often come from an authoritarian
tradition. The psychiatrist is an expert who tells
tradition. The psychiatrist is an expert who tells
patients what is wrong with them and then may
patients what is wrong with them and then may
prescribe medication to make things right.
prescribe medication to make things right.
 In contrast, clinical psychologist frequently
In contrast, clinical psychologist frequently
emphasizes to troubled clients their autonomy
emphasizes to troubled clients their autonomy
and the necessity that they, as clients,
and the necessity that they, as clients,
collaborate with the therapist in the change
collaborate with the therapist in the change
process.
process.

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(cont.)
(cont.)
 Usually psychiatrists give emphasis on the use
Usually psychiatrists give emphasis on the use
of
of medication
medication in the treatment of problems.
in the treatment of problems.
 In contrast, clinical psychologist stress that client
In contrast, clinical psychologist stress that client
must learn to come to grips
must learn to come to grips psychologically
psychologically
with their problems in living. Traditionally, clinical
with their problems in living. Traditionally, clinical
psychologist have been committed to the power
psychologist have been committed to the power
of words ( the talking cure) and to the process of
of words ( the talking cure) and to the process of
thought and social learning.
thought and social learning.

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2. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST
2. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST
 The activities of counseling psychologists overlap
The activities of counseling psychologists overlap
with those of clinical psychologist. Although both
with those of clinical psychologist. Although both
fields generally differ in philosophy, training,
fields generally differ in philosophy, training,
emphasis, and curriculum , but counseling
emphasis, and curriculum , but counseling
psychology is perhaps the most similar to clinical
psychology is perhaps the most similar to clinical
psychology in actual practice.
psychology in actual practice.
 Like clinical psychologist, counseling psychologists
Like clinical psychologist, counseling psychologists
generally major in psychology as undergraduates,
generally major in psychology as undergraduates,
attend a four year graduate training program, one
attend a four year graduate training program, one
year clinical internship and complete post doctoral
year clinical internship and complete post doctoral
training prior to obtaining their license as a
training prior to obtaining their license as a
psychologist.
psychologist.

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 Their principle method of assessment is usually
Their principle method of assessment is usually
the interview but they also do testing. Historically
the interview but they also do testing. Historically
they have a great deal of educational and
they have a great deal of educational and
occupational counseling. More recently, many
occupational counseling. More recently, many
have begin to employ cognitive- behavioral
have begin to employ cognitive- behavioral
techniques and even biofeedback .
techniques and even biofeedback .

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HOW CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFERS
HOW CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFERS
FROM COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY
FROM COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY
 The field of clinical psychology is much larger in
The field of clinical psychology is much larger in
terms of the number of doctoral- level professionals
terms of the number of doctoral- level professionals
as well as the number of accredited doctoral
as well as the number of accredited doctoral
training programs. There are approximately three
training programs. There are approximately three
times as many accredited doctoral program,
times as many accredited doctoral program,
producing four times as many graduates in clinical
producing four times as many graduates in clinical
rather than in counseling.
rather than in counseling.
 Counseling psychology is not as large in the
Counseling psychology is not as large in the
number of doctoral level professions and training
number of doctoral level professions and training
programs as clinical psychology.
programs as clinical psychology.

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HOW CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFERS FROM COUNSELING
PSYCHOLOGY (cont.)
PSYCHOLOGY (cont.)
 Clinical psychologist deals with all kinds of
Clinical psychologist deals with all kinds of
patients (mild, moderate or severe). They are
patients (mild, moderate or severe). They are
less likely to specialize in career assessment.
less likely to specialize in career assessment.
 Counseling psychologist are more likely to
Counseling psychologist are more likely to
provide services for mildly disturbed. They are
provide services for mildly disturbed. They are
more likely to specialize in career or vocational
more likely to specialize in career or vocational
assessment.
assessment.
 Clinical psychologists employ long term
Clinical psychologists employ long term
sessions. While short term sessions are used by
sessions. While short term sessions are used by
counseling psychologists (approximately 6-7
counseling psychologists (approximately 6-7
minimum and 14-15 maximum).
minimum and 14-15 maximum).

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PSYCHOLOGY (cont.)
PSYCHOLOGY (cont.)
 Clinical psychologists concentrate primarily on the
Clinical psychologists concentrate primarily on the
treatment of severe emotional disorder. They treat
treatment of severe emotional disorder. They treat
their patients through psychotherapies and they
their patients through psychotherapies and they
may emphasize the importance of past as well as
may emphasize the importance of past as well as
present events.
present events.
 While counselors work with persons, groups,
While counselors work with persons, groups,
families and systems who are experiencing
families and systems who are experiencing
situational, (mild to moderate) adjustment, and/or
situational, (mild to moderate) adjustment, and/or
vocational problems. They focus more on education
vocational problems. They focus more on education
& changing the cognition of their client.
& changing the cognition of their client.

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3. PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKER
3. PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKER
 A psychiatric social worker receives a degree of
A psychiatric social worker receives a degree of
Master of Social Work after two years of
Master of Social Work after two years of
graduate training.
graduate training.
 Clinical social workers typically conduct
Clinical social workers typically conduct
psychotherapy on an individual or group basis.
psychotherapy on an individual or group basis.
 They tend to deal with the social forces that are
They tend to deal with the social forces that are
contributing to the patient’s difficulties.
contributing to the patient’s difficulties.

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 They take the case history, interview employers
They take the case history, interview employers
and relatives, and make arrangements for
and relatives, and make arrangements for
vocational placement of patients.
vocational placement of patients.

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HOW SOCIAL WORKER DIFFERS FROM
HOW SOCIAL WORKER DIFFERS FROM
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST
 Compared to the training of clinical psychologist,
Compared to the training of clinical psychologist,
social worker’s training is rather brief.
social worker’s training is rather brief.
 The responsibilities of social worker are not as
The responsibilities of social worker are not as
vast as those of clinical psychologist.
vast as those of clinical psychologist.
 In contrast to clinical psychologists, who provide
In contrast to clinical psychologists, who provide
services at clinic or hospital, social workers are
services at clinic or hospital, social workers are
more likely to visit the home, factory or the street
more likely to visit the home, factory or the street
-- the places where the patient spend the bulk of
-- the places where the patient spend the bulk of
their lives.
their lives.

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 Rehabilitation psychologists focus on people
Rehabilitation psychologists focus on people
who are physically or cognitively disabled.
who are physically or cognitively disabled.
 The disability may result from a birth defect or
The disability may result from a birth defect or
later illness or injury.
later illness or injury.
 Rehabilitation psychologists help individuals
Rehabilitation psychologists help individuals
adjust to their disabilities and the physical,
adjust to their disabilities and the physical,
psychological, social, and environmental barriers
psychological, social, and environmental barriers
that often accompany them.
that often accompany them.

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 Their most frequent places of employment are in
Their most frequent places of employment are in
rehabilitation institutes and hospitals.
rehabilitation institutes and hospitals.

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5. School Psychologists
5. School Psychologists
 They work with school educators and
They work with school educators and
others to promote the intellectual, social
others to promote the intellectual, social
and emotional growth of school children.
and emotional growth of school children.
 At times they have to develop programs
At times they have to develop programs
for children who may have special needs.
for children who may have special needs.
 They also assess these children and help
They also assess these children and help
them based on what their needs are.
them based on what their needs are.

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6. Health Psychologists
6. Health Psychologists
 Health psychologists through their research or
Health psychologists through their research or
practice, contribute to the promotion and
practice, contribute to the promotion and
maintenance of good health.
maintenance of good health.
 They are also involved in the prevention and
They are also involved in the prevention and
treatment of illness.
treatment of illness.
 They may design, execute, and study programs
They may design, execute, and study programs
to help people stop things like smoking, manage
to help people stop things like smoking, manage
stress, lose weight or stay fit. Health
stress, lose weight or stay fit. Health
psychologists also work in medical centers, and
psychologists also work in medical centers, and
they also work as consultants for business and
they also work as consultants for business and
industry.
industry.

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 Psychiatric nurses receive their basic training in
Psychiatric nurses receive their basic training in
nursing as part of two year program to be a
nursing as part of two year program to be a
registered nurse.
registered nurse.
 Because psychiatric nurses spend many hours
Because psychiatric nurses spend many hours
in close contact with patients, they are not only
in close contact with patients, they are not only
in a position to provide information about
in a position to provide information about
patients' hospital adjustment, but they can also
patients' hospital adjustment, but they can also
play a crucial and sensitive role in fostering an
play a crucial and sensitive role in fostering an
appropriate therapeutic environment.
appropriate therapeutic environment.

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 They work in close collaboration with the
They work in close collaboration with the
psychiatrists or clinical psychologists, and they
psychiatrists or clinical psychologists, and they
(along with those they supervise - attendants,
(along with those they supervise - attendants,
nurse's aides, volunteers, and so on) implement
nurse's aides, volunteers, and so on) implement
therapeutic recommendations.
therapeutic recommendations.
 They, can not conduct psychotherapeutic
They, can not conduct psychotherapeutic
sessions by themselves, but provide help to
professionals.
professionals.

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 People who are trained to assist professional
People who are trained to assist professional
mental health workers are called
mental health workers are called
Paraprofessionals
Paraprofessionals. They, just like psychiatric
. They, just like psychiatric
nurses, can not conduct psychotherapeutic
nurses, can not conduct psychotherapeutic
professionals.
professionals.

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Unique features of Clinical
Unique features of Clinical
Psychology
Psychology
HOW DOES CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
HOW DOES CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
DIFFER FROM OTHER BRANCHES OF
DIFFER FROM OTHER BRANCHES OF
PSYCHOLOGY ?
PSYCHOLOGY ?

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HOW DOES CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFER
HOW DOES CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFER
FROM OTHER BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY ?
FROM OTHER BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY ?
 Although clinical psychology is tied to the rest of psychology
Although clinical psychology is tied to the rest of psychology
through scientific research, clinical psychology is, at the same
through scientific research, clinical psychology is, at the same
time, different from other areas of psychology.
time, different from other areas of psychology.
 Clinical psychology is unique specifically in its commitment to
Clinical psychology is unique specifically in its commitment to
the use of psychological research to enhance the well being
the use of psychological research to enhance the well being
of individuals.
of individuals.
 The different areas besides clinical psychology are
The different areas besides clinical psychology are school
school
psychology,
psychology, cognitive
cognitive psychology,
psychology, developmental
developmental
psychology,
psychology, experimental
experimental psychology,
psychology, social
social psychology,
psychology,
personality
personality psychology,
psychology, industrial or organizational
industrial or organizational
psychology,
psychology, physiological
physiological psychology and so on.
psychology and so on.

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HOW DOES CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DIFFER FROM OTHER
BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY ? (cont.)
 Unlike clinical psychologist they are not
Unlike clinical psychologist they are not
mandated to complete an internship or post
mandated to complete an internship or post
doctoral fellowship.
doctoral fellowship.
 They have different areas of expertise and skills
They have different areas of expertise and skills
but generally do not assess or treat patients
but generally do not assess or treat patients
experiencing emotional, behavioral,
experiencing emotional, behavioral,
interpersonal or other clinical problems. In
interpersonal or other clinical problems. In
contrast clinical psychologist deals with all these
contrast clinical psychologist deals with all these
problems.
problems.

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 They are not considered mental health professionals
They are not considered mental health professionals
as clinical psychologists are, and may not even be
as clinical psychologists are, and may not even be
interested in human behavior, e.g. an experimental
interested in human behavior, e.g. an experimental
psychologist might conduct research on the memory
psychologist might conduct research on the memory
functioning of cats. A social psychologist might be
functioning of cats. A social psychologist might be
interested in the social functioning of groups of
interested in the social functioning of groups of
primates. A physiological psychologist might be
primates. A physiological psychologist might be
interested in how organisms such as snail learn new
interested in how organisms such as snail learn new
behavior.
behavior.
 In contrast clinical psychologist deals with human
In contrast clinical psychologist deals with human
behavior.
behavior.

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 These psychologists might be interested in
These psychologists might be interested in
human behavior but not in abnormal or clinical
human behavior but not in abnormal or clinical
problems.
problems.
 With the exception of organizational psychology,
With the exception of organizational psychology,
these psychologists do not obtain a license to
these psychologists do not obtain a license to
practice psychologically and therefore do not
practice psychologically and therefore do not
treat clinical patients.
treat clinical patients.

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 Clinical psychology is a broad field of practice and
Clinical psychology is a broad field of practice and
research within the discipline of psychology, which
research within the discipline of psychology, which
applies psychological principles to the assessment,
applies psychological principles to the assessment,
prevention, amelioration, and rehabilitation of
prevention, amelioration, and rehabilitation of
psychological distress, disability, dysfunctional
psychological distress, disability, dysfunctional
behavior, and health-risk behavior, and to the
behavior, and health-risk behavior, and to the
enhancement of psychological and physical well-
enhancement of psychological and physical well-
being.
being.
 In short, clinical psychology is a branch of
In short, clinical psychology is a branch of
psychology concerned with the practical application
psychology concerned with the practical application
of research findings and research methodology in
of research findings and research methodology in
the fields of mental and physical health.
the fields of mental and physical health.

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